1、中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture第五章 中国的哲学家 Chinese Philosophers中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture01.孔子的故事 The Story of Confucius02.03.目录CONTENTS老子的
2、故事 The Story of Lao-tzu庄子的故事The Story of Chuang-tzu中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 孔子，春秋末期鲁国（今山东曲阜）孔子，春秋末期鲁国（今山东曲阜）人，是中国著名的哲学家、思想家、教人，是中国著名的哲学家、思想家、教育家。他的故事在中国家喻户晓，可以育家。他的故事在中国家喻户晓，可以说他的思想在一定程度上影响了中国的说他的思想在一定程度上影响了中国的历史进程。历史进程。Confucius was a famous Chinese
3、philosopher,thinker and educator.His story was well known in China.To some extent,the historical process of China had been influenced by his thought.What kind of person was he?Lets learn Chinese stories through the stories of Confucius.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chines
4、e Culture 孔子三岁时他的父亲就去世了，他的母亲把他抚养大。孔子孔子三岁时他的父亲就去世了，他的母亲把他抚养大。孔子 17 17 岁时，他的母亲因为太过操劳也去世了。孔子主持了母亲的葬礼，岁时，他的母亲因为太过操劳也去世了。孔子主持了母亲的葬礼，并且克服困难将父母合葬。这一系列仪式办得非常合乎礼仪，给当并且克服困难将父母合葬。这一系列仪式办得非常合乎礼仪，给当时的人们留下了深刻的印象，并被记载在史书里。这说明时的人们留下了深刻的印象，并被记载在史书里。这说明 17 17 岁时岁时孔子已经完成了对孔子已经完成了对“礼礼”的学习，做好步入成人世界的准备了。的学习，做好步入成人世界的准备了。
5、Confucius father died when he was three years old and his mother raised him.When Confucius was 17,his mother died because she had worked too hard.Confucius was very sad.As a son,he presided over the burial of his mother and had to overcome difficulties to bury his parents together.The series of cere
6、monies was conducted very formally,leaving a deep impression on the people of the time.This showed that at the age of 17,Confucius had already completed the basic study,and was getting ready to enter the adult world.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 当时的少年学习内容主
7、要有六样，分别是当时的少年学习内容主要有六样，分别是“礼、乐、射、御、书、数礼、乐、射、御、书、数”。其。其中中“射、御、书、数射、御、书、数”是比较实用的课程，即射箭、驾车、读写和算术。是比较实用的课程，即射箭、驾车、读写和算术。“礼、乐礼、乐”则更为重要，主要用于外交和祭祀，孔子最重视则更为重要，主要用于外交和祭祀，孔子最重视“礼、乐礼、乐”。“礼、乐礼、乐”也是他哲也是他哲学思想的重要内容。学思想的重要内容。At that time,the basic learning content mainly included six items,namely,“ritual,music,arch
8、ery,chariot-riding,book,arithmetic”.Among them,“archery,chariot-riding,book,arithmetic”were the more practical courses.However,in Confucius opinion“ritual and music”,which were mainly used in diplomacy and sacrifice,were more important.“Ritual and music”were an important part of his philosophy.中国文化概
9、况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 孔子是中国历史上很有成就的教育家，据说有弟子三千，孔子是中国历史上很有成就的教育家，据说有弟子三千，其中成为知名人士的就有七十二人之多。著名的论语是其中成为知名人士的就有七十二人之多。著名的论语是一本记录他及其弟子言行的书。论语共一本记录他及其弟子言行的书。论语共 20 20 篇篇 492 492 章，章，内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面，后来成为儒家经典著作。这本书体现了孔子的思想
10、，方面，后来成为儒家经典著作。这本书体现了孔子的思想，是他和弟子们智慧的结晶。是他和弟子们智慧的结晶。Confucius was a very accomplished educator in Chinese history,and there were three thousand students who studied under him,seventy-two of whom became famous people.The Analects a famous book,is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius an
11、d his disciples.The Analects,a total of 492 chapters,cover politics,education,literature,philosophy and the truth of the world,which later became a Confucian classic.This book,which reflected Confuciuss thought,was he crystallization of the wisdom of Confucius and his disciples.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overv
12、iew of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 论语中提到了论语中提到了“仁仁”“”“礼礼”“”“乐乐”三个重要概念。三个重要概念。这是三个既各自独立又紧密相依的范畴。其中这是三个既各自独立又紧密相依的范畴。其中“仁仁”主要涉主要涉及伦理道德范畴，及伦理道德范畴，“礼礼”是对人的外在规约，作用于社会政是对人的外在规约，作用于社会政治范畴，治范畴，“乐乐”是内心的和谐。三个概念有着密切的关系。是内心的和谐。三个概念有着密切的关系。The important concepts of“benevolence”,“ritual”and“musi
13、c”were mentioned in The Analects.These are three categories that are independent but also closely dependent on one another.Among them,“benevolence”mainly involved the category of ethics and morality;“ritual”represented the order and the limits of the social structure.“Music”referred to the inner har
14、mony.So ritual is outside and music is inside harmony.The three concepts were closely related.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 孔子所处的时代是中国历史上十分混乱的时期，战乱纷孔子所处的时代是中国历史上十分混乱的时期，战乱纷仍、礼崩乐坏。上面提到的仍、礼崩乐坏。上面提到的“仁仁”“”“礼礼”“”“乐乐”就是孔子给就是孔子给当时的社会开的药方。孔子希望他的思想能被国君采用，从当时的社会开的药
15、方。孔子希望他的思想能被国君采用，从而给人民带来和平的生活。为了达到这个目的，五十五岁的而给人民带来和平的生活。为了达到这个目的，五十五岁的孔子带着几个学生离开家乡去各个国家推行他的理想。前后孔子带着几个学生离开家乡去各个国家推行他的理想。前后整整十四年！整整十四年！Confucius Confucius lived in a very chaotic period in Chinese history,for war was still a great deal,and every kingdom wanted to annex other kingdoms.The concepts of“
16、benevolence”,“ritual”and“music”mentioned before were the prescriptions that Confucius gave to the society at that time.Confucius hoped that his thoughts would be adopted by the king of the kingdom,thus bringing peace and security to the people.In order to achieve this goal,at the age of fifty-five,C
17、onfucius left his hometown with several disciples to carry out his ideals in various kingdoms.He did not know that it would take him fourteen years to come back home.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture “老子老子”，是一个充满神秘色彩的名字。很多中，是一个充满神秘色彩的名字。很多中国人听到这个名字、就会联想到一位白发苍苍
18、、慈国人听到这个名字、就会联想到一位白发苍苍、慈眉善目的老者。眉善目的老者。“老老”字不是他的姓，在中文中字不是他的姓，在中文中“老老”是年纪大、晚年、经常的意思，也可以作为词头表是年纪大、晚年、经常的意思，也可以作为词头表示排行，示排行，“子子”是古人对有道德、有学问的人的尊称，是古人对有道德、有学问的人的尊称，“老子老子”这个称呼既可以指他这个人，也可以说是其这个称呼既可以指他这个人，也可以说是其学说的简称。学说的简称。The name of Lao-tzu is full of mystery.When many Chinese hear the name,they associate
19、it with a whitehaired,kind-looking elderly man,but“Lao”is not his last name.In Chinese culture,“lao”means“old”,“later in life”and“often”.It can also be used as a prefix to indicate seniority.“Tzu”is a respectful title for moral and learned people in ancient times.Lao-tzu is not only a reference to a
20、 name,but also an abbreviation of Lao-tzus theory中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 司马迁称老子为司马迁称老子为“隐者隐者”。这位令人钦佩的老者在周室。这位令人钦佩的老者在周室衰微之后，骑青牛来到了函谷关，打算出关过隐逸的生活。衰微之后，骑青牛来到了函谷关，打算出关过隐逸的生活。结果函谷关的守备请求他著书。老子无法推辞，于是便有了结果函谷关的守备请求他著书。老子无法推辞，于是便有了蜚声中外的道德经。老子出关后就不知所踪，传说他活蜚声中
21、外的道德经。老子出关后就不知所踪，传说他活到了一百六十岁或二百岁。到了一百六十岁或二百岁。Sima Qian called Lao-tzu a hermit.This admirable old man,after the decline of the Zhou Chamber,rode a blue ox to Hangu Pass,intending to leave it for a secluded life.As a result,the officer of Hangu Pass was a fan of him,and asked him to write a book.Lao-
22、tzu could not refuse his request,so the Daodejing came into being,which is famous at home and abroad.Lao-tzu has disappeared after he left Hangu Pass,and legend has it that he lived to 160 or 200 years old.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 老子的著作老子，也叫道德经，是一部非常伟
23、老子的著作老子，也叫道德经，是一部非常伟大的作品。因为只有五千字，所以也被称作五千言。早大的作品。因为只有五千字，所以也被称作五千言。早在在 18 18 世纪，西方一些国家就有了老子的多种文世纪，西方一些国家就有了老子的多种文字版本。据联合国教科文组织统计，老子一书是当今除字版本。据联合国教科文组织统计，老子一书是当今除圣经外，在全世界出版发行数量最多的一本书，单是日圣经外，在全世界出版发行数量最多的一本书，单是日本就有本就有 300 300 多种版本。到多种版本。到 20 20 世纪四五十年代，欧洲共有世纪四五十年代，欧洲共有 60 60 多种道德经译文，德国哲学家黑格尔、尼采，俄罗多种道德
24、经译文，德国哲学家黑格尔、尼采，俄罗斯大作家托尔斯泰等世界著名学者对道德经都有深入的斯大作家托尔斯泰等世界著名学者对道德经都有深入的研究。研究。The book Lao-tzu,also known as Daodejing,is a great work.It is also called Five Thousand Words because it has only five thousand words.As early as the 18th century,some western countries had several versions of Lao-tzu.According
25、 to the UNESCO,Lao-tzu is the most widely published book in the world second to the Bible,with more than 300 editions in Japan alone.By the 1940s and 1950s,there were more than 60 versions of Daodejing in Europe,and world-known scholars such as German philosopher Hegel,Nietzsche and Russian writer T
26、olstoy had made in-depth studies of this book.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 老子的思想深远玄妙。其以老子的思想深远玄妙。其以“道道”为中心概念和最高范畴。为中心概念和最高范畴。老子的哲学思想是以老子的哲学思想是以“道道”建立起来的完整的智慧哲学体系，在建立起来的完整的智慧哲学体系，在这个体系中，老子提出了世界本源的命题。这个体系中，老子提出了世界本源的命题。“道道”不是具体的不是具体的“人间之道人间之道”“”“可言之道可言之道”，而
27、是，而是“恒常之道恒常之道”，是一个超越了，是一个超越了相对的绝对本体。相对的绝对本体。Lao-tzus thoughts are profound and mysterious and“Tao”is the central concept and the highest category in his thoughts.Lao-tzus philosophical thought is a complete system of wisdom based on“Tao”,in which Lao-tzu has put forward the proposition of the origin
28、 of the world.“Tao”is not the concrete thing of the world or something spoken,but the theory of constancy,which is a transcendent absolute noumenon.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 庄子姓庄，名周，战国时期宋国蒙人，是道家思想的代表人庄子姓庄，名周，战国时期宋国蒙人，是道家思想的代表人物，他是中国历史上著名的哲学家、思想家。据司马迁的史
29、记物，他是中国历史上著名的哲学家、思想家。据司马迁的史记记载，他和梁惠王、齐宣王同时代，学识渊博，但拒绝做高官，记载，他和梁惠王、齐宣王同时代，学识渊博，但拒绝做高官，只做过蒙邑的漆园吏。庄子留下了一本著作，也就是庄子这只做过蒙邑的漆园吏。庄子留下了一本著作，也就是庄子这本书。书中有内篇本书。书中有内篇 7 7 篇，外篇篇，外篇 15 15 篇，杂篇篇，杂篇 11 11 篇。这些内容有篇。这些内容有的是庄子写的，有的是他的学生写的。我们可以从庄子这本的是庄子写的，有的是他的学生写的。我们可以从庄子这本书中寻找他的故事。书中寻找他的故事。Chuang-tzu,whose surname was
30、Chuang and whose given name was Zhou,was a native of Song during the Warring States Period.He was a representative figure of Tao.He was a famous philosopher and thinker in Chinese history.According to Shih Chi written by Sima Qian,he was at the same time as King Hui and King Xuan of Qi.He is a man o
31、f great learning.However,he refused to be a high official and only served as a small officer.Chuang-tzu left behind a work,namely Chuang-tzu.There were 7 inner chapters,15 outer chapters and 11 miscellaneous chapters in the book.Now we know that part of the book was written by Chuang-tzu,while the o
32、ther part might have been written by his students.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 庄子一书中讲述了很多美妙的故事。庄子的庄子一书中讲述了很多美妙的故事。庄子的思想大多在庄子这本书中体现出来。这本书开篇思想大多在庄子这本书中体现出来。这本书开篇是逍遥游，使人大开眼界。是逍遥游，使人大开眼界。Chuang-tzu told us many wonderful stories in his book.Most of Chuang-tzu
33、s thoughts were embodied in the book Chuang-tzu.The book began with A Happy Excursion.This was an eye-opening article.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 在逍遥游里，庄子描绘了这样的画面：北方的大海里有在逍遥游里，庄子描绘了这样的画面：北方的大海里有一条鱼，它的名字叫鲲。鲲的体积，不知道有几千里。变化成为一条鱼，它的名字叫鲲。鲲的体积，不知道有几千里。变化成为鸟，它的
34、名字就叫作鹏。鹏的脊背，真不知道有几千里；当它奋鸟，它的名字就叫作鹏。鹏的脊背，真不知道有几千里；当它奋起而飞的时候，那展开的翅膀就好像遮天蔽日的云。鹏往南方的起而飞的时候，那展开的翅膀就好像遮天蔽日的云。鹏往南方的大海迁徙的时候，翅膀拍打水面，能激起三千里的浪涛，环绕着大海迁徙的时候，翅膀拍打水面，能激起三千里的浪涛，环绕着旋风飞上了九万里的高空旋风飞上了九万里的高空 In this article,Chuang-tzu depicted a picture of a big fish.He wrote that:In the northern ocean there is a fish,c
35、alled the kun,and I do not know how many thousand li(1 li=0.5km)in size.This kun changes into a bird,called the peng.I do not know how many thousand li of its back.When it flies,its outstretched wings are like clouds that blot out the sky and cover the sun.When it flies to ocean in the south,its win
36、gs strike the water to arouse three thousand li of roaring waves.It flies to ninety thousand li in the sky with whirlwind.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 庄子庄子应帝王中讲过一个故事。应帝王中讲过一个故事。“南海帝王叫倏，北海帝王叫忽。他们俩是好朋友。因为两个人的国家相聚南海帝王叫倏，北海帝王叫忽。他们俩是好朋友。因为两个人的国家相聚太远，他们经常会在中间的一
37、个国家相聚。这个国家的帝王叫混沌。混沌的脾气很好，经常款待他们。他们受了混沌太远，他们经常会在中间的一个国家相聚。这个国家的帝王叫混沌。混沌的脾气很好，经常款待他们。他们受了混沌的热情招待总想要找机会报答他。混沌的帝国是个很富裕的帝国，并不缺少什么，可是混沌自身却是一个大肉球没有的热情招待总想要找机会报答他。混沌的帝国是个很富裕的帝国，并不缺少什么，可是混沌自身却是一个大肉球没有七窍。倏和忽常常很为混沌感到遗憾。于是他们决定帮助他们的朋友凿出七窍，让他们的朋友混沌和他们一样，可以七窍。倏和忽常常很为混沌感到遗憾。于是他们决定帮助他们的朋友凿出七窍，让他们的朋友混沌和他们一样，可以看见、听见这个
38、世界的美好，品尝到各种美食。于是他们日夜工作，帮助混沌开窍，每天开一窍，连续开了七天。可看见、听见这个世界的美好，品尝到各种美食。于是他们日夜工作，帮助混沌开窍，每天开一窍，连续开了七天。可惜，到了第七天，混沌有了七窍，却一命呜呼了！惜，到了第七天，混沌有了七窍，却一命呜呼了！”庄子似乎用这个故事告诉人们，外在的世俗标准不一定适合每个庄子似乎用这个故事告诉人们，外在的世俗标准不一定适合每个人，每个人都是独特的。人要尊重自己的本性。人，每个人都是独特的。人要尊重自己的本性。Chuang-tzu told a story in the book.“The name of the king of S
39、outh ocean was Shu,and the name of the king of north ocean was Hu.They were good friends.Because of the two countries were far away from each other,so they used to meet in the middle of the two places.The king of the middle country they met was called Hundun.Hundun had a good temper and treated them
40、 very well.They were always looking for a chance to reciprocate Hunduns hospitality.Hunduns country was a rich one and lacked nothing,but Hundun himself was a big ball of flesh without eyes,nose,ear and mouth.Shu and hu often felt sorry for him.So they decided to help their friend chisel out the sev
41、en orifices so that their friend Hundun could see and hear the beauty of the world and taste all kinds of delicious food.So they worked day and night to help Hundun unlock his riddle.Unfortunately,Hundun died on the seventh day with his eyes,nose,ears and mouth.”Chuang-tzu seemed to be telling peopl
42、e with this story that the external secular standards were not necessarily suitable for everyone,and everyone is unique.Man must respect his own nature.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 庄子里曾经讲了一个这样的故事：一天天气很好，庄子正兴高采烈地在濮庄子里曾经讲了一个这样的故事：一天天气很好，庄子正兴高采烈地在濮水钓鱼。有两个穿着十
43、分得体的人找到了他。原来他们是当时的大国楚国国君的使水钓鱼。有两个穿着十分得体的人找到了他。原来他们是当时的大国楚国国君的使者，想邀请庄子去楚国做宰相，治理楚国。庄子看都没有看他们一眼，问来人说：者，想邀请庄子去楚国做宰相，治理楚国。庄子看都没有看他们一眼，问来人说：“听说你们楚国有一只神龟，已经死了三千年，楚王用珍贵的盒子把它供起来了。听说你们楚国有一只神龟，已经死了三千年，楚王用珍贵的盒子把它供起来了。你们说，这只龟是愿意死后让别人供奉起来，还是愿意拖着尾巴在泥里游来游去你们说，这只龟是愿意死后让别人供奉起来，还是愿意拖着尾巴在泥里游来游去呢？呢？”来人说，它当然愿意在泥里游来游去了。于是
44、庄子说：来人说，它当然愿意在泥里游来游去了。于是庄子说：“你们去吧，我要在你们去吧，我要在泥里多游一阵子。泥里多游一阵子。”在庄子看来，做官、治理国家并不能体现生命的价值，反而损在庄子看来，做官、治理国家并不能体现生命的价值，反而损害了生命。害了生命。There was another story in Chuang-tzu that one day the weather was fine and Chuang-tzu was happily fishing in a river.He was found by two well-dressed men.It turned out that
45、they were emissaries of the sovereign of Chu,a big state at that time.They wanted to invite Chuang-tzu to be the prime minister of Chu.However,Chuang_x0002_tzu did not even look at them.He asked the messenger,“I heard that there was a god turtle in your state of Chu.It has been dead for three thousa
46、nd years.Do you think this turtle would choose to die and be worshiped or swim about in the mud with its tail?”The messenger said,“of course he would like to swim about in the mud”.Then Chuang-tzu said,“Go away,I will swim in the mud for a longer time”.According to Chuang-tzu,being an official and g
47、overning a country did not reflect the value of life,but instead diminished it.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 庄子庄子养生主里面写了一位庖丁为梁惠王杀牛。梁惠王养生主里面写了一位庖丁为梁惠王杀牛。梁惠王发现，他杀牛不但不费力气，整个过程就像是舞蹈一样。梁惠王发现，他杀牛不但不费力气，整个过程就像是舞蹈一样。梁惠王很高兴，觉得看他杀牛是一种享受，就问他原因。他说：很高兴，觉得看他杀牛是一种享受，就问他原
48、因。他说：“因为因为我喜欢的是我喜欢的是道道，做事要找到事物的规律。我在杀牛时不是用，做事要找到事物的规律。我在杀牛时不是用我的感官在看这头牛，而是用我的心在看，我能清楚每头牛的身我的感官在看这头牛，而是用我的心在看，我能清楚每头牛的身体结构，能够让薄薄的刀片在筋骨的缝隙间游走，所以根本不会体结构，能够让薄薄的刀片在筋骨的缝隙间游走，所以根本不会费力费力 。我杀了。我杀了 19 19 年牛，而刀还像新的一样。年牛，而刀还像新的一样。这就是我杀牛的这就是我杀牛的奥秘。奥秘。”梁惠王从他的话里听出了养生的真谛。梁惠王从他的话里听出了养生的真谛。There was a story about the
49、 law of nature.It was about a butcher,killing an ox for a king.The whole process was like a dance.It was a pleasure to watch him kill an ox.The king was very happy and asked him why.“Because I like Tao,”he said.“When I kill an ox,I do not look at the ox with my senses,but with my heart.I can clearly
50、 understand the body structure of each ox,and I can make the thin knife swim between the gaps of the bones and muscles,so it is not difficult at all.I have killed oxen for 19 years,and the knife is as good as new.This is my secret of killing the ox.”The king found the true meaning of following the l
