1、中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture第九章 中国的国粹Chinese Quintessence中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture01.中国书法 Chinese Calligraphy02.03.目录CONTENTS京剧 Peking
2、 Opera武术 Martial Art04.中医 Chinese Medicine中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 书法是汉字的书写艺术。也可以说是用毛笔写汉书法是汉字的书写艺术。也可以说是用毛笔写汉字的艺术。对于中国和一些受中国文化影响的国家来字的艺术。对于中国和一些受中国文化影响的国家来说，书法独有其妙。在中国艺术史上，书法和绘画具说，书法独有其妙。在中国艺术史上，书法和绘画具有同等重要的地位。自古以来汉字书法都因其美学价有同等重要的地位。自古以来汉字书法都因其美学价值而获得
3、欣赏，现在它被视为一种艺术形式。书法不值而获得欣赏，现在它被视为一种艺术形式。书法不仅仅注重于书写的方法，在书写的过程中也注重怡养仅仅注重于书写的方法，在书写的过程中也注重怡养性情和旷达胸怀。性情和旷达胸怀。In China,calligraphy refers to the art of writing Chinese characters with a brush.In the history of Chinese art,calligraphy has always been held in equal importance to painting.From ancient times
4、to the present Chinese calligraphy was appreciated for its aesthetic quality,and today it is regarded as one form of art.Chinese calligraphy focuses not only on methods of writing but also on cultivating ones character and is taught as a pursuit of lofty spiritual realm.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of C
5、hinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 甲骨指的是用来刻写占卜文字的龟甲兽甲骨指的是用来刻写占卜文字的龟甲兽骨。甲骨文指的是刻写在动物骨头上的汉骨。甲骨文指的是刻写在动物骨头上的汉字。字。Oracle bone script was one of the forms of Chinese character written on animals bones.Written on oracle bonesanimal bones,it is the earliest known form of Chinese writing.1.甲骨文Oracl
6、e Bone Script中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 铭文指古人在青铜器上浇铸的文字以记录铸铭文指古人在青铜器上浇铸的文字以记录铸造该铜器的缘由、所纪念或祭祀的人物。不同的造该铜器的缘由、所纪念或祭祀的人物。不同的历史时期有不同方法来题刻铭文。历史时期有不同方法来题刻铭文。Bronze inscription Seal script refers to the characters cast by the ancients on the bronzes to record t
7、he reason for casting the bronzes,the figures who are commemorated or sacrificed.There are different ways to inscribe inscriptions in different historical periods.2.青铜器铭文Bronze Inscription中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 篆书是公元前一世纪后半叶通行的一种古老篆书是公元前一世纪后半叶通行的一种古老
8、的汉字书体。它从周朝的字体演变而来。的汉字书体。它从周朝的字体演变而来。Seal script is an ancient style of writing Chinese characters that was common throughout the latter half of the 1st millennium B.C.It evolved organically out of the Zhou Dynasty script.3.篆书Seal script中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chines
9、e Culture 隶书也是一种古老的汉字书体，盛行于东汉时期，尽隶书也是一种古老的汉字书体，盛行于东汉时期，尽管很早以前它的地位被楷书取代，但它仍然被视为一种正管很早以前它的地位被楷书取代，但它仍然被视为一种正式的书写体，因为用标准的隶书写出的字与用楷书写的字式的书写体，因为用标准的隶书写出的字与用楷书写的字非常相像。标准的隶书呈方形，没有连笔，具有建筑的样非常相像。标准的隶书呈方形，没有连笔，具有建筑的样式。式。The clerical script is an archaic style of Chinese calligraphy and it is popular in East H
10、an Dynasty.The clerical script is considered as a form of modern script because the graphic forms written in mature clerical script closely resemble those written in standard(regular)script.The standard writing today is square in form,non-cursive and architectural in style.4.隶书Clerical Script中国文化概况中
11、国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 楷书是书法字体中最新的成员。它首次出现于汉魏年间，楷书是书法字体中最新的成员。它首次出现于汉魏年间，然而当时楷书并不受欢迎。楷书在然而当时楷书并不受欢迎。楷书在 7 7 世纪的时候以其独特的世纪的时候以其独特的风格发展成熟。第一个写楷书的人叫钟繇，他用楷书写了一风格发展成熟。第一个写楷书的人叫钟繇，他用楷书写了一些诸如皇帝祭文的公文。他被誉为是楷书之父。些诸如皇帝祭文的公文。他被誉为是楷书之父。Regular script(or standard script)
12、is the newest of the Chinese script styles.The regular script first came into existence between the Han and Wei Dynasties,even though it is not popular.The regular script became mature stylistically around the 7th century.The first master of regular script is Zhong Yao.Zhong Yao first used regular s
13、cript to write some very serious pieces such as memorials to the emperor.He is known as“father of regular script”.5.楷书Regular Script中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 行书是一种偏向于草书形态的字体。因为行书是一种偏向于草书形态的字体。因为它不像真正的草书那样简略，大部分认得楷书它不像真正的草书那样简略，大部分认得楷书的人都能认得行书。行书兼具很高的实用
14、性和的人都能认得行书。行书兼具很高的实用性和艺术性。艺术性。Semi-cursive script is a cursive style of Chinese characters.Because it is not as abbreviated as cursive,most people who can read regular script can read semi-cursive.It is highly useful and also artistic.6.行书Semi-cursive Script中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese Cultur
15、eAn Overview of Chinese Culture 草书，起源于汉代至晋朝过渡的时期。草书比其草书，起源于汉代至晋朝过渡的时期。草书比其他字体写起来更快，但对于那些不熟悉它的人来说难他字体写起来更快，但对于那些不熟悉它的人来说难以辨认。汉语中的以辨认。汉语中的“草草”也有也有“粗野、简单、粗略粗野、简单、粗略”的意思，的意思，“草书草书”这个词中的这个词中的“草草”使用了同样意义使用了同样意义上的上的“草草”。Cursive script originated in China during the Han Dynasty through the Jin period.The cu
16、rsive script is faster to write than other styles,but difficult to read for those unfamiliar with it.The“grass”in Chinese was also used in the sense of“coarse,rough;simple and crude.”It would appear that 草 in the term 草 书(literally grass script)was used in this same sense.7.草书Cursive Script中国文化概况中国文
17、化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 中国传统戏剧连同古希腊悲剧、喜剧和印度梵语中国传统戏剧连同古希腊悲剧、喜剧和印度梵语戏剧被称为世界三大古代戏剧。中国古代戏种超过戏剧被称为世界三大古代戏剧。中国古代戏种超过 360 360 种，京剧的历史虽然不足种，京剧的历史虽然不足 200 200 年，但是这个年年，但是这个年轻的戏种却成了中华民族戏剧的代表。京剧是一种集轻的戏种却成了中华民族戏剧的代表。京剧是一种集音乐、声乐表演、哑剧表演、舞蹈和杂技于一体讲述音乐、声乐表演、哑剧表演、舞蹈和杂技于一体讲述历史故
18、事或民间传说的中国戏曲。历史故事或民间传说的中国戏曲。Chinese traditional opera is considered one of the worlds three ancient operas,together with Greek tragedy and comedy,and Indian Sanskrit opera.Among the more than 360 ancient local operas in China,Peking Opera is known as Chinese national opera,despite its comparatively y
19、oung 200-year history.Peking opera or Beijing opera is a form of Chinese opera which combines music,vocal performance,mime,dance and acrobatics to tell stories from Chinese history and folklore.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 徽班在徽班在 1790 1790 年的时候从安徽带来徽剧为乾隆皇
20、帝庆祝年的时候从安徽带来徽剧为乾隆皇帝庆祝 80 80 岁生日，此后京剧由此演变创生。京剧岁生日，此后京剧由此演变创生。京剧最初只在宫廷中演出，随后才为普通市民所接触。最初只在宫廷中演出，随后才为普通市民所接触。Peking opera was born when the“Four Great Anhui Troupes”brought Anhui opera,or what is now called Huiju,in 1790 to Beijing,for the eightieth birthday of the Qianlong Emperor.It was originally st
21、aged for the court and only made available to the public later.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 唱、念、坐、打是京剧的四种表演形式也是京剧的四项基本技唱、念、坐、打是京剧的四种表演形式也是京剧的四项基本技能。能。Singing,recitation,acting,and acrobatic fighting are the four artistic means and the four basic skills of
22、 Peking opera.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture生生 旦旦 净净 丑丑 京剧人物通常按照性别、年龄、性格、职业和社会地位进行分类。现代京剧主要有四种角色：生（男京剧人物通常按照性别、年龄、性格、职业和社会地位进行分类。现代京剧主要有四种角色：生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（画花脸的男性）、丑（小丑）。性）、旦（女性）、净（画花脸的男性）、丑（小丑）。The characters of Peking opera are classified according to sex,
23、age,disposition,profession,and social status.There are four major roles in Peking opera in modern time:Sheng(male),Dan(female),Jing(male with a painted face)and Chou(clown).中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 脸谱是运用色彩和线条构成各种图案，以象征人物的性脸谱是运用色彩和线条构成各种图案，以象征人物的性格和品质。
24、脸谱的作用可归纳成四点：暗示性格、介绍特点、格和品质。脸谱的作用可归纳成四点：暗示性格、介绍特点、褒贬善恶、明辨美丑。褒贬善恶、明辨美丑。Facial makeup indicates that colors and lines are used to form various patterns to symbolize the personality and morality of the characters.The function of facial makeup can be summarized into four points:suggesting personality,int
25、roducing features,praising virtue or punishing vice and identifying beauty and ugliness.脸谱Facial Makeup中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 京剧除了在中国大陆生存和发展以外，还传播到许多其京剧除了在中国大陆生存和发展以外，还传播到许多其他地方。在香港、台湾以及海外华人社区中都能找到京剧的他地方。在香港、台湾以及海外华人社区中都能找到京剧的身影。身影。In addition to it
26、s presence in Chinas mainland,Peking opera has spread to many other places.It can be found in Hong Kong,Taiwan,and overseas Chinese communities elsewhere.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture “武术武术”字面意思就是字面意思就是“搏斗的艺术搏斗的艺术”。这个。这个词由两个字组成，词由两个字组成，“武武”是是“搏斗的搏斗的”“”“军事的
27、军事的”，而而“术术”可理解为可理解为“艺术艺术”、“规则规则”或或“技巧技巧”。“拳法拳法”是中国武术的另一个术语，它指的是是中国武术的另一个术语，它指的是“用用拳的方法拳的方法”或或“行拳的规则行拳的规则”。“Martial art”is literally formed from the two Chinese characters 武 and 术:武,meaning“martial”or“military”and 术 which translates into“art”,“discipline”,“skill”or“method”.Quanfa is another Chinese t
28、erm for Chinese martial arts.It means“fist method”or“the law of the fist”.Although as a compound term it usually translates as“boxing”or“fighting technique”.“中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 有神话传说是这样描述的，在半神话时期的夏有神话传说是这样描述的，在半神话时期的夏朝，黄帝最早在中国推行武术。他在成为君主以前朝，黄帝最早
29、在中国推行武术。他在成为君主以前是一位著名的将领并写下了许多关于医学、占卜术是一位著名的将领并写下了许多关于医学、占卜术和武术的著作。而他的主要对手蚩尤是角抵术的发和武术的著作。而他的主要对手蚩尤是角抵术的发明者，蚩尤被誉为现代中国武术的先驱。明者，蚩尤被誉为现代中国武术的先驱。According to legend,Chinese martial arts originated during the semi-mythical Xia Dynasty more than 4,000 years ago.It is said the Yellow Emperor introduced the
30、earliest fighting systems to China.The Yellow Emperor is described as a famous general who,before becoming Chinas leader,wrote lengthy treatises on medicine,astrology and the martial arts.One of his main opponents was Chiyou who was credited as the creator of Jiaodi,a forerunner to the modern art of
31、 China.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 中国武术有悠久的历史渊源，有数百种拳法。过去两千中国武术有悠久的历史渊源，有数百种拳法。过去两千年，许多独具特色的拳法在技巧和思想上都得到了发展。中年，许多独具特色的拳法在技巧和思想上都得到了发展。中国武术可以按照用国武术可以按照用“气气”来进行分类，注重运气的拳叫内家来进行分类，注重运气的拳叫内家拳，那些注重肌肉训练和血管保健的拳叫外家拳。也可以按拳，那些注重肌肉训练和血管保健的拳叫外家拳。也可以按照地域来归类，分为北拳和南拳。照地
32、域来归类，分为北拳和南拳。China has a long history of martial arts traditions.Martial arts have hundreds of different styles.Over the past two thousand years,many distinctive styles have been developed,each with its own set oftechniques and ideas.Chinese martial arts can be split into external and internal accor
33、ding to the manipulation of“qi”.Some styles focus on the harnessing of qi and are labeled internal,while others concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness and are labeled external.Chinese martial arts can also be categorized by location,as in northern and southern as well,referring t
34、o what part of China the styles originated from中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture1.1.用拳用拳BoxingBoxing2.2.武器训练武器训练Weapon exercises:Weapon exercises:3.3.对打练习对打练习Sparring exercises Sparring exercises 4.4.实战实战Actual combatActual combat5.5.团体练习团体练习TeamworkTeamwork中国
35、文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 中医是具有中医是具有 2500 2500 多年历史的传统医学。中多年历史的传统医学。中医涵盖多种形式，包括中药、针灸、推拿、拔罐、医涵盖多种形式，包括中药、针灸、推拿、拔罐、气功、食疗和刮痧。中医的四诊：望、闻、问、气功、食疗和刮痧。中医的四诊：望、闻、问、切是诊断疾病的四个基本步骤，也是疾病正确归切是诊断疾病的四个基本步骤，也是疾病正确归类和治疗的前提。类和治疗的前提。Traditional Chinese medicine is a style o
36、f traditional medicine based on more than 2,500 years of Chinese medical practice that includes various forms of Chinese herb medicine,acupuncture,Chinese medical massage,cupping,qigong,food therapy,and skin scraping.The four diagnostic methods of Chinese medicine,namely inspection,auscultation and
37、olfaction,inquiry,pulse taking and palpation,are the four basic procedures used in diagnosing a disease.They are the presuppositions of correct differentiation and effective treatment in traditional Chinese medicine.中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 中药是中医治疗的核心
38、部分。不同的中药是中医治疗的核心部分。不同的中药成分都有独特的功效，互相协调帮助中药成分都有独特的功效，互相协调帮助人体保持健康，具有提气和保持阴阳平衡人体保持健康，具有提气和保持阴阳平衡的作用。的作用。Chinese herb medicine is a vital part of Chinese healing.Each ingredient has unique characteristics.The ingredients work in harmony to help a persons body.Herbs can help boost“qi”and balance Yin and
39、 Yang.1.中药中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 针灸是用细针刺激人体穴位。与你想针灸是用细针刺激人体穴位。与你想象恰好相反的是，病人在针灸时通常极少象恰好相反的是，病人在针灸时通常极少感觉到疼痛或者几乎感觉不到疼痛。针灸感觉到疼痛或者几乎感觉不到疼痛。针灸用的银针像头发丝那么细，常常是用手扎用的银针像头发丝那么细，常常是用手扎或者用电刺激。这些针都必须扎在阴阳经或者用电刺激。这些针都必须扎在阴阳经络点上。络点上。Acupuncture involves the stimula
40、tion of anatomical points on the body with thin needles.Contrary to what you might think,acupuncture patients usually feel from little to no pain.Acupuncture needles are hair-thin and are manipulated either by hand or electricity.Needles are placed at“Yin/Yang Meridian points”2.针灸中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Ove
41、rview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 艾灸是用艾蒿进行治疗的传统疗法。艾蒿艾灸是用艾蒿进行治疗的传统疗法。艾蒿长成以后会分化出艾绒，将艾绒进一步加工成长成以后会分化出艾绒，将艾绒进一步加工成类似于雪茄的棒状，点燃艾条，用燃烧的热量类似于雪茄的棒状，点燃艾条，用燃烧的热量加热身体或者针灸部位。加热身体或者针灸部位。Moxibustion is a traditional therapy by using moxa(艾 蒿)or mugwort.Mugwort is aged and grouped up to a fluff
42、.Then the fluff is furtherprocessed into a stick that resembles a cigar and it is used to warm areas of the body and acupuncture points3.艾灸中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 拔罐疗法是中医非药物治疗的重要组成部分，已拔罐疗法是中医非药物治疗的重要组成部分，已有数千年的历史。通过拔和按的机械操作，在负压的有数千年的历史。通过拔和按的机械操作，在负压
43、的作用下，这种疗法可以疏通经络，促进血液循环，去作用下，这种疗法可以疏通经络，促进血液循环，去除血淤，解毒输氧。除血淤，解毒输氧。它被认为在全身性疾病、呼吸系它被认为在全身性疾病、呼吸系统疾病、循环系统疾病、消化系统疾病等疾病的治疗统疾病、循环系统疾病、消化系统疾病等疾病的治疗方面具有显著功效。方面具有显著功效。Cupping therapy is an important part of non-drug therapy in traditional Chinese medicine,with a history of thousands of years.Under the action
44、of negative pressure,this therapy dredges meridians,promotes blood circulation,removes blood stasis,detoxifies and oxygenates by mechanical effects of dragging and pressing.It is thought to have the ability tooffersignificant effects on systemic disease,respiratory system disease,circulation system
45、disease,digestive system disease,and others.4.拔罐中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 推拿也是一种治疗手段，推拿师用手接触推拿也是一种治疗手段，推拿师用手接触患者体表，在患者受伤部位运用推、握、按、患者体表，在患者受伤部位运用推、握、按、搓、揉、点击和拍打等一系列技术手段让患者搓、揉、点击和拍打等一系列技术手段让患者疏通经络、减轻疼痛。疏通经络、减轻疼痛。Chinese medical message is a treatment met
46、hod,by which the physician apply his hands to the body surface,in proximity to the patients injuries using multiple techniques(pushing,holding,pressing,friction,rubbing,kneading,dotting and patting,in order to“dredge meridians”and relieve pain.5.推拿中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overvi
47、ew of Chinese Culture 刮痧疗法是以经络和穴位理论为指导，刮痧疗法是以经络和穴位理论为指导，使用特殊的器具和方法在人体表面一次次使用特殊的器具和方法在人体表面一次次刮擦。这种疗法可以调节肌肉的张弛，从刮擦。这种疗法可以调节肌肉的张弛，从而调节软组织压力，改善血液流动。而调节软组织压力，改善血液流动。该方法具有治愈的理论和实践基础。该方法具有治愈的理论和实践基础。Scraping therapy is guided by the theory of meridians and acu-points,and in so-doing scrapes and rubs the bo
48、dy surface again and again using special instruments and methods.This therapy can adjust the contraction and tension of muscle,which may adjust the pressure between tissues and improve blood flow.This method has both practical and theoretical foundations for healing.6.刮痧中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of C
49、hinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture 气功可以调节呼吸、沉淀思想，提升体内气气功可以调节呼吸、沉淀思想，提升体内气的流动。气功可以用来治病。外气功指的是气功的流动。气功可以用来治病。外气功指的是气功大师作用于某个人身上的功力，而内气功是一个大师作用于某个人身上的功力，而内气功是一个人独自修炼的功法。人独自修炼的功法。Qigong regulates the mind and breathing to promote the flow of Qi.Qigong is often used to treat diseases.External Qigong is performed on a person by a Qigong master,while Internal Qigong is practiced by oneself.7.气功中国文化概况中国文化概况 An Overview of Chinese CultureAn Overview of Chinese Culture
