1、运动神经调节the nerve regulation of motor邓石可神经系统调控cataloguecatalogue神经元 结构 功能电活动 电位产生 突触传递神经调控 神经通路 脊髓反射神经系统调控Structure of neuronsStructure of neurons1 细胞膜 cytomembrane2 胞体 soma（细胞质和细胞器）3 细胞骨架 cytoskeleton4 突触 synapsis神经系统调控cytomembrane神经系统调控Soma线粒体 mitochondria内质网 endoplasmic reticulum高尔基体 Golgi apparatu
2、s 核糖体 ribosome 溶酶体 lysosome神经系统调控cytoskeleton神经元纤维 neurofibril微管 microtubule神经丝 neurofilament微丝 microfilament神经系统调控synapseSynapse：一个神经元与另一个神经元进行信息交流的接触点，是神经元信息交流的基本结构。突触传递：The process of information transter at a synapse chemical synapseSynapse electrical synapse神经系统调控Neuronal activity1 代谢活动 Metabol
3、ic activity2 胞浆活动 Axoplasmic activities3 电活动 Electrical activity4 递质释放 Neurotransmitter release神经系统调控Electrical activity信息载体脑的重要功能活动形式神经系统调控Electrical activity神经系统调控Electrical activity神经系统调控Electrical activity五种电位1 电紧张电位 Electrotonic potential（线性关系）2 局部反应 Local potential（电刺激+膜电位改变）3 动作电位Action poten
4、tial（介绍极化状态的改变，发放的模式表示不同的信息）4 突触电位 Synaptic potential 神经系统调控Electrical activity神经系统调控Ion channels1 Non-gate ion channels2 gated ion channelgated ion channel voltage-gated ion channels voltage-gated ion channels Na K cl ligand gated channels ligand gated channels Neurotransmitter神经系统调控Resting potenti
5、alResting potential 神经元及其他可兴奋细胞未受刺激时存在于细胞膜内外两侧的电压差非门控离子通道是静息电位的形成基础神经系统调控Action potential动作电位是可兴奋细胞兴奋时原有膜电位基础上出现的跨膜电位变化Na离子通道是动作电位的形成基础Na离子内流的再生循环Na离子通道的失活关闭神经系统调控1 绝对不应期 absolute refractory period2 相对不应期 relativle refractory period3 超常期 supernormal region4 低常期 subnormal period特征：全或无、不衰减扩布、脉冲发放、兴奋性变
6、化神经系统调控synapsis神经系统调控Synaptic transmission Electrical synapses structure functionSynaptic Chemical synapses structure classification神经系统调控Electrical synapsesGap junction神经系统调控Electrical synapses介导神经元同步活动通过相邻细胞共享电信号和化学信号，参与调节和营养神经元参与神经胶质细胞功能调节神经系统调控chemical synapsemost synaptic transmission in the ma
7、ture human nervous system is through chemical synapseelementary strcture of chemical synapse presynaptic elements postsynaptic elements synaptic cleft神经系统调控Presynaptic elementsSynaptic vesicle and mitochondria secretory vesicle Synaptic vesicle large densecore vesicle神经系统调控synaptic cleftextracellula
8、r matrix protein cell adhesion molecular细胞外基质蛋白粘附分子神经系统调控postsynaptic elements1 postsynaptic membrance2 receptors 3 postsynaptic density(致密带）神经系统调控PSDThe postsynaptic density(PSD)is a protein dense specialization attached to the postsynaptic membrane.PSDs were originally identified by electron micro
9、scopy as an electron-dense region at the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron.The PSD is in close apposition to the presynaptic active zone and ensures that receptors are in close proximity to presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites.PSDs vary in size and composition among brain regions and have been
10、 studied in great detail at glutamatergic synapses.Hundreds of proteins have been identified in the postsynaptic density including glutamate receptors,scaffold proteins,and many signaling molecules.致密带(PSD)是一种附着于突触后膜的蛋白质致密化。PSDs最初被电子显微镜鉴定为一个在突触后神经元膜上的电子致密区域。PSD与突触前活跃区密切相关，并确保受体接近突触前神经递质释放位点。PSDs在大脑区
11、域的大小和组成上各不相同，并在谷氨酸根神经突触上进行了大量的研究。在突触后的密度中有数百种蛋白质，包括谷氨酸受体、支架蛋白和许多信号分子神经系统调控Classification of chemical synapseBased on the part of the neuron post to the axon terminal Based on the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane Gray 球形 后膜较前膜厚 兴奋性突触 Gray 椭圆形 对称性 抑制性突触Based on the neurotransmitter神经系统调控Principle
12、s of synaptic transmission合成递质所需的酶首先向轴突末梢转运 在胞浆进行递质合成 递质进入突触囊泡进行储存转运体 transporter 囊泡膜上的特殊镶嵌蛋白经典神经递质按化学梯度和电梯度进行转运神经系统调控Quantal release 量子释放神经系统调控Neurotransmitters acting on synapsesConformation changes of receptorsFunctional changes of receptors神经系统调控Main types of heurobransmitter receptors1 transmit
13、ter-gated ion channel 门控离子通道 contormabon change Ion channed open Ion flux postsynaptic potential Na cl 神经系统调控The neurotransmitter is released and cleared1 simple diffusion2 reuptake into the presynaptic axon terminaltransponer veloaded into synaptic vesiclesenzymatically destroyed3 uptake by glia ce
14、ll 4 degradation in synaptic cleft神经系统调控neurotransmitterneurotransmitterneurotransmitter:neurotransmitter:作用于次一级神经元或效应器细胞膜上相应的作用于次一级神经元或效应器细胞膜上相应的受体而发生效应的化学物质受体而发生效应的化学物质neurotransmitter:Achneurotransmitter:Ach，NENE，DADA，GluGlu，GABA GABA 神经肽神经肽 neuropeptidesneuropeptides NO NO，COCO 神经系统调控The charact
15、eristic of neurotransmitter1 神经元必须具有合成该N递质的合成酶系2 合成的神经递质必须能被突触囊泡所储存3 存储的神经递质以胞裂外排的方式释放，直接外加该递质可以产生相同的突触后效应4 释放神经递质迅速作用于突触后膜产生生物效应5 突触间隙的神经递质将快速失活6 递质拟似剂和受体阻断剂能加强或阻断该递质的突触传递效应神经系统调控Neurotransmitters act on receptorsHigh efficaryReversibleStereospecificAgonist and antagonist神经系统调控运动的神经调节1 中枢神经系统对感觉信息的
16、兴奋与抑制 CNS can enhance or suppress sensory information2 运动与神经活动 Motor and Nerve Activites（1 运动中神经活动的整合 integration of neuronal activity in movement（2 运动控制中反射活动的作用 The role of reflex activity in motor control神经系统调控运动控制理论Theory of Theory of motion controlmotion control反射理论reflection theory等级理论 Level of
17、 theory运动程序理论 Theory of motion programming系统理论动态动作理论神经系统调控sensory system躯体感觉系统视觉系统听觉系统前庭系统神经系统调控感觉系统 sensory system浅感觉 superficial sensibilitysuperficial sensibility 痛觉痛觉 ，温度觉，触压觉，温度觉，触压觉深感觉 deep sensibilitydeep sensibility 本体感觉，位置觉，震动觉本体感觉，位置觉，震动觉神经系统调控兴奋与抑制1传入纤维的侧支可刺激抑制性中间神经元The most strongly stim
18、ulated receptors may，through collaterals from the afferent fibers，stimulate inhibitory interneurons2许多激活的神经被不活泼或沉默神经元抑制区包围The most activated neurons will be surrounded by an inhibitory zone of less active or silent neurons3 触觉刺激就会被大脑皮层更精确地定位和评估神经系统调控外周感受器1 muscle spindlemuscle spindle2 GTOs3 joint r
19、eceptor4 skin receptorsomatosensory system神经系统调控肌梭muscle spindlemuscle spindlea型纤维 型纤维单突触脊髓反射 经皮质反射神经系统调控脊髓反射 reflectreflect牵张反射 myotatic reflexmyotatic reflex1 腱反射、肌紧张2 屈反射 和 交互抑制反射 Reciprocal inhibition reflex神经系统调控牵张反射环路神经元神经元增强a及型纤维的能力肌梭对脊髓反射通路和长环反射同路形成起重要作用神经系统调控高尔基腱器 GTOs抑制性去突触反射神经系统调控joint re
20、ceptorRuffini 型末梢Pacinian corpusclePacinian corpuscle帕西尼体形式末梢Ligament receptor韧带感受器 Teleneuron 神经末梢神经系统调控skin receptor神经系统调控The body sensation at the spinal cord levelGrillner and Wallen（1985）CONTROL OF MOTONEURONE OSCILLATIONS DURING RHYTHMICITY 神经系统调控Sensory pathway背侧束-内侧丘系传导通路 DC-ML前外侧系传道通路神经系统调控
21、thalamus神经系统调控Thalamus神经系统调控Thalamus and somatosensory cortexThe thalamus,an undeveloped animal in the cortex,is the highest level of sensation.Animals in the cerebral cortex are the most important sensory transduction stationsDamage in this area can cause serious sensory problemsDamage in this area
22、 can cause serious sensory problems神经系统调控丘脑及躯体感觉皮层神经系统调控integration of neuronal activitysensory integrationsensory integrationmultisensory integration神经系统调控兴奋与抑制1传入纤维的侧支可刺激抑制性中间神经元The most strongly stimulated receptors may，through collaterals from the afferent fibers，stimulate inhibitory interneuron
23、s2许多激活的神经被不活泼或沉默神经元抑制区包围The most activated neurons will be surrounded by an inhibitory zone of less active or silent neurons3 触觉刺激就会被大脑皮层更精确地定位和评估神经系统调控联合皮层 association cortical神经系统调控motor cortex运动区域的输入信号来自基底节，小脑和感觉区域（丘脑，s1以及顶叶感觉联合区）神经系统调控神经系统调控锥体束（皮质脊髓束）corticospinal tract corticospinal tract神经系统调控
24、锥体束（皮质脊髓束）corticospinal tract corticospinal tractEvarts（1968）Georgopoulos（1982）The discharge of cortical spinal neurons in the wrist of a The discharge of cortical spinal neurons in the wrist of a monkeymonkeyrelated the firing rates of individual neurons to various movement parameters such as posit
25、ion,velocity,and force(Evarts,1968,Georgopoulos et al.,1982)神经系统调控CP神经系统调控SMASMA，CingulateCingulate，PMvPMv，PMdPMdFour pre-motor cortical regions control different aspects Four pre-motor cortical regions control different aspects of exercise planning and learningof exercise planning and learningSMA功能
26、为控制自身激发的运动控制The SMA function is to control the motion that is The SMA function is to control the motion that is stimulated by itselfstimulated by itselfPM控制外界激发的运动输出PM controls outside excitation outputPM controls outside excitation output神经系统调控SMASMA，CingulateCingulate，PMvPMv，PMdPMdRoland（1980）神经系统
27、调控小脑epencephalon;cerebellumepencephalon;cerebellumIt plays an important role in coordinating motorIt plays an important role in coordinating motorThe cerebellum receives input from almost all sensory The cerebellum receives input from almost all sensory areasareasregulatorregulator神经系统调控dystaxia神经系统
28、调控基底节（basal gangliabasal ganglia）Participate in the preparation and execution of the Participate in the preparation and execution of the exerciseexercise运动集 motor neuron groupInhibits other motor selectivity to activate movementInhibits other motor selectivity to activate movement神经系统调控CP神经系统调控ParkinsonParkinson神经系统调控peripheral nervous神经系统调控reviewreview神经通路 感受器 脊髓 躯体感觉系统 运动中枢神经 效应器 脊髓 神经系统调控神经系统调控神经系统调控谢谢各位老师同学批评指正谢谢各位老师同学批评指正神经系统调控
