1、刘虹刘虹1ApproachDesignProcedureModel Teaching2 What is?is a language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action;it attempts to teach language through physical(motor)activity.3 James Asher 美国圣加州约瑟大学心美国圣加州约瑟大学心理学教授理学教授 20世纪世纪60年代年代4 Asher states that“most of the grammatical struct
2、ure of the target languge and hundreds of vocabulary items can be learned from the skillful use of the imperative by the instructor”.Asher sees a stimulus-response view as providing the learning theory underlying language teaching pedagory.Approach:Theory of language and learning5 In addition,Asher
3、has elaborated an account of what he feels facilitates or inhibits foreign language learing.He draws on 3 rather influential learning hypothesesThe bio-programBrain lateralizationReduction of stress6The bio-program There exists a specific innate bio-program for language learning which defines an opt
4、imal path for first and second language development.7The bio-program Children develop listening competence before they develop the ability to speak.Childrens ability in listening comprehension is acquired bcause chilren are required to respond physically to spoken languge in the form of parental com
5、mands Once a foundation in listening comprehension has been estabilished,speech evolves naturally and effortlessly out of it.8 Parellel to the process of the first language learning,the foreign language learner should first internalize a“cognitive map”of the target languge through listening exercise
6、s.Listening should be accomplished by physical movement.9Brain lateralization Brain lateralization defines different learning functions in the left and right-brain hemispheres.10Brain lateralization Asher sees Total Physical Response as directed to right-brain learning,whereas most second language t
7、eaching methods are directed to left-brain learning.Similarly,the adult should proceed to languge matery through right-hemisphere motor activities,while the left hemisphere watches and learns.111213Reduction of stress Stress(an affective filter)intervenes between the act of learning and what is to b
8、e learned;the lower the stress,the greater the learning.14Reduction of stress An important condition for successful language learning is the absence of stress.First langugae acquisition takes place in a stress-free environment,according to Asher,whereas the adult language learning environment often
9、causes considerable stress and anxiety.The key to stress-free learning is to tap into the natural bio-program for language development and thus to recapture the relaxed and pleasurable experiences that accompany first languge learning.15Design Objectives General Objectives Specific Objectives16 Syll
10、abus Sentence-based Syllabus Meaning first Inductive grammar teaching Language chunks Imperative17Types of learning and teaching activities Imperative drills Conventional dialogues Role plays Slides presentations Reading and writing18Roles of learners Listener Performer/Actor Producer Monitor and ev
11、aluate Speak 19Roles of teachers Active director Decide what to teach Models and presents teaching materials Selects supporting materials Provide opportunities for learning Giving feedbacks to learners20The role of instructional materials No basic text Teachers voice,actions and gestures Common clas
12、sroom objects Supporting materials TPR Kits21Procedure An amount of a course provided by Asher(1977)on Page 77.A.Review B.New demands C.Ask simple questions D.Role reversal E.Reading and writing.2223TPR教学的主要特点 1）听力理解领先。首先培养学生的听力理解能力，然后再要求学生用口语表达。2）学生应通过身体对语言的反应动作来提高理解力。这种身体反应应该由教师用有计划的指令来控制。学生根据教师的指
13、令做出相应的动作，从而感知并理解掌握语言。3）允许学生在预先做好准备的情况下发言。教师不强迫学生发言。4）教学应强调教学的意义而不是形式，这样可以降低学生的紧张情绪。24TPR教学的主要优点1）抓住学生的注意力，吸引学生参加活动，让他们在身临其境的实抓住学生的注意力，吸引学生参加活动，让他们在身临其境的实验体验中学习英语。验体验中学习英语。2）它能够提供一个与实际生活紧密相连的学习环境，使学生在多种它能够提供一个与实际生活紧密相连的学习环境，使学生在多种多样的活动中、在循环反复的练习中学会英语。多样的活动中、在循环反复的练习中学会英语。3）协调学生的左、右脑，有助于学生的左脑发展以及语言学习的
14、成协调学生的左、右脑，有助于学生的左脑发展以及语言学习的成效。效。4）主张以句子为教学单位，整句学、整句用，重视语言内容和意义，主张以句子为教学单位，整句学、整句用，重视语言内容和意义，有利于培养学生实际运用语言进行交际的能力。有利于培养学生实际运用语言进行交际的能力。5)采用大量挂图、小纸条等教具，创设语言情境。采用大量挂图、小纸条等教具，创设语言情境。25TPR教学的主要缺点 1）对成人学习的特点注意不够 2）对读写能力的培养重视不够 3）比较抽象的单词和句子很难用TPR来表述26 Conclusion Asher stressed that Total Physical Response should be used in association with other methods and techniques.Indeed,practitioners of TPR typically follow this recommendation,suggesting that for many teachers TPR represents a useful set of techniques and is compatible with other approaches to teaching.272829
