1、Review of Unit 71.What is M-Time and P-Time?Which do you think is the dominating time system in our culture?2.What is the right way of dealing with issues of space and privacy in an intercultural environment?1PPT课件Intercultural CommunicationUnit 8Cross-Cultural Perception 2PPT课件Warm Up Please read t
2、he story on page 264 and fill in the blanks.What do you think of the story?&“I told the Englishman it was the 1 sporting thing to do,and he jumped.I told the Frenchman it was 2 chic;the German that it was a 3 command;the Italian that it was 4 forbidden;the Russian that it was 5 revolutionary;so they
3、 all jumped overboard.”&“And how did you get the American to jump?”&“No problem,”said the captain,“I told him he was 6 insured!”Of course,what the story tells us about people of those different nations can only be partially true at best and we must be aware of such overgeneralization and oversimplif
4、ication in our perception of people of other cultures.3PPT课件French Leave and Dutch Courage(p265-267)Do you know some terms and expressions in English that are formed with names of other nationalities?Danish pastry,Flemish bond,Irish stew,Italic handwriting,Portuguese man-or-war,Russian roulette,Span
5、ish fly,Scotch pine,Swiss roll,Turkish delight and Welsh rarebit;Belgian hare,Dutch barn,French letter,German measles,Greek gifts and Swedish drill.Among the English idioms mentioned in Reading I,some are emotionally“neutral”in that they only deal with“flora and fauna and products”that are not nativ
6、e to England.However,some other idioms may carry the British cultural values and attitudes to other nations.4PPT课件French Leave and Dutch Courage(p265-267)Do you know some terms and expressions in English that are formed with names of other nationalities?For instance,idioms which are culturally neutr
7、al include:Danish pastry,Flemish bond,Irish stew,Italic handwriting,Portuguese man-or-war,Russian roulette,Spanish fly,Scotch pine,Swiss roll,Turkish delight and Welsh rarebit.Idioms which are culturally loaded include:Belgian hare,Dutch barn,French letter,German measles,Greek gifts and Swedish dril
8、l.5PPT课件French Leave and Dutch Courage(p265-267)Many idioms concerning other nations suggest that the Britishs used to hold others in derision and contempt.But all those related to the British themselves indicate that the British used to view themselves in positive ways.Homework:Finish the Fill-in T
9、ask exercise(p268).What do they mean in the sentence?6PPT课件Fill-in Task(p268)1.Excuse my French,but hes a bloody nuisance!2.The headmaster always talks to the pupils like a Dutch uncle.3.I dont understand this book at all,its all Greek to me!4.If you wanted me to go,why didnt you say so in plain Eng
10、lish instead of making vague hints?5.Scratch a Russian,and youll find a Tartar.Do you understand what I mean?7PPT课件Fill-in Task(p268)6.Keep away from;his Irish is up.7.Ill have a couple of drinks to give me Dutch courage.8.Its good to see that old film star enjoying a(n)Indian summer with her second
11、 highly acclaimed film this year.9.Before she left,she said a final goodbye and give him a long French kiss.10.The companies do not wish to Welsh on their debts to banker if though their business seems to be not good at the moment.8PPT课件Reading IIRead the article“Ethnocentrism and Ethnorelativism”(p
12、272-276).1.What is ethnocentrism?Most other cultures are backward compared with my culture.My culture should be the role model for other cultures.Other cultures should try to be more like my culture.Most people from other cultures just dont know whats good or them.Most people would be happier if the
13、y lived like people in my culture.People in my culture have just about the best lifestyles of anywhere.Lifestyles in other cultures are not as valid as those in my culture.I do not cooperate with people who are different.9PPT课件Reading IIRead the article“Ethnocentrism and Ethnorelativism(p272-276)”.1
14、.What is ethnocentrism?I do not trust people who are different.I dislike interacting with people from different cultures.I have little respect for the values and customs of other cultures.Other cultures are smart to look up to my culture.Other people are much the same as my people.Our way of doing t
15、hings is the only right way.10PPT课件Reading IIEthnocentrism is negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture.It is the technical name for the view of things in which ones own group is the center of everything,and all others are scaled and rated with reference to i
16、t.It occurs when our nation is seen as the center of the world.In other words,it refers to our tendency to identify with our ingroup and to evaluate outgroups and their members according to its standard.11PPT课件Reading IIIt is not suggested that ethnocentrism is always deliberate.Often the expression
17、 of ethnocentrism is a function of how we are socialized.(see examples on p273)Ethnocentrism often is expressed in the way people draw their maps.People tend to draw maps of the world with their own country at the center and with other parts of the world depicted as peripheral.Ethnocentrism can all
18、too easily lead to“us”versus“them”thought and language.The collective pronouns“us”and“them”become powerful influences on perception.The names given to“them”can be used to justify their suppression and even their extermination.(see the poem“We and They”on p280-281)12PPT课件Reading IIIt seems to be real
19、ly impossible to eradicate ethnocentrism through education and intercultural exchange;however,they do help reduce the degree of ethnocentrism,a sort of natural tendency,for people live in the context of their culture so they can hardly get rid of their cultures influences on their thinking,behaving
20、and way of living.What one needs to do is to develop the attitude of ethnorelativism.What is ethnorelativism?It is just opposite to the attitude of ethnocentrism;it is cultural relativism.It involves the view that all cultures are of equal value and the values and behaviors of a culture can only be
21、judged using that culture as a frame of reference.13PPT课件Discovering Problems the stereotyped images of different cultures in the US(p276-278)and the stereotypes of Americans(p278-279)Since most of information we get about people of other nations comes from the mass media today,it is very difficult
22、for us to avoid being greatly influenced by the media in our formation of impressions of other peoples,and our impressions tend to become stereotypes that may hinder us from truly understanding those peoples in intercultural communication.Besides,what impressions we have formed about people of other
23、 nations may also be different from what they view themselves.For instance,it has been noted that there often exists a disparity between the way U.S people think of themselves and the way they are viewed by foreigners.Please look at the results of a survey in the following:14PPT课件Discovering Problem
24、sU.S Persons Views of Themselves Informal,friendly,casual Egalitarian Direct,aggressive Efficient Goal/achievement oriented Profit oriented Individualistic Progressive Enthusiastic Open Foreigners Views of U.S Persons Undisciplined,too personal&familiar Insensitive to status Blunt,rude,oppressive Ob
25、sessed with time,opportunistic Promise more then they deliver Materialistic Self-absorbed Tend to equate“new”with“best”Deceptive Untrustworthy 15PPT课件Culture and Perception(p281-284)A Basic Model of Human Perception:(1)Sensation,(2)Perception,(3)Selection,(4)Organization,(5)Interpretation.Sensation:
26、It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.It refers to the initial detection of energy from the physical world.Perception:It is the process by which we become aware of objects,events,and especially people and their behavior through our various senses and involv
27、es higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information.16PPT课件Culture and Perception(p281-284)A Basic Model of Human Perception:(1)Sensation,(2)Perception,(3)Selection,(4)Organization,(5)Interpretation.Selection:It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the sti
28、muli and information around us.Organization:It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way.Interpretation:It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.17PPT课件Barriers to Accurate Perception in Intercultur
29、al Communication(1)Ignoring Details,(2)Over-generalizing,(3)Holding on to Preconceptions and Stereotypes,(4)Imposing Consistency,(5)Preconnecting Causes and Effects,(6)Preferring Simple Explanations,(7)Ignoring Circumstances,(8)Crediting Irrelevant Information,(9)Focusing on the Negative,(10)Seeing
30、Good or Bad.18PPT课件Stereotype and Prejudice(p292-295)StereotypeA stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category,with no distinctions made among individuals.In other words,it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we used to categorize a group of people.PrejudiceTrue prejud
31、ices are those negative attitudes directed toward groups,especially racial and religious groups,that are formed by highly personal and unreasoned generalizations about all or most members of the group.19PPT课件Stereotype and Prejudice(p292-295)Direct results of prejudice:the formation of ingroups and
32、outgroups.Main causes of racial prejudice:ignorance:it leads to indifference and hostility.insecurity:it leads to fear.Classifications of prejudice:Red-neck racism:based on some imagined standard;formal education.Symbolic racism:expressed in terms of threats to peoples basic values and to the status
33、 quo.Tokenism:certain people harbor negative feelings about a given group but do not want to admit this fact to themselves;they engage in unimportant,but positive intergroup behaviors,thus they can effuse to perform more important intergroup behaviors.20PPT课件Stereotype and Prejudice(p292-295)Classif
34、ications of prejudice:Arms-length prejudice:certain people engage in friendly,positive behavior toward outgroup members in certain situations but hold those same outgroup members at an“arms length”in other situations.Real likes and dislikes:members of the group engaged in behaviors that people disli
35、ke;should be given more attention.The familiar and unfamiliar:to experience behaviors or ideas that are unfamiliar and hence feel uncomfortable;a lack of understanding and an insensitivity regarding other cultural groups.21PPT课件Stereotype and Prejudice(p292-295)Relation among stereotypes,prejudice a
36、nd discrimination:When cognitions(stereotypes)are assigned values(prejudice),we may enact biased action(eg.discrimination).Prejudice varies principally along the dimension of intensity.Five common forms of prejudice can be identified in terms of intensity:verbal abuse,physical avoidance,discriminati
37、on,physical attack,and massacre.How to overcome stereotypes and prejudice:Empathy is the main communication skill we should learn to solve the problem through the face-to-face interaction.Empathic persons know how to show understanding by projecting themselves into their partners position.This means
38、 that to be empathic in intercultural interactions we need to be open-minded in terms of information sharings,to be imaginative in correctly drawing the picture of others situation,and to show a commitment or strong willingness to understand our culturally different partners in any kind of situation
39、.22PPT课件Case StudyCase 29(Page 285)In this case,both the white people(the Virginia Government)and the Indians were ethnocentric.The white people seemed to believe that their learning and sciences were without doubt superior to the Indians learning.They didnt expect that what they considered as good
40、for the Indian youth would be taken as“totally good for nothing”by the Indians,to whom,the white peoples learning and sciences could be inapplicable in their living environment and irrelevant to the way they preferred to live.On the other hand,the Indians were also somewhat ethnocentric when they im
41、plied that their education was better by asking the white people to send their sons to be educated by the Indians and promising that they would be able to“make men of them”through instructing them in all the Indians knew.23PPT课件Case StudyCase 30(Page 286-287)It is said that the event which really ma
42、rked a dividing point in Western images of China was the visit of U.S.President Richard Nixon to China in February 1972.“A week that changed the World”was Nixons characterization of his own trip and his view was shared by many Americans,because it symbolized that the U.S.no longer regarded China as
43、a major enemy,perhaps even not as an enemy at all.Images of contemporary China were changed drastically in the process.24PPT课件Case StudyCase 31(Page 287)It seems that Ian and Peter have the same problem,that is,they are both strongly stereotyped by other people and are seldom seen as they actually a
44、re.The pinning of qualities and abilities onto individuals and stereotyping them as either“artistic and expressive”or“practical and sensible”may run deep within some societies.In this way,people are reduced in their potentials according to such crude labels that are used to explain them.25PPT课件Case
45、StudyCase 32(Page 288)This case clearly shows two very different perceptions of what is going on.Jeremy believes he is being supportive,inclusive and understanding,whereas Jabu feels she is being treated badly and indeed the victim of racism.Jeremy does not base his understanding of Jabu on what he
46、observes of her,but on impressions he himself has had from his own experience in her country,South Africa,and the basis of his impressions is likely to have been stereotypical.The way Jeremy treats Jabu often implies that Jabu and her culture are inferior and backward.26PPT课件HomeworkRead“Behaviors That Separate Us(p289-291)”.What do you think will be the possible solutions to the problems interracila or international relationships?27PPT课件
