1、英语句子可分为：简单句 状语从句 并列句 定语从句 复杂/合句 主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 时间、地点、方式、原因、）名词性从句（结果、目的、条件、让步等 简单句基本句型简单句基本句型 1.主语 不及物动词 She came/My head aches.2.主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.3.主语 系动词 表语（主语补语）She is happy 4.主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a book She bought a book for me.5.主语 及物动词 宾语 宾补 She makes her mother an
2、gry The teacher asked me to read the passage.6.There be句型：There is a book on the desk.There existed many dinosaurs.简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序 主语主语 动词部分动词部分 宾语宾语 状语状语 I The children We The car a hat our meal (方式方式/地点地点/时间时间)yesterday.home.in silence.suddenly.（谓语）（谓语）bought ran ate stopped 并列句并列句?由并列连词把两个或两个以上的
3、简单句连接起来的句子叫并列句。常见分类：?1表示同等、平行或承接关系，常用连词有and，both.and.as等。，not only.but also.，neither.nor.，as well?He helps me and he also helps others.?She not only gave us a lot of advice,but also helped us to overcome difficulties.?2表示转折关系，常用连词有but，however,yet（然而），while（而）等。?He is young,but he works hard.?She is
4、tall,while her elder sister is short.并列句?3表示选择关系，常见连词有or，not.but（不是而是），either.or.（要么要么）等。?Hurry up,or well be late.?Either you come to my home or I get to yours.?4表示因果关系，常见连词有as，for（因为），?Mike didnt come to school,for he was ill.?He works hard,so he is a top student of class.so等 复杂句/复合句?由一个主句和一个或一个以上
5、的从句构成。复合句状语从句 定语从句 主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 名词性从句 状语从句?时间:Everybody was assigned a job as soon as they left university.?地点:Where there is a will,there is a way.?方式:You must do the exercises as I show you.?原因:Since the speaker cant come,well have to cancel the meeting.?结果:He was very angry,so that he lef
6、t the room without saying a word.?目的:The teacher must speak clearly so that his students can understand well.?条件:Provided(that)he wins the support of the minority groups,he will be able to win the election.?让步:Rich as he is,Mr.Johnson is by no means a happy man.定语从句 英语中的定语是一个词时，放在被修饰词的前面，a beautiful
7、 girl a lovely boy （形容词作定语）定语是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面，如：She is the girl in red.（介词短语作定语）The lady carried a bag full of money.（形容词短语作定语）He is the man who you are looking for.（定语从句作定语）放在名词或代词名词或代词后面，由关系代词或关系副词关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行先行词词。Harry Porter is a boy who has magic power.先行词先行
8、词 关系词关系词 关系关系代词代词 定语从句定语从句 关系关系副词副词 where,when，why that，which,who,whom,whose 先行词和关系词的关系先行词和关系词的关系 1.A plane is a machine that can fly.a machine=that 2.The boy who broke the window is called Tom.the boy=who 关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系代词实际上是先行词的复指 3.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfathe
9、r.the boys=whose 关系词关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格实际上是先行词的所有格 4.The school where I study is far from my home.in the school=where 关系副词实际上是介词先行词关系副词实际上是介词先行词 关系代词的实质关系代词的实质 Join the following sentences into one:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质 Join the following sentences:A plane is a mach
10、ine.The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.a machine the machine 关系代词的实质关系代词的实质 Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.a machine that/which 关系代词的实质关系代词的实质 Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质 Join the foll
11、owing sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.The girl her we saw yesterday is Mary.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质 Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.The girl her we saw yesterday is Mary.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质 Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.The gi
12、rl that/who/whom we saw yesterday is Mary.关系代词的基本用法 关系关系代词代词 who whom which that whose 指代指代 人人 物物 句子句子 在定语从句中所充当的在定语从句中所充当的成分成分 主语主语 宾语宾语 定语定语 关系副词的基本用法 关系副词关系副词 指代指代 所充当的句子成分所充当的句子成分 when where why time place reason 时间状语时间状语 地点状语地点状语 原因状语原因状语 指出关系代词在定语从句中的成份：指出关系代词在定语从句中的成份：1.The man who came to ou
13、r school is Mr.Wang.()主语 2.The girl(whom)I met is Lucy.()宾语 3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom.()定语 4.I like the book(which)you bought yesterday.()宾语 定定语语从从句句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 区别?限制性定语从句：不用逗号与主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的定语，删去后原句句意不完整。?非限制性定语从句：用逗号与主句隔开，对先行词进行补充说明，删去后原句句意仍然完整。对比以下两句话：?His
14、 sister who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.?His sister,who is now a doctor,always encourages him to go to college.关系词的具体用法关系词的具体用法(1)(1)which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。语。作宾语时，可省略作宾语时，可省略。These are the trees which were planted last year.This recorder（which）he is using is m
15、ade in Japan.(2)(2)that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。语。作宾语时，可省略作宾语时，可省略。A plane is a machine that can fly.He is the man (that)I told you about.注意：当关系代词前有介词时，不能用注意：当关系代词前有介词时，不能用 that This is the school about which we are talking.（3）who 和和whom 的用法举例：的用法举例：Who,whom只能指人只能指人 做主语：用做主语：用who或或that 注意：
16、有介词在注意：有介词在关系代词前时，关系代词前时，只能用只能用whom The teacher who got sick last week has come back to school.做宾语：可用做宾语：可用who,whom,that或省略或省略 The man(who/whom/that)you met yesterday is an actor.The tall man(who/whom/that)you just talked to is my uncle.The tall man to whom you just talked is my uncle.(4)Whose(4)Who
17、se的用法的用法 关系代词whose表示“的”，是关系代词 who、which的所有格，因此既可指人，也可指物。在从句中，whose作定语修饰名词，被修饰词可以是从句的主语、宾语或介词宾语。They cleaned the house whose windows face south.He is the boy whose pen I borrowed yesterday.The gentleman,with whose daughter I worked,looked down upon women.WhoseWhose与与whichwhich的换用的换用:The house whose w
18、indow is broken is mine.whose=the houses(window)the window of which is broken The house is mine.of which the window is broken 结论：结论：Whose指物时，指物时，“whose+名词名词”相当于相当于“限定词限定词+名词名词+of+which”或或“of+which+限定词限定词+名词名词”（5）when的用法举例：的用法举例：When表时间 Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?I remember th
19、e time when Eric won the speech competition.注意：要对从句注意：要对从句做成分分析！做成分分析！I can never forget the year of 2003 when I got my postgraduate degree.试比较：试比较：I can never forget the year of 2003(that/which)I spent in a small village.结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用 which/that。如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用
20、 when.（6）where的用法举例：的用法举例：Where表地点 Shanghai is the city where he was born.This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.注意：要对从句注意：要对从句做成分分析！做成分分析！The small house where she gave birth to her son was burnt down yesterday.试比较：试比较：The small house which was left by her father was burnt down yes
21、terday.结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用结论：如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，则用 which/that。如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，则用 where.（7）why的用法举例：的用法举例：Why表原因 I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty.I wont listen to the reason why you didnt do your homework.注意：要对从句注意：要对从句做成分分析！做成分分析！This is the reason why I was late.试比较：试比较：This is
22、 the reason(that/which)you gave to me.结论：结论：why的先行词一定是的先行词一定是 the reason,但但the reason的关系词不一定是的关系词不一定是 why。关系代词的用法注意点关系代词的用法注意点 一、一、that和和which都可以指物，都可以指物，that和和who都都能指人，但以下能指人，但以下6种情况种情况只能用只能用that 不能用不能用which/who。(1)当先行词中当先行词中有人又有物有人又有物时。如：时。如：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking
23、 about?(2)当先行词为当先行词为anything,everything,nothing,something,few,all,none,little 或者是由或者是由any,every,some,all,no,little,few,much 修饰时。修饰时。如：如：This is all that I want from the school.(3)当先行词被当先行词被the only,the very,the last,the next 等修饰时。如：等修饰时。如：This is the very book that I am looking for these days.He is
24、the only man that I want to see before I die.(4)当先行词被当先行词被最高级最高级修饰时。如：修饰时。如：The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city.(5)当先行词被当先行词被序数词序数词修饰时。如：修饰时。如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.(6)当先行词前面有当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词等疑问代词时。时。如：如：who is the man that is
25、standing there?Which is the hotel that was recommended?关系代词的用法注意点关系代词的用法注意点 二、二、that和和which都可以指物，但以下都可以指物，但以下 2种情种情况况只能用只能用which不能用不能用that:(1)在在非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句中。如：中。如：English,which is becoming very popular in our country,is learned by more and more people.(2)当关系代词前面有当关系代词前面有介词介词时，如：时，如：A zoo is a p
26、ark in which may kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.This is the room in which I lived when I was young.关系代词与关系副词?When,where,why 可被“介词+which”替换?Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?Do you remember the day on which we left you in charge?Shanghai is the city where he was born.?Shang
27、hai is the city in which he was born.?I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty.?I dont know the reason for which the house is so dirty.先行词为way 或time的定语从句?先行词是way（方式、方法），且关系词在从句中作状语时，关系词用that,in which或省略：?I dont like the way(that/in which)he laughs at her.?先行词是time，若表示“次数”则用that引导定语从句：?It is
28、the first time that the President has visited our country.特殊的关系代词特殊的关系代词asas的用法的用法 一、一、as引导限制性定语从句引导限制性定语从句 主要固定结构有：主要固定结构有：the sameas suchas asas soas 主句中出现主句中出现the same,as,such,so修饰先行词，需选择修饰先行词，需选择as做关系做关系代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。1.Its the same book as we wanted to find yesterday.这和我们昨天要找的那本书
29、是一样的。这和我们昨天要找的那本书是一样的。2.Such girls as he knows are good at English.他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。3.Do you have such books as we like?你有我们喜欢的那种书吗？你有我们喜欢的那种书吗？4.There is so warm a house as we want to live in.这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。5.He has so difficult a problem,as none of us can solve.他有
30、如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决。他有如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决。二、引导非限制性定语从句二、引导非限制性定语从句 as引导非限制性定语从句，意为引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如正如”“”“就像就像”“”“据据”as has been said above 如上所说如上所说 as anybody can see 正像每个人所看到的那样正像每个人所看到的那样 as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样正如我们所预料的那样 as引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句内容指代整个主句内容，从句可置，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，但于句首，句中或句尾，但由由whi
31、ch引导的非限制性定语从引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句后句只能置于主句后。1.As everyone knows,China is a beautiful country with a long history.每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。2.The earth,as we know,moves round the sun.我们都知道，地球围着太阳转。我们都知道，地球围着太阳转。3.Tom works hard and is willing to help others,as/which we all know.汤母工作努
32、力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道汤母工作努力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道 as引导定语从句引导定语从句不是指代主句的整句话不是指代主句的整句话 时，如果时，如果运用的是运用的是被动语态被动语态，be动词可省略动词可省略，即，即“as+过去分过去分词词”，但，但which没有这种用法。没有这种用法。He repeats that he is telling the story as seen by himself at the time.I hope all the precautions against air pollution,as suggested by the local go
33、vernment,will be seriously considered here.but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于 who/which/that not，即用在否定词或具有否特殊的关系代词but的用法 定意义的词后，构成双重否定。1.There is no mother but loves her children=There is no mother who doesnt love her children.没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。2.There is no rule in English but has exceptions.=There is no
34、rule in English that does not have exceptions.英语中没有无例外的规则。特殊的关系代词than的用法 than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级than从句，than在从句中作主语或宾语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单复数形式与先行词保持一致。1.We often advise him not to drink more wine than is good for his health.(than在从句中作主语）我们经常劝他为了身体健康不要喝过量的酒。2.He smoked mo
35、re cigarettes than he bought.(than在从句中作宾语）他吸的香烟比他买的要多。3.He smoked fewer cigarettes than were normally available.(than在从句中作主语）他吸的香烟比他弄到的要少。名词性从句?在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）?名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语 等 Point out the function of each noun in the following sentences:1.The world loves nat
36、ure.subject subject predicative 2.Knowledge is power.subject apposition predicative subject object 3.We Chinese are peace-loving.?名词性从句在功能上相当于名词名词性从句在功能上相当于名词 主语主语表语表语 His job is important.What he does is important.This is his job.This is what he does every day.I dont like his job.宾语宾语 I dont like w
37、hat he does every day.同位语同位语 I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.I dont know about the man,Mr.White.根据从句在主句中语法功能的不同分为：根据从句在主句中语法功能的不同分为：名词性从句 noun clause 主语从句 subject clause 宾语从句 object clause 表语从句 predicative clause 同位语从句 appositive clause 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：连接词：that,
38、whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分，that 只在宾语从句中的某些情况下可省略，在其他从句中都不可省略）连接代词：连接代词：what,who,whom,whose,which 连接副词：连接副词：when,where,how,why 以及由它们加ever构成的词如：whatever,whomever,whenever,however 还有所有带how 的词组如：how often,how many,how far,how much 主语从句主语从句 在复合句中作主句的主语在复合句中作主句的主语.引导词有连词引导词有连词that(that 不不可省可省),whether;代词有代词有wh
39、o,what,which;副词副词 when,where,how,why 等等.如如:1.That he is a famous singer is known to us.2.When he will go to America is not yet fixed.It It 作形式主语作形式主语?为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语，但主语从句的连接词没有变化。?That he is a famous singer is known to us.?(It is known to us that he is a famous singer.)?Wh
40、en he will go to America is not yet fixed.?(It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.)it作形式主语的常见结构 1.It+be+形容词 that从句 It is necessary/important/obvious that e.g.:It is certain that she will come here tomorrow.2.It+be+-ed分词 that从句 It is reported that 据报道 It is known to us all that.众所周知 It has b
41、een decided that 已经决定 e.g.:It is said that Mr.Bill has arrived in Shanghai.注意：以下结构中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”：It is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that It is suggested(requested,proposed,desired,ordered,etc.)thate.g.:It is necessary that we(should)get up early.It is requested that we (should)
42、be quiet in the hospital.3.It+be+名词 that从句 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that.令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that 事实是 It is no wonder that 难怪.e.g.:It is a pity that we cant go to Beijing with you.4.It+不及物动词 that从句 It seems/appears that 似乎 It happens that.碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起 e.g.:
43、It happened that I was out that day.注意注意 主语从句中语序与主语从句中语序与that的省略：的省略：1).主语从句一律用陈述句语序主语从句一律用陈述句语序,即主语在前即主语在前,谓语在后谓语在后.例例:误误:When will he come is not known.正正:When he will come is not known.2).连接词连接词that在主语从句中无实际意义在主语从句中无实际意义,但不能省略但不能省略.例例:误误:He will not come to the meeting this evening is true.正正:Tha
44、t he will not come to the meeting this evening is true.注意注意 主语从句中的主语从句中的“主谓一致主谓一致”：3).主语从句通常被看作一个整体主语从句通常被看作一个整体,主句的谓语动词用单主句的谓语动词用单数形式数形式.is That they will come _certain.4).What 引导主语从句时引导主语从句时,主句谓语动词的单复数由表主句谓语动词的单复数由表语的单复数决定语的单复数决定.are What he wants _these books.What he wants _some water.is 宾语从句宾语从句
45、 在复合句中作主句的宾语在复合句中作主句的宾语.引导词有连词引导词有连词that(that 常常可省略可省略),whether,if;代词有代词有who,what,which;副词副词 when,where,how,why 等等.如如:We believe(that)he is honest.We told him why we came back.Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.一、连接词（引导词）一、连接词（引导词）1.当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连接词由 that引导，因为 that在从句中不作任何
46、成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略?Lin Tao feels(that)his own team is even better.?She says(that)she wont take part in the sports meeting next Sunday.?Jim thought(that)the train was like a big moving party.?宾语从句中的连接词宾语从句中的连接词 that在以下三种情况下不能省略：在以下三种情况下不能省略：（1）当）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第2个个
47、that不能省；不能省；?He said(that)he would go there the next day and that his family wouldnt go there.（2）当）当that作介词宾语时，作介词宾语时，that不可省掉不可省掉?The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.（3）用）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句做形式宾语的宾语从句?I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry,su
48、re,afraid,glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句?Im sorry (that)I dont know.?Were sure (that)our team will win.?Im afraid(that)he wont pass the exam.2.当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略?Lily wanted to know if/whether her grandma liked the handbag.?Lets see if/whethe
49、r we can find out some information about that city.?She asked me if/whether she could borrow these books.whether与与if的辨用的辨用?表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether。1.主语从句、表语从句中 e.g.:Whether she will come is still a question.The question is whether she will come.2.Whether置于句首，不能换成if:e.g.:Whether this is true,I cant say
50、.3.介词后的宾语从句:e.g.:I worry about whether I hurt her feeling.whether与与if的辨用的辨用 4.在不定式前用whether:e.g.:He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train.5.whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if:e.g.:I dont know whether or not I will stay.6.若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether：e.g.：Please let me know if you like the book.此句可理解为：(
