1、重症心衰治疗指南与临床实践指南与临床实践的关系Evidence-Based MedicineProblem-Based Medicine心脏重症特点 1.心衰 合并多器官功能衰竭，心、肺、肾 2.心衰 心脏受损严重为突出表现，大面积心梗，心脏手术，重症心肌炎 3.心衰 特殊原因，少见，特别是一些新的药品，器械Your heart is an amazing powerhouse that pumps Your heart is an amazing powerhouse that pumps and circulates 5 or 6 gallons of blood each and cir
2、culates 5 or 6 gallons of blood each minute through your entire body.minute through your entire body.Understanding how the heart worksUnderstanding how the heart worksTo understand heart disease,you must first know how the heart works.The heart is like any other muscle,requiring blood to supply oxyg
3、en and nutrients for it to function.It beats about 100,000 times a day,pumping blood through your circulatory system.The cycle of pumping blood throughout your body carries fresh oxygen to your lungs and nutrients to your bodys tissues.Blood also takes waste,such as carbon dioxide,away from your tis
4、sues,.Without this process,we could not live.Heart disease:the number-one killerHeart disease:the number-one killerHeart disease affects about 14 million men and women in the United States,and it has a high mortality rateOne of the most devastating consequences of heart One of the most devastating c
5、onsequences of heart disease can be sudden cardiac arrest.disease can be sudden cardiac arrest.Blockage of the coronary arteries by plaque may Blockage of the coronary arteries by plaque may cause a heart attack(myocardial infarction)or a cause a heart attack(myocardial infarction)or a fatal rhythm
6、disturbance(sudden cardiac arrest).fatal rhythm disturbance(sudden cardiac arrest).Sudden cardiac death-a fatal consequence of heart diseaseSudden cardiac death-a fatal consequence of heart diseaseEveryones experience with heart disease is different.Some people experience shortness of breath or ches
7、t pain and make it to the hospital in time to be treated.Others are not as lucky.For some people,sudden cardiac arrest can be the first symptom they experience,and it is often deadly unless treated immediately.Besides chest pain(angina)and shortness of breath,some other Besides chest pain(angina)and
8、 shortness of breath,some other common symptoms of heart disease include jaw pain,back pain,and common symptoms of heart disease include jaw pain,back pain,and heart palpitations.heart palpitations.What are common symptoms of heart disease?What are common symptoms of heart disease?Symptoms of heart
9、disease usually occur during exercise or activity.Thats because the heart experiences increased demand for nutrients and oxygen that cannot be met because the coronary arteries are blocked.Other symptoms of heart disease includechest pain(angina),shortness of breath,jaw pain,andback pain,especially
10、on the left side.Doctors use a variety of tests to detect heart Doctors use a variety of tests to detect heart disease.One common test is the electrocardiogram disease.One common test is the electrocardiogram(ECG or EKG).(ECG or EKG).What is an electrocardiogram(EKG)?What is an electrocardiogram(EKG
11、)?A healthy heart works as an electrical pump and needs a strong blood supply to conduct electricity.People with heart disease,however,have a weak blood supply,so their hearts conduct electricity poorly.An electrocardiogram(EKG)is a noninvasive test that measures the electrical activity of the heart
12、.An EKG takes approximately five minutes and is painless.Many other heart conditions can be diagnosed with an EKG,for exampleabnormal heart rhythms,evidence of prior heart attack,evidence of an evolving heart attack,unstable angina,congenital heart abnormalities,evidence of abnormal blood electrolyt
13、es,andevidence of inflammation of the heart(myocarditis,pericarditis).Sometimes,if an electrocardiogram comes back Sometimes,if an electrocardiogram comes back normal,doctors will use stress tests to detect normal,doctors will use stress tests to detect heart disease.heart disease.Another test optio
14、n is Another test option is echocardiography,echocardiography,which which uses sound waves to generate images of the heart.uses sound waves to generate images of the heart.Computerized tomography(CT)scans are used to Computerized tomography(CT)scans are used to show that heart disease is not present
15、 and that show that heart disease is not present and that the coronary arteries are normal.the coronary arteries are normal.Coronary angiography Coronary angiography via cardiac catheterization via cardiac catheterization is considered the gold standard of heart is considered the gold standard of he
16、art disease tests.disease tests.Heart disease treatment is different for everyone.Heart disease treatment is different for everyone.For some patients with heart disease,medications For some patients with heart disease,medications may be necessary.may be necessary.When medications arent enough,someti
17、mes When medications arent enough,sometimes invasive procedures are used to help treat heart invasive procedures are used to help treat heart disease.disease.Heart disease is a highly preventable and Heart disease is a highly preventable and reversible disease.A healthy diet is a major reversible di
18、sease.A healthy diet is a major factor in controlling heart disease.factor in controlling heart disease.Other lifestyle changes that can be made to help Other lifestyle changes that can be made to help prevent heart disease include drinking alcohol in prevent heart disease include drinking alcohol i
19、n moderation and quitting smoking.moderation and quitting smoking.Exercise,controlling high blood pressure and diabetes,and Exercise,controlling high blood pressure and diabetes,and taking daily aspirin are more ways to reduce your chances taking daily aspirin are more ways to reduce your chances of
20、 developing heart disease.of developing heart disease.心脏重症病房的治疗手段进展心脏重症病房的治疗手段进展3.1 呼吸机辅助通气3.2 肾脏替代治疗3.3 主动脉内球囊反搏术(IABP)和左心辅助装置(LVAD)3.4 ECMO（体外膜肺氧合）在国外，特别是欧美发达国家，心脏重症医学的诞生起源于心肺复苏术的开始，要早于真正的综合性ICU的建立。从1962年开始，Melter He和Day分别创立冠心病监护病房，从此心脏重症医学在世界发达国家特别是欧美地区迅速发展，以CCU或CICU为代表的心脏重症监护病房已经成为心脏医疗中心中不可缺少的组成
21、部分，代表了一家中心的心脏医疗水平，救治水平和管理水平，更与医疗单位或中心的现代化水平挂钩定义 心力衰竭是由于任何心脏结构或功能异常导致心室充盈或射血功能受损的一组临床综合征，其主要临床表现为呼吸困难和乏力（活动耐量受限），以及液体潴留（肺淤血和外周水肿）。心衰为各种心脏疾病的眼中和终末阶段，发病率高，是当今最重要的心血管病之一。心衰发展分为4个阶段根据心衰发生发展的过程，从心衰的危险因素进展成结构性心脏病，出现心衰症状，直至难治性终末期心衰,可分成4个阶段。前心衰(A)前临床心衰(B)临床心衰(C)难治性终末期心衰(D)这4个阶段不同于纽约心脏协会(NYHA)的心功能分级。心衰阶段的划分正是
22、体现了重在预防的概念，其中预防患者从阶段A进展至阶段B，即防止发生结构性心脏病，以及预防从阶段B进展至阶段C,以至于进展到D阶段。依据左室射血分数(LVEF),心衰可分为 LVEF降低的心衰(heart failure reduced left ventricular ejection fraction,HF-REF)LVEF保留的心衰(heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction,HF-PEF).LVEF是心衰患者分类的重要指标，也与预后及治疗反应相关。LVEF保留或正常的情况下收缩功能仍可能是异常的。CASE
23、 1女性，83岁反复活动后气喘5年，加重1月5年来反复活动后气喘，发作时端坐呼吸，咳白色泡沫样痰，夜间阵发性加剧，经治疗后好转。近1月来症状加剧，不能平卧，双下肢浮肿。既往有高血压病，糖尿病病史20多年。入院肺部CT扫描入院诊断，心功能衰竭，心功能IV 级。肺部感染 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病，急性冠脉 综合症 高血压病 糖尿病入院后治疗方案抗感染纠正心衰（强心、利尿、扩血管）治疗后症状改善，但反复发作左室内径在正常上限，室壁未见增厚，心腔形态失常、心尖部圆钝，前壁、室间隔中段以下及整个心尖部运动减弱或无运动，余室壁运动未见明显异常，整体收缩不协调；二维法LVEF30。右心大小正常，室壁运动未见
24、明显异常 估计肺动脉收缩压至少57-62mmHg；讨论病人下一步治疗方案病人冠心病，引起心衰，继发肺部感染，明确。但病人83岁，年龄大，不能平卧，是否因该PCI。PCI的风险：病人不能耐受手术，手术风险大。Some of the risk factors for heart disease Some of the risk factors for heart disease include smoking,high blood pressure,high include smoking,high blood pressure,high cholesterol,diabetes,and chol
25、esterol,diabetes,and obesityobesityWhat are the risk factors for heart disease?What are the risk factors for heart disease?Some of the common risk factors for heart disease includesmoking,high blood pressure(hypertension),high cholesterol,diabetes,family history of heart disease,peripheral artery di
26、sease,andobesity.Additional heart disease risk factors include Additional heart disease risk factors include lack of exercise,an unhealthy diet,stress,and lack of exercise,an unhealthy diet,stress,and a type A personalitya type A personalityWhat are lifestyle risk factors for heart disease?What are
27、lifestyle risk factors for heart disease?Lifestyle risk factors that contribute to heart disease includelack of exercise,high-fat diet,emotional stress,andhaving a type A personality(aggressive,impatient,competitive).CASE2男性，30岁胸闷，气喘，浮肿1月，加剧1周既往无高血压病，糖尿病病史个人史：烟，20-40支/天 X 10年，酒，白酒6-7两/次X4-5次/周X5-6年每
28、天3-4餐职业：刑警大队队长。体格检查BP 192/116 mmHgHR 106 bpmIBM 40.1（Height 170cm，WT 116kg）急性痛苦病容，端坐呼吸，双肺满布湿性罗音，哮鸣音。下肢可凹水肿。EchocardiogramComputed Tomography of ChestElectriocardiogram入院诊断1.扩张型心肌病 (原发性、酒精性、缺血性、心律失常，肥胖型）？心律失常 快速性心房扑动 肺部感染 胸腔积液，心包积液左心室内占位性病变（血栓、粘液瘤）2.肥胖3.高血压病。治疗策略1.保守药物治疗 降压，利尿，抗菌素，低分子肝素钙，呼吸机，倍他乐克，23.
29、75mg QD2.介入，冠脉造影3.心脏移植左心室附壁血栓左心室附壁血栓左室附壁血栓的形成多是继发于急性心梗之后，是急性心梗的常见并发症之一。附壁血栓形成后反过来引起急性心梗的可能很小，主要是可能会出现血栓的脱落，从而出现体循环动脉栓塞的可能性加大，最常见的栓塞部位就是脑。所以目前的主要矛盾并不是并发心梗的风险，而是并发脑栓塞的风险较大.讨论病人通过正规的心衰药物治疗，以及抗菌素，低分子肝素钙的治疗，病人症状改善不明显，BP130-140/90-100mmHgWeight 108kg.房扑射频消融术？控制体重措施 每日三餐，2两/餐两个月体重116 82kg。病人呼吸困难症状明显改善，UCG提
30、示EF从18%增加到30%左心室血栓消失。下肢水肿消失。心电图仍然房扑。病人出院，门诊随访。静息心肌灌注显像：左室心腔明显扩大，后壁心肌血流灌注轻度减低。随访6个月后病人一般情况稳定，无心悸胸闷，气喘等症状，已经开始正常工作。思考病人的主要病因是肥胖，因此控制体重是主要的，开始阶段对体重控制没有重视，病人症状控制不好，症状反复，从控制体重开始，病情逐步好转并趋于稳定。在之后的随访过程中，继续控制体重，心脏结构与功能明显好转。房扑转为窦律。说明，对于肥胖型心肌病的治疗，预后要比原发性扩张型心肌病要好。Should We Target Obesity in Advanced Heart Failu
31、re?Should We Target Obesity in Advanced Heart Failure?Obesity is a risk factor for the development of heart failure(HF),but has been associated with improved survival in patients with established HF.Morbidly obese individuals(BMI 40 kg/m2)aged 50 years with severely depressed systolic function and N
32、YHA class III-IV symptoms should be considered for malabsorptive bariatric surgery at an experienced center.Transl Res.2014 Apr 18.Obesity and heart failure:epidemiology,pathophysiology,Obesity and heart failure:epidemiology,pathophysiology,clinical manifestations,and management.clinical manifestati
33、ons,and management.Obesity is a risk factor for heart failure(HF)in both men and women.Severe obesity produces hemodynamic alterations that predispose to changes in cardiac morphology and ventricular function,as obesity cardiomyopathy.Substantial weight loss in severely obese persons is capable of reversing most obesity-related abnormalities of cardiac performance and morphology and improving the clinical manifestations of obesity cardiomyopathy.Follow-up for 7 months later小结1.如何从复杂的病情中找出清晰的思路2.病因治疗始终都是心脏重症的根本3.多器官功能衰竭，一定不能忽视万恶之源的寻找4.指南要灵活运用5.心衰的治疗一定要考虑病人预后
