1、解题技巧解题技巧阅读理解阅读理解1.近年高考阅读理解的发展趋势近年高考阅读理解的发展趋势篇长增加，难度加大篇长增加，难度加大设问巧妙，要求提高设问巧妙，要求提高熟词陌义，生词屡见熟词陌义，生词屡见1个趋势个趋势2.做题两个原则做题两个原则2个原则个原则3.阅读理解方法综述阅读理解方法综述1.跳读跳读：就是快速的一步阅读法。实际上是有选择阅就是快速的一步阅读法。实际上是有选择阅读，找关键词。用这种阅读方法回答读，找关键词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。之类的问题最为有效。2.略读略读：指比跳读慢些的二步阅读法。即泛泛地、粗指比跳读慢些的二步阅读法。即
2、泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读，目的是略地快速阅读，目的是了解大意了解大意，对文章有个总的概，对文章有个总的概念。此种阅读方法能回答念。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。之类的问题。3.精读精读：即最细致、最慢的深层阅读方法，目的是求即最细致、最慢的深层阅读方法，目的是求得对所读文章的得对所读文章的全部意义的理解与掌握全部意义的理解与掌握。3种读法种读法4.1234带着问题带着问题阅读短文阅读短文找出主题句找出主题句确定中心思想确定中心思想推断单词、句子、推断单词、句子、文章的含义文章的含义坚定第一感觉坚定第一感觉尽快选择答案尽快选择答案阅阅读读理理解解4个步骤个步骤5.高考阅读理解五种体裁
3、高考阅读理解五种体裁记叙文记叙文描写文描写文说明文说明文应用文应用文论述文论述文不同文体有不不同文体有不同的同的段落组织方式段落组织方式和和脉络层次脉络层次5种体裁种体裁6.体裁分析能力体裁分析能力7.Example 1It was a very hot summer morning but inside the Pyramid(金字塔)it was quite cool.Tom and his classmates had just walked into the Pyramid and surprised to see what it was like.They went to the Q
4、ueens Room.They saw a passage(通道).At the end of it there was a small room.They were told that they couldnt go into that room,because it was newly found.Tom looked toward the passage.Two of his friends Jason and Peter saw him and said,“Dont get into trouble,Tom”.As soon as nobody was looking,Tom went
5、 up the dark passage,opened the door and walked in.Period 2 Language study P198.Suddenly the door closed behind him.The room was very dark,but luckily Tom had brought a torch(手电筒)with him.When he turned it on,he Saw two white faces in front of him.“Oh,no!”He cried and ran to the door.He quickly open
6、ed it and went down the passage to the Queens Room as fast as he could.As soon as Tom disappeared,Jason and Peter took the piece of white cloth off their faces and walked slowly down the passage,They couldnt stop laughing.“That will teach him a lesson,”said Jason.9.体裁分析能力体裁分析能力10.Example 2People all
7、 need friends because nobody wants to be lonely and a friend can help you in good and bad times.Youve made friends since childhood，but you still dont know who your true friends are.Here are some signs to tell you if your friend is a true friend：Always honestHonesty is important to keep a relationshi
8、p alive.A true friend always tells you the truth.It may be hard sometimes but lying can destroy a friendship.It is important that your friend speaks honestly and never makes up stories._Unit 1 Great Scientists P0111._There are always periods in your life when you have problems or difficulties.A true
9、 friend will always have time to listen to your problems and give advice.It may not be able to offer a solution to your problems but the fact that your friend made time to listen is a sign he/she cares for you.Your friend is not a true friend if he/she can never make time for you when you are in tro
10、uble.You also need to be reasonable and accept that your friend also has other things to do so he/she cant always listen immediately to your problems.12.Always respectfulA true friend will always respect your opinion no matter whether he/she agrees or not.Your true friend may disagree but never insi
11、sts that he/she is correct.Always understandingIt is possible that some problems will arise between you and your friend.A true friend will always be forgiving(体谅的)and understanding，even if it isnt his/her fault.We are all different people and we all make mistakes.A true friend is always forgiving an
12、d understanding because he/she doesnt want to take the risk of losing his/her best friend.类似见类似见Period3 Grammar P0513.体裁分析能力体裁分析能力14.Example 3Reading is very important to help you learn English.To learn as much as you can from reading,you need to read different kinds of English.This book provides no
13、t only different kinds of English but also a good way to check your reading ability.There are four parts in the book:Part 1 is Messages:In this part somebody wants to send information in writing to somebody else.There is a test on timetables and a test on text messages.15.Part 2 is People:In this pa
14、rt all the tests are about people.For example,there is an informal letter between friends.There is formal(正式的)English in biography(传记).There is a job application as a model to help with your writing,as well as testing your reading.Part 3 is Places:In this part,too.Many different kinds of English are
15、 shown,some informal and some formal.There is the informal English of a holiday postcarD.There is also the formal English in a letter of complaint.Part 4 is Things:You will find some descriptive writing in this part.There are descriptions of clothes and of a computer.You can do these tests in any or
16、der you like,or you can do all the tests with a formal or informal text.I enjoyed writing this book and I hope you enjoy using it.16.解析：这篇文章使用浅显平实的语言详细介绍了这本书的4个部分的内容。说明的重点在书的内容，这本书的特征体现在它的内容。抓住了这一特点，也就读懂了这篇文章，再来做理解题，就容易多了。看看相关的理解题：59.We can find the introduction to a product in.A.Part 1 B.Part 2 C.P
17、art 3 D.Part 460.Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?A.A letter of complaint.B.A computer handbook.C.A letter to a frienD.D.A story of a president.61.The passage is most probably written for.A.test designers B.students C.test-takers D.teachers62.What is the best title
18、 of the book?A.Test Your Reading B.Help with Your WritingC.Learn Different Kinds of English D.Practise English in Different Ways(参考答案：DCBA)17.体裁分析能力体裁分析能力。18.Example 42016 I卷卷 AYou probably know who Marie Curie was,but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.Of the outstanding ladies listed below,wh
19、o do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?Jane Addams(1860-1935)Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.Addans helped the poor and worked for peace.She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and serv
20、ices for people in need In 1931.Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.Rachel Carson(1907-1964)If it werent for Rachel Carson,the environmental movement might not exist today.Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful
21、 effects of chemicals on humans and on the worlds lakes and oceans.19.Sandra Day OConnor(1930-present)When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School,in 1952,she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.She became an Arizona state senator(参议员)and,in 1981,t
22、he first woman to join the U.S.Supreme Court.OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.Rosa Parks(1913-2005)On December 1,1955,in Montgomery,Alabama,Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a passenger.Her simple act landed Parks in prison.B
23、ut it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott.It lasted for more than a year,and kicked off the civil-rights movement.“The only tired I was,was tired o giving in,”said Parks.21.What is Jane Addams noted for in history?A.Her social work.B.Her lack of proper training in law.C.Her efforts to win a priz
24、e.D.Her community background.20.22.What is the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm?A.Her lack of proper training in law.B.Her little work experience in court.C.The discrimination against women.D.The poor financial conditions.23.Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movemen
25、t in the US?A.Jane Addams.B.Rachel Carson.C.Sandra Day OConnor.D.Rosa Parks.24.What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?A.They are highly educated.B.They are truly creative.C.They are pioneers.D.They are peace-lovers.21.体裁分析能力体裁分析能力论述文论述文 阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的的个人观点、态度个人观点、态度
26、。阅读论述文应该从文体。阅读论述文应该从文体的的写作和结构特点写作和结构特点入手入手.22.Example 5 Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since.A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water.He c
27、an get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins Twinkle,twinkle,little star。remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bea
28、rs.One explanation is the law ofoverlearninrf,which can be stated as follows:Once we have learned something,additional learning trials(尝试)increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming,bicycle riding,and playing baseball long afte
29、r we have learned them.We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as Twinkle,twinkle,little star and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks.We not only learn but overlearn.23.The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to the eeneral rule that we forget rather quickl
30、y the things that we learn in school,because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overleaming explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination.though it may result in a passing grade,is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.By cramming,a student may learn the s
31、ubject well enough to get by on the examination,but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.A little overlearning.on the other hand,is really necessary for ones future development.【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记着儿时学过的东西。作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续练习，才使我们记忆深刻。文章用例证法
32、说明了“过度学习”的概念。最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。24.67.What is the main idea of paragraph 1?A.People remember well what they learned in childhood.B.Children have a better memory than grown-ups.C.Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D.Stories for children are easy to remember.【答案】A【解析】根据文章的第一段的“Grown-ups a
33、re often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知：文章讲得是成年人常常惊叹他们非常好的记着儿时学过的东西。【考点定位】考查主旨要义。70.What is the authors opinion on cramming?A.It leads to failure in college exams.B.Its helpful only in a limited way.C.Its possible to res
34、ult in poor memory.D.It increases students learning interest.【答案】B【解析】根据文章的最后一段中的“By cramming,a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination,but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.”可知：突击学习只在有限的方面有帮助。所以B正确。【考点定位】考查作者的观点和态度。25.阅读理解题型阅读理解题型 （1）理解文章的基本结构和主
35、旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断生词的词义；（4）作出简单判断和推理；（5）理解作者的意图和态度。要求考生读懂公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：归纳概括题归纳概括题事实细节题事实细节题猜测词义题猜测词义题推理判断题推理判断题作者意图题作者意图题/观点态度题观点态度题6大题型大题型26.主旨大意型主旨大意型考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题主题,标题或目的设
36、题。标题或目的设题。6大题型之一大题型之一27.一、设题方式一、设题方式1)主题型主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式主旨大意题的题干表现形式ThemainideaofthepassageisThepassageismainlyaboutWhatisthepassagemainlyabout?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?2)目的类目的类主旨大意题主旨大意题ThepassageismeanttoThepurposeofthisarticleistoTheauthorintendsto.3)标题类标题
37、类主旨大意题主旨大意题Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe28.1)What does the writer mainly tell us?2)Which of the following can summar-ise the main idea of this text?3)Which of the following best expresses the main idea?4)Which is the subject discussed in the text?6)Whats the best title for this passage?主旨大意题主旨大意题
38、的常见的提问形式的常见的提问形式:29.归纳概括题解题技巧归纳概括题解题技巧归纳概括题归纳概括题=主旨大意主旨大意干扰项干扰项1：可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。干扰项干扰项2：可能是从文中某些可能是从文中某些(不完全的不完全的)事事 实或细节实或细节片面推出的错误结论。片面推出的错误结论。干扰项干扰项3：可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。(正确答案正确答案):据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来的；据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来的；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。30.Smoking cigarettes is harm
39、ful to your health.Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness),cancer,cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example,it can give one a“smokers cough”.Finally,studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to
40、 catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer,cancer,smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?What is the main idea?A.Smoking can cause cancer.B.Smoking is a terrible killer C.Smoking is harmful to our health.D.An experiment on smoking.某个具体事实或细节某个具体事实或细节片面推出的错误结论片面推出的错误结论某个具体事实或细节某个具体
41、事实或细节31.二、如何做主旨大意题二、如何做主旨大意题1)主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有标题标题，标题标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。2)找准文章的主题句是关键找准文章的主题句是关键。“主题句定位法主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。在答题时，我们可以：是一种行之有效的方法。在答题时，我们可以：读首句读首句抓大意抓大意读尾句读尾句抓大意抓大意读首尾段读首尾段抓大意抓大意3.)无明显主题句时无明显主题句时高频信息词高频信息词任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一
42、个的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的反复出现的中心词，即高频词中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词也叫做主题词。抓住了它，。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。便容易抓住文章的中心。32.Sample 1People have different tastes in food.Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat.Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal.Others pre
43、fer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti,eggplant,and fresh fruit.Others could live on what were called fast-foods:a hamburger or hot dog,French fries and a soft drink.（1）主题句在）主题句在段首段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头开头，其后的句子，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在则是论证性细节。在论说文论说文，科技文献科技文献和和新闻报新闻报道
44、道中多采用这种格式。中多采用这种格式。33.Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）主题句也会出现在）主题句也会出现在段尾段尾。作者先摆出事实依据作者先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证层层推理论证，最后自最
45、后自然得出然得出结论结论，即段落的主题。本段的中心思即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在想在结尾句结尾句得到体现得到体现，它是此段内容的结论。它是此段内容的结论。34.Sample3ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,“Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.”Shusaid.“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.”Shusaid.（3 3）首尾
46、呼应首尾呼应为突出主题为突出主题,作者先提出主题作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出结尾时再次点出主题主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见.通通常常,前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面后面的表述往往有的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味进一步的引申或发展的意味.35.Sample4Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themoder
47、nflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（4 4）在短文）在短文中间中间 当主题句被安排在段中间时当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出通常前面只提出问题问题，文中的文中的主题主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的而后又作进一步的解释解释,支撑或发
48、展支撑或发展.36.1)关注一些表征强转折关系的连词关注一些表征强转折关系的连词“but,yet,however,infact,indeed,”等，等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。句。2)关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词：关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词：“inbrief/short,above/in/after/allinall,conclusion,inaword”等，这些词后面连等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。3)如果主题句含有如果主题句含有show,indicate和和suggest等词，重点看其后
49、的宾语从句。等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。主题句在短文主题句在短文中间中间37.Sample5A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system As part of the project,two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city,The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface
50、 and are 12 meters wide,providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel.The lighting is at the top of the tunnel,The wall is made up of four main elem
