1、知识概要知识概要英语句子的种类与类型英语句子的种类与类型I I、句子种类（按交际用途分）句子种类（按交际用途分）陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、There-be There-be存在句存在句IIII、句子类型（按句子结构分）句子类型（按句子结构分）简单句、并列句、复合句简单句、并列句、复合句1 1、陈述句、陈述句 说明一个事实或陈述一个看法，有肯定式和否定式，语序是主语在前，谓语在后。陈述句可以分为以下五种句型：主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词。如：I arrived at six last night.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语，如：I bought
2、a good EnglishChinese Dictionary yesterday.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed.这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell,give,ask,pass,teach.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to do it.Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语，如：Tom is an American
3、 boy.The grass turned green in spring.难点链接难点链接陈述句否定式的构成陈述句否定式的构成(1)如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词词be，则只需在这些动词后加则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。即可构成否定式。He is playing the guitar.（肯定）He is not playing the guitar.（否定）We can get there before dark.（肯定）We cant get thee before dark.（否定）(2)如果陈述句的
4、谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加dont,doesnt或或didnt。同时把该实义动词变为原形。同时把该实义动词变为原形。He plays the violin well.（肯定）He doesnt play the violin well.（否定）She won the game.（肯定）She didnt win the game.（否定）(3)如果句子是如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是结构或谓语动词是have（有），且句中有），
5、且句中如果有如果有some要变为要变为any。例如：There is some water in the cup.There is not any water in the cup.He has some books.He doesnt have any books.难点链接难点链接陈述句否定式的构成陈述句否定式的构成(4)(4)除除notnot以外，否定词以外，否定词no,never,nothing,nobody,fewno,never,nothing,nobody,few等也等也可构成否定句。可构成否定句。例如：There is something wrong with his bike.
6、There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film.I have never seen the film.注：否定句的类型否定句的类型1 1）半否定句（用）半否定句（用hardly,little,fewhardly,little,few等来否定）等来否定）I hardly know anything about it.2 2）部分否定句（用部分否定句（用all,both,every,each+all,both,every,each+谓语谓语+not+not否定，表示否定，表示“有的是，有的是，有的不是有的不是”）I dont li
7、ke both the films.3 3）全否定句（用）全否定句（用not,no,never,neither,nor,nothingnot,no,never,neither,nor,nothing等来否定等来否定 ）I like neither Cathy nor Mary.4)4)否定转移否定转移(用用在含有在含有think,believe,expect,suppose,imaginethink,believe,expect,suppose,imagine为主句的句为主句的句子子)I dont think it will be very cold today难点链接难点链接2 2）特殊疑问
8、句）特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句一般疑问句”构成，句子一般用倒装语序句子一般用倒装语序，但如果对主语提问时用陈述句的语序。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答，读时用降调。例如：Who is on duty today?How long have you been in Beijing?What time do you get up every morning?What must I do now?难点链接难点链接2 2、疑问句、疑问句 有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句。句、反义疑问句。1 1）一般疑问
9、句）一般疑问句 用来询问一件事，答案通常是用来询问一件事，答案通常是yesyes或或 nono，要，要注意语序。注意语序。（1 1）一般疑问句的基本形式）一般疑问句的基本形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have（有）开始，通常要求以yes，或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调。Do you know Mr.Smith?Can you swim?（2 2）一般疑问句的否定结构一般疑问句的否定结构 在一般疑问句的否定结构中，把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-nt，则须将-nt与一般疑问句句首的be,have，助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实
10、际运用中，一般都采用简略式。Are you not a football fan?Arent you a football fan?Will she not like it?Wont she like it?与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的，则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则用no加否定结构。Arent you a football fan?Yes,I am.No,I am not.Wont she like it?Yes,she will.No,she wont.难点链接难点链接3 3）选择疑问句）选择疑问句 选择疑
11、问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句疑问句+选择部分选择部分”。选择部分由or连接，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的部分读降调。选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答，而必须具体的选择答复。Is your bag yellow or black?Its black.。Would you like some tea or coffee?Either will do.。Which do you like better,singing or dancing?I like dancing better.选择疑问句的构成选择疑问句的构成：(1)(1)以一般疑问句为
12、基础以一般疑问句为基础Is he a teacher or a doctor or a policeman?Shall I help you or can you manage?(2)(2)以特殊疑问句为基础以特殊疑问句为基础Which do you prefer,red wine or white?How shall we go there?By bus or by train?难点链接难点链接常用的特殊疑问词和句型询问内容询问内容疑问词或句型疑问词或句型询问内容询问内容疑问词或句型疑问词或句型职业，身份职业，身份 What do/dosedo 几号，日期几号，日期 what is the
13、date?姓名或关系姓名或关系 Who/whats name 年龄（多大）年龄（多大）how old 相貌特征相貌特征 whatlike?持续多长时间持续多长时间（多久）（多久）how long 目的目的 whatfor?长度（多长）长度（多长）how long 原因原因 why 距离（多远）距离（多远）how far 天气天气 how is the weather whats the weather like?频度频度（多经常）（多经常）how often 颜色颜色 what color？时间经过时间经过（多快）（多快）how soon 服装尺寸服装尺寸 what size 数量数量（多少）
14、（多少）how many（可数名词）how much（不可数名词）几点钟几点钟 what time 价格价格 how much/whats the price 星期几星期几 what day 高度高度（多高）（多高）how tall（人，树）how high（山，建筑物）难点链接难点链接3 3、祈使句、祈使句 祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号“！”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。1.1.肯定的祈使句：肯定的祈使句：（1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。Be quiet.You be q
15、uiet!（2）“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用。Do come back at once!Do be careful.（3）please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开。Open the window,please.（4）Let引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。Let Jack wait a minute.Lets go to school.（5）在祈使句中，Lets和 Let us是有区别的。Lets包括说话者，而Let us不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。
16、Lets go skating,shall we?（表示内部的建议）Let us try again,will you?（表示向别人发出请求）2.2.否定的祈使句否定的祈使句通常以Dont或Never开头。其结构通常是：“Dont(Never)+动词原形+其他成分”例如：Dont do that again!Never leave todays work for tomorrow!Dont be late next time!难点链接难点链接4 4）反义疑问句）反义疑问句 反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句，问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的
17、否定式必须缩写。（1 1）肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句，否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问）肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句，否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。句。如：I am your teacher,arent I?He didnt study hard,did he?（2 2）如果陈述句中含有否定副词如果陈述句中含有否定副词never,hardlynever,hardly或其他表示否定代词或形容或其他表示否定代词或形容词，如词，如nothing,none no one,nobody,neither,few,littlenothing,none no one,nobody,neither,few,
18、little等，则附加问句只等，则附加问句只能用肯定式。能用肯定式。如：They hardly write to each other,do they?He has found nothing,has he?Few people knew the secret,did they?（3 3）当反意疑问句是当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句否定陈述句+肯定附加问句肯定附加问句”时，英语与汉语的回答时，英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况，若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”，答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”，而译成汉语时，则必须把yes译“不是”，把n
19、o译成“是的”。-You wont be away for long,will you?你不会离开太久，是吗？-Yes,I will.不，我会的。-No,I wont.是的，我不会的。-I dont think shell come by bike,will she?我认为她不会骑自行车，会吗？-Yes,she will.不，她会的。-No,she wont.是的，她不会的。(4)(4)祈使句的反意疑问句，除由祈使句的反意疑问句，除由Lets Lets 开头的要问成开头的要问成 shall we?shall we?以外，其余的以外，其余的都问成都问成will you.will you.难点链接
20、难点链接5 5、There-beThere-be存在句存在句1.基本结构基本结构 There be+主语+地点/时间状语。如：There is a computer in the room.房间里有一台电脑。There are two TV plays every evening.每晚有两场电视剧。2.主谓一致主谓一致要采取就近一致原则，和*近be的主语一致。如：There is a pen,two rulers in the box.盒子里有一只钢笔，两把尺子。There are two boys and a teacher at the school gate.门口有两个男孩，一个老师。3
21、.主语后的动词形式主语后的动词形式在there be 句型中，主语与动词是主动关系时用现在分词；是被动关系时用过去分词。如：There is a purse lying on the ground.地上有一个钱包。There are five minutes left now.现在还有5分钟。难点链接难点链接4 4、感叹句、感叹句 感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号“！”，读时用降调。感叹句是由“感叹部分感叹部分+主谓部分主谓部分”构成，感叹句往往由what或how引导，what修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词。1.1.whatwhat引导的感叹句：引导的感叹句
22、：（1）what+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）What a beautiful city it is!What an interesting story she told!（2）what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）What expensive watches they are!What terrible weather it is!2 2HowHow引导的感叹句：引导的感叹句：（1）How+形容词/副词+陈述句（主语+谓语）How cold it is!How hard he works!（2）How+陈述句（主语+谓语）How he lov
23、es his son!How I miss you!（3）How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）How tall a tree it is!（4）上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如：What a clever boy he is!How clever the boy is!What a cold day it is!How cold it is!难点链接难点链接5 5、There-beThere-be存在句存在句7.与其它词连用，构成复合谓语与其它词连用，构成复合谓语。如：There may be a rain this afternoon.今天下午可能有雨。There u
24、sed to be a cinema here before the war.战争之前，这儿有一家电影院。8.变体变体there be结构中的be有时可用live,stand,remain等代替。如：Once there lived a king who cared more about new clothes than anything else.从前有位国王喜欢新服胜过别的任何东西。9.习惯用语习惯用语There is no good/use(in)doing sth.做某事没有好处/用处；There is not a moment to lose.一刻也不能耽误。例如：There is
25、no good making friends with him.和他交朋友没有什么好处。He is very ill.Send him to hospital.Theres not a moment to lose.他病得厉害，把他送到医院去，一刻也不能耽误。难点链接难点链接5 5、There-beThere-be存在句存在句4.反意疑问句反意疑问句反意疑问句应与there be对应，而不是依据主语。如：There is a radio on the table,isnt there?桌子上有一台收音机，是吧？There are more than fifty classes in your
26、school,arent there?你们班有50多名学生，是吧？5.there be 与与have的替换的替换there be表示所属时可与have替换。There is nothing but a book in my bag.=I have nothing but a book in my bag.包里只有一本书。6.there be后接不定式时常用主动形式表示被动意义。如：There is a lot of work to do.有许多工作要做。注意：当该句型主语是something,anything,nothing等不定代词时，后面的不定式用主动形式或被动形式，意义各不同。There
27、 is nothing to do.没有事可做。There is nothing to be done.没有办法(束手无策)。难点链接难点链接 所有不定代词所有不定代词 each each，either either，neither neither，one one，the the otherother，nobody nobody，nothing nothing，anyone anyone，anything anything，someone someone，something something 要作为单数，要作为单数，如：Someone is waiting for you 表示表示并列关系的
28、关联词有：并列关系的关联词有：bothand,not only but bothand,not only but also,neither nor,either or.also,neither nor,either or.当它们并列两个主语时，当它们并列两个主语时，除除both and both and 谓语动词要用复数以外，其余都要采用就近原则谓语动词要用复数以外，其余都要采用就近原则 如:Both my sister and brother are going to the cinema。Not only my sister but also brother is going to the
29、 cinema.Neither my sister nor brother is going to the cinema.Either my sister or brother is going to the cinema难点链接难点链接6.6.主谓一致主谓一致 在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题，即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点：用用andand连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式，则要用单数谓语动词形式，如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party.
30、a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer 则要译为：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。有些以有些以 s s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，如：The news is good(news 为不可数名词)。有量词时应按量词的数量计算，有量词时应按量词的数量计算，如：This pair of glasses is good My glasses are broken.有些形单却意为复数的名词，有些形单却意为复数的名词，如：People are coming here 这样的词还有 Police，class等。如果要讲一
31、个警察时，应讲 a policeman。两个警察为 two policemen。又如 a policewoman,two policewomen难点链接难点链接6.误 You or she go to get some water for us 正 You or she goes to get some water for us 析 由 or 连接的两个主语应以离谓语动词近的那一个计算其数。这样的用法还有 either or，neither nor，not only but also 也有人称作就近原则。7.误 The teacher with a lot of students come i
32、nto the classroom 正 The teacher with a lot of students comes into the classroom 析 真正的主语是 the teacher，而 with 短语是伴随状态，不影响主语的数。8.误 My glasses is broken 误 This pair of glasses are good 误 These kinds of butter is good.正 My glasses are broken 正 This pair of glasses is good 正 These kinds of butter are good
33、 析 英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如：glasses 眼镜，shorts 短裤等。如没有量词在前时，要用复数谓语动词，但有了量词之后则要按量词的单复数计算。9.误 One of the boys are going to take part in the match 正 One of the boys is going to take part in the match 析 One of 结构应以 one 来计算主语的数。正误辨析正误辨析1.误 The stories in that book was written many years ago 正 The stories in that b
34、ook were written many years ago.析 作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词，它们往往要带有修饰词，这些词可能是形容词，也可能是短语，但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数，要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同的语法成份。2.误 To read many books are good for you 正 To read many books is good for you 析 不定式作主语应该看作单数主语。3.误 What he said are right 正 What he said is right 析 从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。4.正 The ric
35、h is not always happy 误 The rich are not always happy 析 形容词定冠词表示一类人，谓语动词应用复数，如：The young are very interested in study and sports5.误 The school master and writer are coming 正 The school master and writer is coming 析 本句应译为：校长兼作家就要来了。而 The school master and the writer are coming 则要译为：校长和一个作家要来了。在英语表达法中
36、确实有 The girl and boy are playing on the grass 这应译为：一个女孩，一个男孩在操场上玩。因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上。正误辨析正误辨析14.误 Girls like dancing very much，but few likes playing football 正 Girls like dancing very much，but few like playing football 析 few 虽然含意上是几乎没有，但作主语时仍要当作复数。15.误 The number of the workers in that factory are
37、two hundred 正 The number of the workers in that factory is two hundred 析 the number of 意为：某某的数字是 如：the number of students 学生人数，the number of players 运动员人数。不论数字如何都应看作单数。而 a number of 与 many 意思相同，其后加可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式。如：A number of students are playing on the grass16.误 The rest of the students is here 误
38、 The rest of the work are done 正 The rest of the students are here 正 The rest of the work is done 析 the rest of 的用法与，一半，of 的结构一致，of 后面为可数名词复数时用复数谓语动词，为不可数名词或可数名词单数时用单数谓语动词。这样用法还有 lots of，a lot of，plenty of。17.误 The news in todays newspaper are not bad 正 The news in todays newspaper is not bad 析 有些以
39、s 结尾的名词要用作不可数名词，它们是：news，physics，mathematics，thanks，正误辨析正误辨析10.误 Half of the work are done 误 Half of the books is read 正 Half of the work is done 正 Half of the books are read 析 在小于1的数量词作主语时，如：，of 名词，这时主语的数应按 of 后面的名词计算。如果名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数，则谓语动词要用单数，如名词是复数则要用复数谓语动词。11.误 Each sides are full of trees 误 B
40、oth side is full of trees 正 Each side is full of trees 正 Both sides are full of trees 析 each，either 其后都要加单数名词，而 both 后要加复数名词。如：each，either，another，little，a little，much等作主语时，谓语动词全部要用单数形式。12.误 The boys each has an apple 正 The boys each have an apple 析 each 作同位语时，不影响句子的主语。13.误 Everyone of us has a tick
41、et for the concert 正 Every one of us has a ticket for the concert 析 everyone，someone，everybody 在作主语时都不能加 of 结构。正误辨析正误辨析23.误 We have to sing this，have we?误 We have to sing this，havent we?正 We have to sing this,dont we?析 在反意疑问句中除了标准的一些常规外，有一些例外：Lets go home，shall we?Let us go home，will you?She had to
42、leave，didnt she?Do your homework at once，will you?There is not much good news in todays newspaper，is there?Neither of them are right，are they?I think he will come to the party，wont he?think 后的宾语从句，与其他宾语从句不一样，在初中只有这样一个较特殊的词。这样的句子的反意疑问句的主语要用宾语从句中的主语，其助动词要用宾语从句的助动词，而肯定还是否定要看主句谓语动词而定，如：I dont think he i
43、s coming to our party，is he?24.误 I want to know where does he live 正 I want to know where he lives 析 宾语从句中一律要用陈述语序，而不用疑问语序。25.误-I havent got a ticket for the football match-Nor I have 正-I havent got a ticket for the football match-Nor(Neither)have I 析 nor，neither 用在简答否定句中时要采用倒装语序。在肯定句的简答句中则要用so，如：I
44、do my homework very quickly，So does Mary正误辨析正误辨析18.误 The Chinese is kind and friendly 正 The Chinese are kind and friendly 析 Chinese 作为中文来讲是单数名词，但作为中国人讲是单复同形的名词。如：one Chinese，two Chinese,而 The Chinese The people of China 要用复数谓语动词。19.误 This dictionary is too expensive for me,Ten dollars are a big sum
45、for me 正 This dictionary is too expensive for me,Ten dollars is a big sum for me 析 表示一段时间，一笔金钱，一段距离，都应看作单数名词。21.误 Who are going to take part in our football match?正 Who is going to take part in our football match?析 用 who 提问时，习惯上用单数谓语动词，但 which 则要视其情况而定，如：which are better these shoes or those shoes?又
46、如：which is better this one or that one?22.误 What a hot weather it is!误 How hot the weather it is!正 What hot weather it is!正 How hot the weather is!析 感叹句是用来表达说话人的喜怒哀乐的感情。它由 what 与 how 作句子的开始，判定是用 what 还是用 how 的最好办法是先找到感叹句的主谓部分，比如：What the hot weather it is!中It is 是主谓部分，再来看感叹部分有不可数名词 weather，则感叹词只能用 w
47、hat。再看第二句 How hot the weather is!句子的主谓部分是 the weather is.再来看部分只有形容词，所以应用 how。至于是用 what a 还是 what 要看名词的具体情况而定，单数可数名词加 what a 其余的加用 what。正误辨析正误辨析1、There a pencil box on the desk.A.is B.are C.has D.have答案 A.析 There be 句形中的 be 动词要看其后面离它最近的名词而定，如：There are two books and a pencil on the desk 但却可以讲 There i
48、s a pencil and two books on the desk2、Your brother came to see you，?Adoes he Bdoesnt he Cdid he Ddidnt he 答案 D.析 前句是肯定句，后面反意疑问句要用否定句，同时 came 为过去时态，所以应用 didnt he3、Its getting cloudy，?A.does it B.doesnt it C.is it D.isnt it答案 D.析 要区分s 是 has 还是 is，这里由 getting 得出s 是is。4、_ keep me waiting so longA.Not B.
49、Wont C.Dont D.Not to答案 C.析 Dont 动词原形为祈始句的否定句。5、Mr Green hasnt been to Beijing,?Ahas he Bhasnt he Cdid he Ddidnt he答案 A.析 此句 has 是助动词与过去分词构成现在完成时态。例题解析例题解析26.误 Look!Here the bus comes!误 Look!Here comes he!正 Look!Here comes the bus!正 Look!Here he comes 析 在 there，here 打头的句子中，如果主语是名词，则要采用倒装语序；如果是人称代词则用一
50、般语序。27.误 Do you want Mary to go to the cinema with us?No，I dont hope so 正 Do you want Mary to go to the cinema with us?No，I hope not析 我不这样想，可用 I dont think so 但 hope 的否定简答句只能用 I hope not 这是习惯用法。但这两个词的肯定简答句形是一样的，如：I think so.I hope so28.误 That is difficult for us to learn English well 正 It is difficu
