1、words and expressions（上）cholera klr:n.霍乱霍乱severe sv(r):adj.极为恶劣的极为恶劣的;十分严重的十分严重的;严厉的严厉的a severe winter/weather condition 严冬/恶劣天气状况cause severe damage 造成严重的破坏severe diseases/injuries 严重的疾病/伤势severely adv.严重地；严格地，严厉地severely disabled严重残疾的a severely critical report一篇措辞严厉的批评报道 This illness causes severe
2、 diarrhoea,dehydration,and even death.suffer severe losses _The president came under _(严厉的批评)for his inability to tackle the crisis.His chest suffered _(严重的伤害)in the accident.A fire has _(severe)damaged the warehouse.遭到惨败severe criticismsevere injuriesseverelydiarrhoeadar:n.腹泻腹泻dehydration dihadren
3、n.脱水脱水frustratedfrstretd:adj.懊恼的懊恼的;沮丧的沮丧的;失意的失意的feel/get frustrated 感到沮丧/挫败be frustrated at/with因/对灰心丧气a frustrated artist 不得志的艺术家frustrate vt.挫败；阻挠，使感到灰心frustrating adj.令人沮丧的frustration n.懊恼；沮丧；令人沮丧的事物 frustrate ones plan 挫败某人的计划 with frustration 沮丧地As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated be
4、cause no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.He was disabled from birth,but he never felt _(frustrate),nor did he give in to any difficulty.They felt frustrated _ the lack of progress.A poor memory frustrated her efforts _(become)an actress.frustratedat/withto become v.n.adj.adj.frighten fright
5、 frigntening frightened surprise surprise surprising surprisedconfuse confusion-confusing-confusedamaze amazment amazing zmazedexcite excitement exciting excited disappoint-disappointment-disappointing-disappointed embarrass embarrassment embarrassing embarrassonce and for all:最终地最终地;彻底地彻底地(熟词生义：熟词生
6、义：“最后一次最后一次”，强调不耐烦），强调不耐烦）We need to settle this once and for all.我们需要把这事一次解决。She warned jim once and for all.她最后一次警告吉姆。Why dont you talk with him and tackle the issue_(一劳永逸地)?in all 总共（=in total=altogether)after all 毕竟，终究all in all 总而言之 above all 最重要的是contradictory kntrdktriadj.相互矛盾的相互矛盾的;对立的对立的;不一
7、致的不一致的搭配：be contradictory to 与-矛盾/对立What he did was contradictory to what he said.(1)self-contradictory/contradict oneself 自相矛盾的contradictory information 矛盾信息(2)contradict each other 互相矛盾 contradict to/with.和-对比；同-矛盾contradict sb.与某人唱反调；反驳某人(3)in contradiction to/with.与相矛盾/相反contradiction between A
8、and B A与B之间的矛盾In general,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread.contradictory kntrdktriadj.相互矛盾的相互矛盾的;对立的对立的;不一致的不一致的We are faced with two apparently_(contradict)statements.People found this sort of _(contradict)reality hard to accept.He kept _(contradict)
9、himself when we were arguingI think he was a bit confused.一句多译：与法律相矛盾的文件将被修改。Documents that are contradictory to the law will be revised.Documents that are in contradiction to the law will be revised.Documents that contradict with/to the law will be revised.contradictorycontradictorycontradictinginf
10、ection nfekn n.感染；传染感染；传染infectnfekt v.使感染使感染;传染传染have/get/develop an infection 受到感染suffer from an infection 患上感染/传染病treat/fight an infection 治疗/抵御感染spread an infection 传播传染病the source of an infection 传染源infect-with-把-传染给-；使-感染（某种感情）She infected the whole class with her laughter.infected adj.带菌的；感染病
11、菌的 infectious adj.感染的，传染性的 Laughter is one of the most infectious expresions of emotion.笑是最具感染力的情感表达方式之一。The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.infection nfekn n.感染；传染感染；传染infectnfekt v.使感染使感染;传染传染White blood cells fight _(infect).Every year,there are peopl
12、e unlucky enough to be infected _ the flu.Some people didnt bother about it because they didnt think they could _(infect).4.She infected the children with her enthusiasm for music.她对音乐的热爱感染了孩子们。5.There was no danger of transmitting the infection through operation.不存在通过手术传播这种传染病的风险。infectionwithbe in
13、fectedgermdm:n微生物微生物;细菌细菌;病菌病菌bacterium/bktrim/bacteria(复数复数)subscribe sbskrabv.认购认购(股份股份);定期订购定期订购;定期缴纳定期缴纳(会费会费)subscribe to.同意同意;赞同赞同 subscribe to a view/theory 赞同一个观点赞同一个观点/理论理论 subscribe to a magazine 订阅杂志订阅杂志Only mad people would subscribe to such views.To find more audio news,please subscribe
14、 to China Daily.想了解更多音频新闻，请订阅中国日报。想了解更多音频新闻，请订阅中国日报。He subscribe regularly to charity.定期捐款。定期捐款。subscription n.捐助；订阅捐助；订阅 annual-,take out-,cancel/renew-subscriber n.订阅人；定期捐款者；用户订阅人；定期捐款者；用户 a-to同意：同意：approve of,agree withproof pruf n.证据证据;证明证明;检验检验熟词生义熟词生义-（构成合成词）防（构成合成词）防-的；抗的；抗-的的waterproof,oilpr
15、oof,rainproof,windproof.proof of.的证据/证明 proof of identity 身份证明have some proof that.有一些证据proof of purchase 购买凭证provide/give proof 提供证据be living proof of sth./that.(用行动或品格)证明-属实It was correct,but he still needed proof.They say they have scientific proof _ the treatment works.Everyone has an ability to
16、 create proof _ their talent,knowledge and skills.Proof _ purchase must _(provide)before a refund can be made.4.He is living proof that not all engineers are boring.(活生生的证明-）thatofofbe providedprove v.v.证实，证明；证明是，结果是；证实，证明；证明是，结果是；1.prove+1.prove+名词名词/代词代词He has proved his courage in the battle.He h
17、as proved his courage in the battle.他己在作战中证明了他己在作战中证明了他的勇气他的勇气.2.prove+2.prove+直接宾语直接宾语(sth.)+to+(sth.)+to+间接宾语间接宾语(sb.)(sb.)Can you prove your theory to us?Can you prove your theory to us?你能向我们证实你的理论吗？你能向我们证实你的理论吗？3.prove+3.prove+宾语宾语补足语宾语宾语补足语 （证明自己是（证明自己是.）prove sb+prove sb+形容词形容词/名词名词He proved h
18、imeself brave/he proved himself a success.He proved himeself brave/he proved himself a success.prove prove sb to be sb to be All this proved him to be an honest man.All this proved him to be an honest man.multiple mltpl adj.数量多的数量多的;多种多样的多种多样的n.连锁商店（连锁商店（=multiple/chain store)multiply/mltpla/v.乘；增加；
19、繁殖乘；增加；繁殖multiply A by B A乘以乘以Bmultiple crash 连环撞车连环撞车multiple-choice questions多选题多选题multiple meanings 多个含义多个含义multiplication table 乘法表乘法表multiple adj.数量多的；多种多样的n倍数What do you get if you multiply six by nine?These creatures can multiply quickly.We must multiply our efforts to explore the future.我们必须
20、加倍努力，探索未来。我们必须加倍努力，探索未来。We must multiply our efforts to explore the future and seek truths.The director won _(multiply)awards for the movie.10 is a multiple _5.If you multiply 7 _3,you will get 21.Joy _(multiply)when it is _(share)among friends.multipleofbymultiplies shared前缀前缀 multi-可加在单词前构成新词，其含义是
21、可加在单词前构成新词，其含义是“多多的的”“”“多倍的多倍的”。例如：例如：multiple 多个的多个的 multi-cultural 多元文化的多元文化的 multimedia 多媒体多媒体 multifunctional多功能的多功能的 multi-national多国的多国的 multicoloured 多彩的多彩的 /五彩斑斓的五彩斑斓的 multitask 同时处理多项任务同时处理多项任务 pump pmp n.泵泵;抽水机抽水机;打气筒打气筒water pump 水泵水泵household n一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人poor/wealthy households 贫穷
22、/富裕家庭high-income/low-income households 高/低收入家庭household goods/products 家庭用品However,some households(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street,and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.电子设备的平均数量从1992年的每户4台上升到2007年的每户13台。The average number of electronic devices rose from four _ in 1992 to 13 in 2007.那些家庭按一家之
23、主的职业来分类。Those families are classified _per householdby the occupation of the head of the householdsuspect vt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任n犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象suspect sb.of(doing)sth.怀疑某人(做)某事suspect(that).怀疑/认为-suspect.to be/as 怀疑是The police suspect him of occupying the house illegally.怀疑非法占据Some people suspected him _ thef
24、t.The police suspected the designer _(be)the murderer.Two _(suspect)in connection with the killing are now being questioned.4.I began to suspect(that)they were trying to get rid of me.我开始察觉出，他们试图摆脱掉我。ofto besuspectssuspect vt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任n犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象suspect sb.of(doing)sth.怀疑某人(做)某事常用“动词+sb.+of sth.
25、”的结构：convince sb of sth 使某人相信inform sb of sth通知某人某事warn sb.of sth 警告某人某事cure sb.of sth.治某人的病；改掉某人的坏习惯remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事accuse sb.of sth.控告某人某事blame blem v.把把归咎于归咎于.;责怪责怪;指责指责 n.责备责备;指责指责(1)blame sb.for(doing)sth.责备某人(做)某事blame sth.on.把某事归咎于be to blame(for sth.)(对某事)负有责任(2)take/bear the blame f
26、or.对承担责任put/lay/place the blame for sth.on.把某事归咎于She doesnt blame anyone _ her fathers death.The narrator was _(blame)for the wrong interpretation.We were ready to take the blame _what had happened.They think the blame should be placed _the conductor.5.health officials put the blame for the disease
27、on poor housing.forto blameforonhandle n把手；拉手；柄vt.处理(deal with)；(用手)触，拿，搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)(1)the handle of a knife 刀柄turn the handle 转动把手a broom handle 扫帚把(2)handle sth.well/perfectly/badly/poorly 处理某事好/完美/不好/很差handle a problem 处理问题He refused to allow his secretary to handle secret documents.The polic
28、e are expert at _(handle)conflicts like this.Some people are brilliant with computers,but have no idea how _(handle)other people._(转动把手)and you will open the safe.handlingto handleTurn the handle intervention ntvenn:n.介入介入;出面出面;干涉干涉intervene/ntvin/v.干预，干涉；干扰，阻挠；干预，干涉；干扰，阻挠；We may have to intervene m
29、ilitarily in the area.我们可能只好对这一地区进行军事干涉。The security forces had to intervene to prevent the situation worsening.那些安全部队不得不干预以阻止形势变得更糟。They blamed the failure on Johns intervention.他们把失败的责任归咎于约翰的干涉。link n联系；纽带vt.把连接起来；相关联(1)a link between.(and.)(与)之间的联系/纽带There is a link between.and.和之间有联系(2)把A与B连接/联系
30、起来link.to/with.把.与.连接/联系起来be linked with/to 与有联系/有关link up(with)(与)结合，连接Is there a link between poverty and crime?Regular air traffic links the city _ the rest of the country.High unemployment is not necessarily linked _ the rise in prices.There are a lot of wireless _(link)in a radio.The television
31、 camera _(link)to a computer.to/withto/withlinksis linkedlink n联系；纽带vt.把连接起来；相关联be linked with/to 与有联系/有关“把-与-连接/联系起来”的其他表达：be related to,be involved in,be associated with,have something to do with,be connected with,join-to-,connect-with/to-raw r adj.未煮的未煮的;生的生的;未经处理的未经处理的;原始的原始的;工工作生疏的，不熟练的作生疏的，不熟练
32、的Raw meat must be kept separate from cooked meat.She uses her childhood as raw material for this novel.It is obvious that the graduate is raw to his work.pure pj(r)adj.干净的干净的;纯的纯的;纯粹的纯粹的purify /pjrfa/v.使（某物）洁净，净化；变纯净；使（某物）洁净，净化；变纯净；洗涤（思想），净化（心灵）；提纯，精炼洗涤（思想），净化（心灵）；提纯，精炼purity/pjrti/n.洁净，纯净；纯洁，清白洁净，纯
33、净；纯洁，清白；The sheets are 100%pure cotton.这些被单是这些被单是100%的纯棉。的纯棉。lotus can also help to purify the water quality,reduce pollution and improve environment.荷花还可净化水质、减少污染、改善环境。荷花还可净化水质、减少污染、改善环境。White has always been a symbol of purity in Western cultures.在西方文化中，白色一向象征纯洁。在西方文化中，白色一向象征纯洁。-fy fy结尾动词结尾动词class
34、ify 分类simplify 简化satisfy 使满意beautify 美化clarify 澄清substantial sbstnl adj.大量的大量的;价值巨大的价值巨大的;重大重大的的substantial sums of money 大笔大笔的钱大笔大笔的钱a substantial number of/substantial numbers of 相当多的相当多的a substantial change/profit/increase 重大变化重大变化/厚利厚利/大幅度增长大幅度增长a substantial meal 丰盛的饭菜丰盛的饭菜He made substantial d
35、onations to charity.他做了大量的慈善捐赠。他做了大量的慈善捐赠。Substantial numbers of people support the reforms.相当多的人支持这些改革措施。相当多的人支持这些改革措施。decrease n减少；降低；减少量vt.&vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低(1)a decrease in.在方面减少on the decrease 在减少(反义短语：on the increase在增加)(2)decrease(from.)to.(从)减少到(表示减少后的量)decrease by.减少了(表示减少的量)decrease in.
36、在-方面减少There has been some decrease in unemployment rate.The number of students in each class is _ the decrease.The decrease _ sales was almost 20 percent.The production of wheat has decreased _ 20%because of the dry weather.4.They decrease the size of the group from 25 to 15.oninby thanks to.:幸亏幸亏;由
37、于由于owing to 由于（常作状语和表语，可与由于（常作状语和表语，可与due to互换）互换）due to 由于由于（较正式，常用于官方，公开声明中）（较正式，常用于官方，公开声明中）because of 由于由于(后常接人或事物，强调某事发生的原因，作后常接人或事物，强调某事发生的原因，作状语）状语）as a result of 由于（常用在有上下文的情况下，作状语）由于（常用在有上下文的情况下，作状语）statistic sttstk n.(复数复数)统计数字统计数字;统计资料统计资料;统计学统计学statistical/sttstk()l/adj.统计的，统计学的统计的，统计学的s
38、tatistically/sttstkli/adv.统计地；统计学上统计地；统计学上transform trnsfmv.使改观使改观;使改变形态使改变形态;改变改变;转变转变transform.(from.)into.把把-（从（从-）变成）变成-transform.with.用用-改变改变-This special seat can be transformed into a bed.We can transform the world with our knowledge.transformation n.(彻底的）转变，改观彻底的）转变，改观transformative adj.有改革能
39、力的，起改造作用的有改革能力的，起改造作用的epidemiology epdimildi:n.流行病学流行病学epidemic/epdemk/n.流行病，传染病；流行病，传染病；adj.盛行的，泛滥的盛行的，泛滥的epidemical/epdemkl/adj.传染病的；流行性的传染病的；流行性的 microscope makrskp n.显微镜显微镜thinking n思想；思维；见解creative thinking 创造性思维independent thinking 独立思考do some thinking 思考to my(way of)thinking 据我的观点，依我看without
40、thinking 不假思索Immediately he begins to speak,his clear thinking will impress you._(在我看来),health is more important than anything else._(独立思考)is a necessary skill for all leaders.The _(think)behind the campaign is to help people to realise the importance of environmental protection.Critical _(think)and
41、 creative _(think)are very important and necessary for a student in college.To my way of thinkingIndependent thinkingthinkingthinking thinking protein prtin:n.蛋白质蛋白质cell sel n.细胞细胞;小房间小房间;单间牢房单间牢房virus vars n.病毒病毒finding n发现；调查结果；研究结果；(法律)判决the findings of the survey 调查发现fact finding 查明事实；实地调查direct
42、ion finding 测向；电子探向What was the finding that Snow announced?The _(find)_ the committee will be published tomorrow.Im moving,so I need boxes _ my _(belong).He keeps all his _(save)in the bank.findingsofforbelongingssavingsinitial adj.最初的；开始的；第一的 n(姓名的)首字母the initial stage/phase/period 最初阶段the initial
43、 stages of the disease 疾病的早期阶段my initial reaction 我最初的反应After the initial cheers,the noise of the crowd began to die away as the band started playing.My _(initially)reaction was to refuse.George Bernard Shaw was well known by his _(initial)GBS.She came _(initial)to spend a few days,but in the end she stayed for a whole month.initialinitialsinitially vaccine vksin:n.疫苗疫苗vaccinate/vksnet/v.给给接种疫苗；接种疫苗接种疫苗；接种疫苗vaccination/vksne()n/n.接种疫苗，种痘接种疫苗，种痘vaccinator/vksnet(r)/n.牛痘接种员牛痘接种员,接种器接种器framework fremwk n.框架框架;结构结构theoretical framework 理论框架理论框架
