1、专业英语IV（人体解剖生理学）Course Objectives1.To serve the bilingual teaching needs in an undergraduate course of Human Anatomy and Physiology(Human A&P).2.To acquire the vocabulary and expressions for Human A&P.3.To recognize word roots,prefixes,and suffixes commonly used in medical terminology.4.To enable you
2、 to use anatomical and physiological terminology confidently in your further studying.Human Anatomy and Physiology人体解剖生理学人体解剖生理学 Anatomy /ntmi/解剖、解剖学解剖、解剖学 gross anatomy 大体解剖学大体解剖学 Physiology /?fizi?ld3i/生理学生理学医学双栖词汇（举例）医学双栖词汇（举例）单词普通英语意义医学英语意义threshold门槛、入口阈值colon冒号结肠receptor接受者受体、感受器valve阀门瓣膜secon
3、dary第二位的继发的医学双栖词汇（举例）医学双栖词汇（举例）单单 词词 普通英语普通英语 医学英语医学英语threshold门槛、入口门槛、入口阈值阈值colon冒号冒号结肠结肠receptor接受者接受者受体、感受器受体、感受器valve阀门阀门瓣膜瓣膜stress压力，紧张状态压力，紧张状态应激应激sympathetic同情的同情的交感神经的交感神经的secondary第二位的第二位的继发的继发的Common English and Medical English Meaning CE MEe.g.心脏心脏heartcardi-cardiologist 心脏病学家心脏病学家胃胃stoma
4、chgastr-gastritis 胃炎胃炎肝肝liverhepat-hepatitis 肝炎肝炎肾肾kidneynephr-nephritis 肾炎肾炎神经神经nerveneur-neuropathy 神经病神经病细胞细胞cellcyt-cytologic 细胞学的细胞学的Introduction to medical terms Medical has a language of its own.Medical language,like the language of a people,has a historical development.Current medical vocabu
5、lary includes terms built from Greek and Latin word parts,some of which were used by Hippocrates and Aristotle more than 2000 years ago.Medical vocabulary also includes terms not built from word parts,some of which are of Greek and Latin origin as well.医学英语的历史介绍医学英语的历史介绍 现代英语受到多个民族语言的影响，这与历现代英语受到多个民
6、族语言的影响，这与历史上多次欧陆民族的大迁徙有关。史上多次欧陆民族的大迁徙有关。其中最重要的是发生于公元其中最重要的是发生于公元449年以后的日耳年以后的日耳曼人大迁徙。曼人大迁徙。在此期间先后有三支日耳曼部落：盎格鲁人在此期间先后有三支日耳曼部落：盎格鲁人（Angles）、撒克逊人（）、撒克逊人（Saxon）和朱特人）和朱特人（Jutes）入侵不列颠，构成了英格兰人。）入侵不列颠，构成了英格兰人。而盎格鲁而盎格鲁-撒克逊（撒克逊（Anglo-Saxon）语言也成）语言也成为现代英语的核心。为现代英语的核心。医学英语术语主要来源盎格鲁医学英语术语主要来源盎格鲁-撒克逊语、古希腊语、撒克逊语、古
7、希腊语、古拉丁语，约占古拉丁语，约占90%左右。左右。现代医学英语术语受现代医学英语术语受希腊语和拉丁语希腊语和拉丁语的影响最大。的影响最大。早在拉丁文化兴起的几百年前，古希腊文明就已产生早在拉丁文化兴起的几百年前，古希腊文明就已产生并蓬勃发展起来了。并蓬勃发展起来了。西方医学之父西方医学之父希波克拉底（希波克拉底（Hippocrates）早在公）早在公元前元前400年左右就将希腊语引入医学的表达中，并对解年左右就将希腊语引入医学的表达中，并对解剖学和生理学作出了较详细和正确的认识。剖学和生理学作出了较详细和正确的认识。古希腊医学开启了西方医学发展的大门，它所创立的古希腊医学开启了西方医学发展
8、的大门，它所创立的医学词汇也由于拼写简单、组合固定和意思明确的特医学词汇也由于拼写简单、组合固定和意思明确的特点得以保留，并通过擅长医学的罗马人广为传播。点得以保留，并通过擅长医学的罗马人广为传播。公元前公元前3世纪的罗马帝国，横跨欧亚非三大洲，世纪的罗马帝国，横跨欧亚非三大洲，是当时西方的政治、经济和文化的中心，它的是当时西方的政治、经济和文化的中心，它的官方语言就是拉丁语。官方语言就是拉丁语。在罗马帝国不断的扩张中，许多希腊语词汇被在罗马帝国不断的扩张中，许多希腊语词汇被引入拉丁语的各个领域，包括医学领域。引入拉丁语的各个领域，包括医学领域。当时通晓拉丁语和希腊语的罗马医生，就使用当时通晓
9、拉丁语和希腊语的罗马医生，就使用含有希腊语或含有拉丁化希腊语的拉丁文著书含有希腊语或含有拉丁化希腊语的拉丁文著书立传，然后传播到全世界。立传，然后传播到全世界。由于数量很多，所以这就造成了医学文献比其由于数量很多，所以这就造成了医学文献比其他任何学科更富有拉丁语和希腊语的成分。他任何学科更富有拉丁语和希腊语的成分。在欧洲文艺复兴时期（公元在欧洲文艺复兴时期（公元1418世纪），拉世纪），拉丁语是欧洲学术、法律和外交的书面语言。丁语是欧洲学术、法律和外交的书面语言。英国的新兴资产阶级将希腊语和拉丁语词素英国的新兴资产阶级将希腊语和拉丁语词素与盎格鲁与盎格鲁-撒克逊语结合，构成了新的医学术撒克逊语
10、结合，构成了新的医学术语，推动了医学的发展。语，推动了医学的发展。1895年，国际公认拉丁语为世界医药界的通年，国际公认拉丁语为世界医药界的通用语言，处方和药名必需用拉丁语书写。用语言，处方和药名必需用拉丁语书写。各种新发现的疾病、发病机制、症状、体征、各种新发现的疾病、发病机制、症状、体征、治疗药物等医学术语的命名均由拉丁语及希治疗药物等医学术语的命名均由拉丁语及希腊语的词根及词缀所构成，这种构词法一直腊语的词根及词缀所构成，这种构词法一直沿用至今。沿用至今。医学术语还受到其他国家语言的影响医学术语还受到其他国家语言的影响 法语（法语（massage 按摩按摩/disease/anatomy
11、/hospital）意大利语（意大利语（influenza流感）流感）西班牙语（西班牙语（mosquito，蚊子），蚊子）德语（德语（purine嘌呤嘌呤/aspirin/malaria）现代医学术语中，希腊语和拉丁语词素已经英现代医学术语中，希腊语和拉丁语词素已经英语化，学习中无需懂得希腊语和拉丁语也应记语化，学习中无需懂得希腊语和拉丁语也应记住该词汇。住该词汇。Some terms are eponyms(人名)reflecting the name of an individual who made a discovery,while other terms incorporate mo
12、dern language and technology.Acronyms(首字母缩略词),words formed from the first letter of several words,can also become commonly recognized medical terms.Medical language changes with the advancement of medical knowledge,science,and technology.Words are discarded,meanings are altered,and new words are cre
13、ated.Still,the majority of medical terms in current use are composed of Greek and Latin word parts.Learning Medical TermsMethodDescriptionExampleTerms built from word partsWord parts of Greek and Latin origin are put together to form wordsarthritis(关节炎)Terms not built from word parts1.Words of Greek
14、 and Latin originfemur(Latin)(股骨)colon(Greek)(结肠)2.Names of individuals Parkinsons diseasePurkinjes fiber3.Modern and technology languagemagnetic resonance imaging(磁共振)4.First letter of several wordsSARS(severe acute respiratory syndrome)Terms built from word partsWord partDescriptionAbbreviationwor
15、d root（词根）Core of the word;fundamental meaningwrsuffix(后缀)Attached to the end of the word root and provides additional information;modifies meaning sprefix(前缀)Attached to the beginning of the word root and provides additional information;modifies meaningpcombining vowel(连接元音)Vowel placed between two
16、 word roots and between a word root and a suffix;eases pronunciationcv举例一举例一：endocrinology （内分泌学）（内分泌学）endo(prefix)within/inner crin(word root)secrete(分泌)logy(suffix)the study of o(combining vowel)举例二举例二：intravenous （静脉内的，静脉注射的）静脉内的，静脉注射的）intra(prefix)within ven(word root)vein(血管，静脉)ous(suffix)perta
17、ining to(从属，附属)举例三举例三：osteoarthritis （骨关节炎，骨性关节炎）（骨关节炎，骨性关节炎）oste(word root)bone(骨)arthr(word root)joint(关节)itis(suffix)inflammation(炎症)o(combining vowel)osteoblast 成骨细胞 osteocyte 骨细胞 osteoporosis 骨质疏松举例四：举例四：neuropsychopathy （神经精神性疾病）（神经精神性疾病）neur(word root)nerve(神经)psych(word root)mental(精神)path(w
18、ord root)disease(疾病)o(combining vowel)y(suffix)的过程 举例五：举例五：hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy（子宫输卵管卵巢切除术）（子宫输卵管卵巢切除术）hyster(word root)uterus(子宫)salping(word root)uterine tube(输卵管)oophor(word root)ovary(卵巢)ectomy(suffix)cut out o(combining vowel)构词成分的双重性构词成分的双重性 在一些特定的方面，拉丁语和希腊语都有在一些特定的方面，拉丁语和希腊语都有一套完整的词根。
19、一套完整的词根。结果：词汇量扩大了结果：词汇量扩大了 同义词增多了同义词增多了举例举例部位部位词义词义希腊语词根希腊语词根拉丁语词根拉丁语词根brain脑脑encephal-cerebr-kidney肾肾nephr-ren-joint关节关节arthr-articul-nervebodybowel神经神经体体肠肠neur-soma-enter-nerv-corpusintestine举例举例方位方位词义词义希腊语希腊语拉丁语拉丁语inside在之内在之内endo-intra-together一起一起syn-sym-com-con-abovebelow在之上在之上在之下在之下hyper-hypo
20、-super-sub-医学英语术语单复数的转化医学英语术语单复数的转化 Plural Endings(复数末尾)In many English words,the plurals are formed by adding s or es,but in Greek and Latin,the plural may be designated by changing the ending.Singular EndingPlural EndingExamples-a-aeaortaaortae 主动脉-ax-acesthoraxthoraces 胸腔-en-inalumenlumina 内腔-ex-
21、icescortexcortices 皮质-ix-icesappendixappendices 盲肠，附件-is-estestistestes 睾丸-on-aganglionganglia 神经节Singular EndingPlural EndingExamples-um-amediummedia 介质、培养基 -ur-orafemurfemora 股骨-us-ibronchusbronchi 支气管-x-cescalyxcalyces 肾盏-y-iesanomalyanomalies 异常、畸形-ma-mataadenomaadenomata 腺瘤,腺癌Human Anatomy and
22、Physiology A&P is the study of the human body.Anatomy is concerned with the structure of a part.Physiology is concerned with the function of a part.The structure of the human body falls into the following categories:cell（细胞）tissue（组织）organ（器官）system（系统）Each structure is a highly organized unit of sm
23、aller structures.Body Structure Cell（细胞）:basic unit of all living things Tissue（组织）:group of similar cells that perform a specific task Organ（器官）:two or more kinds of tissues that together perform special body functions System（系统）:group of organs that work together to perform complex body functionsE
24、leven Systems of the Human Body Integumentary system Skeletal system 骨骼系统 Muscular system 肌系统 Nervous system 神经系统 Endocrine system 内分泌系统 Cardiovascular system 心血管系统 Lymphatic and immune systems 淋巴和免疫系统 Respiratory system 呼吸系统 Digestive system 消化系统 Urinary system 泌尿系统 Reproductive system 生殖系统integju“
25、mentri 皮肤的皮肤的Integumentary systemskinaccessory organs such as hair and nailsSkeletal and Muscularbone 骨ligament 韧带cartilage 软骨skeletal muscle 骨骼肌tendon 腱、筋Cardiovascular SystemCirculatory Systemheart 心脏artery 动脉vein 静脉Respiratory Systemnasal cavity 鼻腔pharynx 咽larynx 喉trachea 气管bronchi 支气管 lung 肺Dige
26、stive Systemmouthtongue 舌teeth 牙齿salivary gland 唾液腺pharynx 咽esophagus 食管stomach 胃liver 肝脏gallbladder 胆囊pancreas 胰脏small intestine 小肠large intestine 大肠Urinary Systemkidney 肾ureter 输尿管Urinary bladder 膀胱urethra 尿道Nervous Systembrain 脑spinal cord 脊髓nerve 神经Endocrine Systempituitary gland 垂体thyroid gland
27、 甲状腺parathyroid gland 甲状旁腺adrenal gland 肾上腺pineal gland 松果腺pancreas 胰脏ovaries 卵巢testes 睾丸thymus gland 胸腺Reproductive Systemmaletestes 睾丸penis 阴茎urethra 尿道epididymis 附睾ductus deferens 输精管femaleovaries 卵巢uterine tubes 输卵管uterus 子宫vagina 阴道Body Systems Each system is made up of organs that work togethe
28、r to perform specific tasks.Although body systems play individual roles,they are interrelated,working together to maintain life.Brief Contents Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body Chapter 2 Homeostasis and Feedback Control Chapter 3 The Nervous System Chapter 4 The Muscular System Chapter 5 The
29、Blood Chapter 6 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 7 The Respiratory System Chapter 8 The Digestive System Chapter 9 The Urinary System Chapter 10 The Endocrine System Chapter 11 Temperature RegulationChapter 1 Organization of the Human Body anatomy 解剖学 celiotomy 剖腹术 gastrectomy 胃切除术-tomy-ectomy cut,
30、incision 切除 physiology 生理学 physiometry 生理功能测定 pathophysiology 病理生理学 histology 组织学、显微解剖学 embryology 胚胎学physi-nature 自然、本性、身体的-logy study of 研究endocrine endo-within-crine secrete neuroendocrine 神经内分泌 endocytosis 入胞 paracrine 旁分泌 endocrine 内分泌Cardiovascularcardi-heartvascular blood vessels electrocardi
31、ogram（ECG）心电图 cardiology 心脏学、心脏病学 cardiotherapy 心脏病疗法cardiovascular 心血管的adip-fat,lipid 脂肪 adipose tissue 脂肪组织 adipofibroma 脂肪纤维瘤 adiponecrosis 脂肪坏死 blast-bud,growing thing 产生 neuroblast 成神经细胞 osteoblast 成骨细胞epi-upon,above 在之上 epidermis 表皮 epicardium 心外膜de-down 除，去，脱 depolarization 去极化 decerebrate ri
32、gidity 去大脑僵直 deactivation 失活 dehydration 脱水 defecation 排便 deformation 变形Anatomical position Standing erect,with face forward,arms at the sides,and palms and toes directed forward.Directional Term 方位术语方位术语 Superior 上的，上部的 Inferior 下的，下部的 Anterior 前的 Posterior 后的 Medial 近中的，内侧的 Lateral 外侧的，旁边的 Interme
33、diate 居中的，中间的 Ipsilateral 同侧的 Contralateral 对侧的 Proximal 近位的 Distal 远侧的 Superficial 浅的，浅表的 Deep 深的 Body planes 解剖面解剖面 Sagittal plane矢状面:down middle so you have equal right and left Frontal/Coronal plane 冠状面，额状面:cut down side so you have a front and back Transverse plane横切面，水平面:Top and bottom,perpend
34、icular to long axisBody CavitiesCavity（腔）organscranial cavity(颅腔)brainvertebral cavity(脊髓腔)spinal cordthoracic cavity(胸腔)heart,aorta,lungs,esophagus,and tracheaabdominal cavity(腹腔)stomach,intestines,kidneys,liver,gallbladder,pancreas,and spleen pelvic cavity(盆腔)urinary bladder,certain reproductive o
35、rgans,a part of the large intestine,and rectum膈肌膈肌(髂骨髂骨)Cells The human body is composed of trillions(百万的立方、万亿)of cells that vary in size and shape according to function.Body tissues Epithelial tissue 上皮组织 Connective tissue 结缔组织 Muscle tissue 肌组织 Nervous tissue 神经组织 Epithelial tissue:the major cover
36、ing of the external surface of body;forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands Connective tissue:connects,supports,penetrates,and encases various body structures;forms bones,fat,cartilage,and blood Muscle tissue:composed of cells that have a special ability
37、to contract,usually producing movement Nervous tissue:found in the nerves,spinal cord,and brain;responsible for coordinating and controlling body activitiesChapter 2 Homeostasis and Feedback Control home-sameness-stasis remain Homeostasis 稳态feedback 反馈 negative feedback 负反馈 positive feedback 正反馈 fee
38、d-forward 前馈 feedback control system 反馈控制系统 feedback loop 反馈环home-homeothermic animal 恒温动物 homeotransplantation 同种移植 homeochromatic 同色的homo-same,alike 同一，同 Homotonic 等渗的，等张的 homolog(ue)同系物iso-same,equal 相等，均等 isometric 等长的 isometric contraction 等长收缩 isotonic contraction 等张收缩 isotonic 等张的，等渗的 isotoni
39、c solution 等渗溶液 hypertonic solution 高渗溶液 hypotonic solution 低渗溶液 isovolumetric 等容的 isovolumetric contraction 等容收缩 isovolumetric relaxation 等容舒张Tonicity(the arrows indicate the movement of water)hemostasis 止血 metastasis 转移，转移灶-stasis 保持hemo-haemo-hem-hemato-blood 血 hemoglobin 血红蛋白 hemolysis 溶血，血细胞溶解
40、hematopoiesis 血细胞生成，造血 hemorrhage 出血 hemrid hematocrit 血细胞比容 himtkrit hemology 血液学?hi:muglubinintra-within,inside 在之内 intracellular 细胞内的 intraocular 眼球内的extra-outside 在之外 extracellular 细胞外的 extrapyramidal system 锥体外系 extradural 硬膜外的re-again 再，复，反，回 reabsorption 重吸收 repolarization 复极化 recurrent 再发的，复
41、发的，(神经/血管等)返的 recurrent connection 环状联系 recurrent inhibition 回返性抑制 counter-current multiplication 逆流倍增 reuptake 重摄取 reaction 反应CellStructure of the cell Cell membrane 细胞膜细胞膜 Cytoplasm 细胞质，细胞浆细胞质，细胞浆 Nucleus 细胞核细胞核(plasma membrane)质膜质膜(unit membrane)单位膜单位膜The fluid mosaic model（液态镶嵌模型）（液态镶嵌模型）Organel
42、le 细胞器ribosome 核糖体核糖体endoplasmic reticulum 内质网内质网Golgi apparatus 高尔基器高尔基器mitochondria 线粒体线粒体lysosome 溶酶体溶酶体Body fluidIntracellular fluid(2/3)extracellular fluid(1/3)plasma 血浆interstitial fluid 组织液lymph 淋巴cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)脑脊液aqueous humor 房水internal environment 内环境regulation 调节 nervous regulat
43、ion 神经调节 humoral regulation 体液调节 autoregulation 自身调节1.Nervous regulation Basic process Basic structures:Characteristics:ReflexReflex arc:receptor afferent N.f reflex center efferent N.f effectorrapid,accurate,temporal,local.Regular responds of human body to stimuliwith the involvement of the C.N.S 2
44、.Humoral regulation Basic ways:Characteristic:slow,mild,permanent,abroad.endocrine cells Hormone target cellsTelecrine：Hormone blood circulation target cellParacrine：Hormone diffuse nearby target cellAutocrine:Hormone hormone-secreting cell itselfNeurocrine:Nervous cell hormoneParacrineTarget cellTe
45、lecrineAutocrineParacrinefeedback systembaroreceptor reflex 减压反射减压反射 micturition reflex 排尿反射排尿反射Chapter 3 The Nervous System neuro-(希腊语词根)nervo-(拉丁语词根)nerve 神经neuron 神经元neurofibril 神经原纤维neuroglia 神经胶质neurotransmitter 神经递质neuromuscular junction 神经-肌接头neuropeptide 神经肽neuroendocrinology 神经内分泌学neurotran
46、smitter 神经递质 acetylcholine(ACh)乙酰胆碱 epinephrine(E)肾上腺素 norepinephrine(NE)去甲肾上腺素 adrenalin(A)肾上腺素 noradrenalin(NA)去甲肾上腺素 dopamine(DA)多巴胺 serotonin(5-HT)5-羟色胺 glutamate(Glu)谷氨酸 aspartate(Asp)天冬氨酸 gamma aminobutyric acid(GABA)-氨基丁酸 glycine(Gly)甘氨酸neurotransmitter 神经递质auto-self 自己的 autonomic nervous sys
47、tem 自主神经系统 autoregulation 自身调节 autorhythmicity 自动节律性，自律性 autocrine 自分泌 automatic 自动的para-next to 旁、周、类、副、拟 parasympathetic nerve 副交感神经 parathyroid 甲状旁腺 paracrine 旁分泌 paraplegia 截瘫、下身麻痹 paralysis agitans 震颤麻痹(Parkinsons disease)post-after 在之后 postsynaptic potential 突触后电位 -excitatory postsynaptic pote
48、ntial 兴奋性 -inhibitory postsynaptic potential 抑制性 postsynaptic neuron 突触后神经元 postganglionic neuron 节后神经元pre-before 在之前 presynaptic inhibition 突触前抑制 presynaptic neuron 突触前神经元 preganglionic neuron 节前神经元 preload 前负荷nerve impulse(action potential)resting potential 静息电位 action potential 动作电位 polarization
49、极化 depolarization 去极化，除极化 repolarization 复极化 hyperpolarization 超极化Nervous systemNervous tissueastrocyte 星形胶质细胞microglial cell microglia 小胶质细胞oligodendroglial celloligodendrocyte 少突胶质细胞ependymal cell 室管膜细胞Neuron (nerve cell)神经元轴突轴突胞体胞体树突树突神经原纤维神经原纤维Neuron structuresynapse 突触突触神经膜鞘神经膜鞘髓鞘髓鞘Synapse stru
50、cturesynaptic vesicle(突触小泡)neurotransmitter(神经递质)Nerve神经外膜神经外膜神经束膜神经束膜神经束神经束神经内膜神经内膜髓鞘髓鞘Brain脑干脑干小脑小脑间脑间脑大脑大脑brainbrain stem 脑干diencephalon 间脑cerebellum 小脑cerebrum 大脑：right and left hemispheres thalamus 丘脑hypothalamus 下丘脑medulla oblongata 延髓pons 脑桥midbrain 中脑额叶额叶顶叶顶叶颞叶颞叶枕叶枕叶Reflex arc（反射弧）（反射弧）Nervo
