1、1 动词不定式动词不定式非谓语动词非谓语动词Collecting information is very important to business men.I want to see you this evening.Hearing the news,he looked disappointed.The girl standing there is my sister.Seen from the tower,the city looks beautiful.I saw people coming and going in the street.He asked me to do the ho
2、mework with him.主语主语 宾语宾语表语表语 定语定语 状语状语 宾补宾补非谓语动词在句中可充当非谓语动词在句中可充当除谓语外除谓语外的任何成分的任何成分 宾补宾补非谓语动词充当的成分非谓语动词充当的成分1、不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。2、动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。、动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。3、分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语、分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分补足语、状语形成分4
3、、语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，、语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词的语态。从而来确定非谓语动词的语态。主主动动一般一般to do doingdoing/进行进行to be doing/完成完成 to have donehaving donehaving done/完成完成进行进行to have been doing/被被动动一般一般to be donebeing donebeing donedone完成完成to have been donehaving been donehaving been done/复合及复合及独立主独立主格结构格结构 for+N
4、./Pron.+to do相相当于主谓结构，当于主谓结构，for的宾语是的宾语是inf.的主语的主语名词通格或所名词通格或所有格以及形容有格以及形容词物主代词或词物主代词或人称代词宾格人称代词宾格+doing分词作状语其逻分词作状语其逻辑主语须与句子辑主语须与句子主语相一致，否主语相一致，否则加上自己的主则加上自己的主语或用语或用with复合复合结构结构非非谓语动词不定式不定式infinitive 动名词动名词gerund分词分词participle 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for 引起引起的短语。的短
5、语。It is easy for the students to read.It will be a mistake for us to help you.It is+形容词形容词+for/of sb+不定式结构不定式结构在在“It is+“It is+形容词形容词 +of sb+of sb+不定式不定式”结构中，结构中，形容词往往形容词往往表示人物的性格表示人物的性格和特征，和特征，如如kind,silly,good,kind,silly,good,unwiseunwise,clever,wrong,clever,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rud
6、e,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,i impolitempolite,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,sensiblesensible,naughty,naughty等。在等。在“It is+It is+形容词形容词 +for+for sb+sb+不定式不定式”结构中，形容词通常结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性表示事物的性质，质，如如important,possible,impossible,necessary,important,possible,impossible,neces
7、sary,difficult,hard,difficult,hard,reasonablereasonable等等。比较比较 It is good of you to help me with my English.你真好，帮助我学英语。你真好，帮助我学英语。(强调强调you的特征的特征=You are good to help me.)It is good for you to give up smoking.戒烟对你有好处。戒烟对你有好处。(强调的是强调的是give up smoking这一行为这一行为=For you to give up smoking is good.)有些及物动词有
8、些及物动词常用不定式作宾语常用不定式作宾语:不定式作定语通常不定式作定语通常放在放在其修饰的其修饰的名词、代词之后名词、代词之后，与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。同位关系或修饰关系。1 1 主谓关系主谓关系The future to greet us will be bright.我们的未来会十分美好的。我们的未来会十分美好的。The next train to arrive was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。不定式不定式与被修饰的词间是主谓关系，与
9、被修饰的词间是主谓关系，表示动作已完成表示动作已完成。Edison was the first man to invent electric light.He was the first man to arrive and the last to leave.2 动宾关系动宾关系On Sundays,he always has a lot of letters to write.星期天，他总是有许多信要写。星期天，他总是有许多信要写。He can find no one to make friends with.他找不到可交朋友的人。他找不到可交朋友的人。3 同位关系同位关系某些某些抽象名词抽
10、象名词后面后面用不定式说明某种情况，陈述某种用不定式说明某种情况，陈述某种事实，事实，如：如：chance机会、机会、opportunity机会、机会、way方式方式/方法、方法、time时间、时间、right权利、权利、need必要、必要、moment片片刻等。刻等。We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.He has no chance to explain it to you.4 修饰关系修饰关系Now it is time to begin our class.现在是上课的时间了。现在是上课的时间了。点津坊点
11、津坊由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，往往有动宾关系，表示动作尚未发生或有可能发生，表示动作尚未发生或有可能发生，只用一般式只用一般式。因此，。因此，如果该不定式的动词如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词是不及物动词，其后应有必要的，其后应有必要的介词，这种不定式也叫介词，这种不定式也叫反射不定式反射不定式，即不定式介词即不定式介词结构结构，介词一般不可省介词一般不可省去，如：去，如：I need a pen to write withGive me some paper to write onThere are some thing to be grate
12、ful for.She has a child to take care of.There is nothing to worry about.He has no friend to depend on.他没有可依靠的朋友。他没有可依靠的朋友。Ive got a lot of things to see to this morning.今天上午我有许多事情要处理今天上午我有许多事情要处理。Change the following into infinitives.He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning.He
13、re are some books that you can readHe was the first person to come to the classroom this morning.The only thing that I want to get is the diamond necklace.The only thing for me to get is the diamond necklace.Everything that is done needs praising.Everything to be done needs praising.Here are some bo
14、oks for you to read不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。件等。A.A.表示目的表示目的Im saving upIm saving up to buy a computer to buy a computer.我在存钱买电脑。我在存钱买电脑。点津坊点津坊有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order in order to do,to do,和和so as to doso as to do结构结构 (so as to do(so as to do不可以置不可以置于句首于句首)
15、，否定的只能用，否定的只能用in order not to do,in order not to do,和和so so as not to do as not to do。He shouted and waved He shouted and waved in order toin order to be noticed.be noticed.为了引起注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。为了引起注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。I ll write down his telephone number I ll write down his telephone number so as so as not tonot t
16、o forget it.forget it.我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防忘记。我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防忘记。to get warm.B.表示结果 多用于固定句型搭配中，也可以表示出乎意料，意想不到的结果。He got to the station only to find the train had gone.他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。必背：不定式表示结果常见于下列句型 1)so.as to do （如此而能够）Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?把你的自行车借给我好吗？2)such.as to do（如此而能够）We
17、are not such fools as to believe him.我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步3)enough to do（足够地（足够地而能够而能够）He didnt run fast enough to catch the train.他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。4)only to do（表示与原来的目的或愿望相反的结果）（表示与原来的目的或愿望相反的结果）He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸自己的脚。他搬起石头砸自己的脚。5)too.to do（太（太而不能够而不能够）His eyes
18、ight is too poor to read such small letters.他的视力太差了，看不清这么小的字。他的视力太差了，看不清这么小的字。注：注：tootoo之前如果有之前如果有only,not,never,all,but,only,not,never,all,but,此时不此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意，定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意，only too only too 表表“非常非常”、“很很”意。如：意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a They are only too lucky to go abroad f
19、or a visit.visit.他们很幸运去国外访问。他们很幸运去国外访问。另外，另外，tootoo后如果是后如果是happy,gladhappy,glad，kind,anxious,easy,kind,anxious,easy,delighted,eager,pleased,ready,surprised,willingdelighted,eager,pleased,ready,surprised,willing之之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，如：类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，如：She was too happy to She was too happy to meet her old
20、 friend in the streetmeet her old friend in the street C.C.表示原因表示原因 常放在动词后面或用于表示心理感觉的形容词、过去分词后面，不定式的动作先于谓语动词的动作。to tell you the truth 说老实话 to begin with 首先 to say nothing of 姑且不说 so to speak 可以这么说 to be exact 精确地说 to be sure 诚然，固然 to do him justice 说句对他公道的话 to make a long story short 长话短说to be frank
21、 坦率地说 to be brief 简言之 to conclude 总而言之He is very honest,to begin with.首先，他很诚实。首先，他很诚实。在had better,had best,would rather,would rather.than,would sooner,would sooner.than,cannot but,cannot choose but,cannot help but,may/might as well等结构后直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形动词原形。Youd better listen to your teachers opinion.
22、你最好听一听老师的意见。We had best call for the doctor at once.我们最好马上就请医生来。3）在口语中，动词原形come和go后可接不带to的不定式。Go tell her.去告诉她吧。Come have a glass.来喝一杯。4）在why引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形表示做某事是愚蠢的或无意义的行为；或“Why not+动词原形”表示用来提出建议或劝告。Why make so much noise?Why not join us?为什么不加入我们？Why sit down if you can lie down?Why hurry?Why n
23、ot have a rest?see,watch,notice,observe,look at,feel,hear,listen tomake,let,have 后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的一些常用特殊动词:一些动词要掌握，have,let和make,此三动词是使役，“注意”“观察(look at,observe)”“听到(hear,listen to)”see,还有feel和watch，使用它们要仔细后接“宾补”略去“to”，此点千万要牢记 10）在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。He let go the rope.他松开了绳子。I hear say there will be an earthquake soon.我听说不久就要有一次地震。She made believe she was innocent.她假装清白。
