1、绝密启用前2022年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语阅读（二）（课程代码00596）注意事项：1. 本试卷分为两部分，第一部分为选择题，第二部分为非选择题。2. 应考者必须按试题顺序在答题卡（纸）指定位置上作答，答在试卷上无效。3. 涂写部分、画图部分必须使用2B铅笔，书写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔。4. 全部题目用英文作答（翻译题除外）。第一部分选择题I. Reading Comprehension. （40 points, 2 points for each）Directions: In this part of the test, there are four passages
2、. Following each passage, there are five questions with four choices marked A9 B, C and D. Choose the best answer and then write the corresponding letter on your Answer SheetPassage OneOf all the continents, the most drastic reduction in wildlife has occurred in North America, where the transition f
3、rom a rural to a highly industrialized society has been most rapid. Among the victims are birds, mammals, and fish. We will never again see the passenger pigeon or the eastern elk. They have been wiped out. Of many other species, only a few representatives still survive in the wild. The U.S. Departm
4、ent of the Interior has put no fewer than 109 species on the endangered species list. （An endangered species is one with poor prospects for survival and in need of protection.） This list includes everything from the timber wolf to the whooping crane. Even the bald eagle, our national symbol, is thre
5、atened.Animals that kill other game for food are called predators. The predators include the wolf, mountain lion, fbx, bobcat, and bear. Attack against these animals began with the arrival of the first European settlers, who wished to protect their livestock. Eventually, a reward was offered to hunt
6、ers fbr every predator that was killed. This reward is called a bounty. Ironically, the Federal government is the chief funder of predator-control programs.The settlers also brought with them their Old World fears and superstitions concerning predators. Whether preying on livestock or not, predators
7、 were shot on sight. This attitude continues to this day fbr coyotes, eagles, foxes, mountain lions, and bobcats, and is largely responsible for placing the eastern timber wolf, grizzly bear, and bald eagle on the endangered species list.Yet every animal, including the predator, has its place in nat
8、ures grand design. Predators help maintain the health of their prey species by eliminating the diseased, young, old, and injured. Predators like the mountain lion and the wolf help to keep the deer herds healthy. Their kill also provides food fbr scavengers that feed on carrion. Occasional loss of l
9、ivestock must be weighed against the good these animals do in maintaining the balance of nature.Overhunting an animal is an obvious form of extermination, but there are more subtle processes that often have the same fatal result. One of these is destruction of habitat. When farmers introduced sheep
10、and cattle to North America, the domestic animals competed with the wild animals fbr the available grazing land. Animals like the buffalo and the pronghorn antelope, which once roamed the plains in countless numbers, were either killed or pushed off the grasslands. Today, a few remnants of these gia
11、nt herds are protected from hunters in national game preserves and wildlife refuges.Questions 7-5 are based on Passage One.1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1 ?A. Eastern elk can only be seen in North America.B. Passenger pigeons are quite effective in transiting information.C. North America has w
12、itnessed the fastest disappearing of wildlife.D. The U.S. Department of State has published an endangered species list.2. In Paragraph 2? the word predators refers to.A. animals that kill and eat other animalsB. animals that people keep on their farmsC. animals that people hunt fbr food or sportD. a
13、nimals that attack wolves to steal food from them英语阅读（二）试题第1页（共14页）英语阅读（二）试题第2页（共14页）3. Which of the following is true based on Paragraph 2?A. Bounty hunters were responsible for the predator-control programs.B. Hunters who killed predators were offered a sum of money as bonus.C. The Federal governm
14、ent established a foundation to protect predators.D. The settlers used to hunt predators, tame them and keep on their farms.4. Predators are important in the natural world because.A. they can make food for livestockB. they can help other animals to eat healthilyC. they help to keep their prey specie
15、s healthyD. they help to feed the young and injured animals5. What message does the author want to get across to his readers?A. Modem civilization is threatening the survival of wild animals.B. The habitat fbr the giant herds of buffalo is properly protected now.C. There is fierce competition betwee
16、n domestic animals and wild animals.D. Most people have already recognized the importance of animal protection.Passage TwoYou dont have to be a botany expert to decipher what it means when somebody sends you a rose. Every year on Feb. 14, millions of people exchange the flower to express their love一
17、and an estimated 250 million roses were produced for Valentine5s Day in 2018, according to the Society of American Florists.But the rose5s life as a symbol didnt begin with romance. In Victorian England, women5s roles in society were limited by custom and norms. Within those strictures, learning the
18、 language of flowersthe notion that each and every flower has its own meaning一was one activity deemed domestically appropriate for them. And fbr ladies in that situation, its communicative possibilities also held an appeal that other domestic arts lacked; “the possibility that some women sought meth
19、ods of covert communication and expression exists,” Mary Brooks wrote in Silent Needles, Speaking Flowers.The early popularization of this practice is credited to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the wife of a British ambassador to Turkey in the 18th century. Enthralled by a Turkish version of flower lang
20、uage, Lady Montagu wrote a series of letters home to England in 1716. She described the Turkish tradition as a way 英语阅读（二）试题第3页（共14页） of assigning meaning to objects in order to send secret love letters. Montagus letters, published in 1763, wrote of her perceptions of this practice: There is no colo
21、r, no flower, no weed, no fruit, or herb that has not a verse belonging to it: and you may quarrel, criticize, or send letters of passion, friendship, or courtesy, or even of news, without ever inking your fingers/9 she wrote. But the Lady was actually incorrect in her interpretation.In spite of Mon
22、tagu5s mi sunder standing, word of the concept spread. Langage des fleurs, a dictionary for the language of flowers by Charlotte de Latour, was published in France in 1819, a century after Montagus discovery. Nine editions of the English translation of the book, which alphabetically defined each flo
23、wer, were printed within three decades of its publication. De Latours translated Language of Flowers covered most popular flowers we buy, sell and give today, from the mistletoes importance during Christmas to the musk rose5s symbolization of capricious beauty.In de Latours chapter on the rose, the
24、flower is not only defined as meaning Tove, but the plant itself is romanticized. Who that ever could sing has not sung the Rose! The poets have not exaggerated its beauty, or completed its panegyric/5 she wrote. Nature seems to have exhausted all her skill in the freshness, the beauty of form, the
25、fragrance, the delicate color, and the gracefulness which she has bestowed upon the Rose.Questions 6-10 are based on Passage Two.6. In Paragraph 15 the word decipher means.A. make a decisionB. represent a message in codeC. conduct an actionD. discover the meaning of something7. According to Paragrap
26、h 2, learning flower language is deemed as.A. an appropriate activity fbr women in Victorian EnglandB. a way to express their romantic ideas explicitlyC. a symbol of romantic lifestyleD. a kind of domestic art form8. What do we learn about Lady Montagu from Paragraph 3?A. She was the British ambassa
27、dress to Turkey in 1716.B. She had a clear and correct understanding of flower language.C. She wrote a book about the language of flowers in the 18th century.D. She thought almost all feelings could be conveyed without a word.英语阅读（二）试题第4页（共14页）9. What information about rose can we gain from the last
28、 two paragraphs?A. The beauty of rose is usually exaggerated by poets and singers.B. Roses are the essential decorations during the Christmas season.C. Rose is finally romanticized in de Latour 5s dictionary of flower language.D. Nowadays, its very common for us to buy and give roses to our friends.
29、10. Which of the following might be the best title fbr this passage?A. Flower and Its HistoryB. Rose and Its LanguageC. The Culture of FlowersD. The Portrait of RosesPassage ThreeThe cities of the world are sick. As the coronavirus pandemic continues, people living in metropolitan areas have been am
30、ong the worst hit, unable to socially distance effectively and sometimes plagued with preexisting conditions that their cities helped create. Many municipalities werent built with highly transmissible infectious diseaseor human healthin front of mind, and the toll of Covid-19 is making that oversigh
31、t all too clear.The Covid-19 pandemic is a chance to fbcus that attention on what canand should一be changed, to reevaluate the way cities are built, maintained, and lived in. In the midst of this crisis, some cities have already begun doing so by closing roads to cars to create room fbr bicyclists an
32、d socially distanced pedestrians, or by building additional hospitals and homeless shelters. These stopgap, reactive steps are important and needed, but they will do little to slow or stave off this pandemic or help prevent the next one. To ward off the outbreaks of the future, ifs time to start thi
33、nking proactively, and long-term.The best way to stop a pandemic is to never let it start. The majority of infectious diseases, including those responsible fbr pandemics, started out as animal pathogens （病原体）.Generally speaking, these diseases dont spring from wild animal populations to humans, eith
34、er. They evolve from pathogens impacting domesticated animals: the avian flu （bird flu） from poultry; MERS likely from camels; swine flu, from, well, swine. Theres less consensus about the actual origin of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, but everyone agrees it was cross-species transmission, whether
35、birds, swine, or horses were the culprit. But, according to James Spencer, who studies city planning at Clemson University and has conducted research on avian influenza, its not viruses that jump hosts in purely 英语阅读（二）试题第5页（共14页）rural areas that go on to become pandemics. If we want to prevent thes
36、e things,” he says, “we have to do a better job of managing the extremely rapid changes going on where agriculture and urbanization are happening in the same space.The technical term fbr these areas is peri-urban, places that are integrating with a developed city while still keeping a foot in the ag
37、ricultural world. They are especially common in rapidly urbanizing countries. When Spencer was studying avian influenza in Vietnam, he found it wasn5t the places that either totally lacked water and sewage systems, or the ones that had already developed them, that had seen the most destructive sprea
38、d of the virus. It was the places beginning to construct their basic infrastructure. My initial take on this is, if you can get those basic things right, and plan them out well, spread of disease can be minimized/5 he says. Not just the human infrastructure; the infrastructure to manage the hygiene
39、of tens of thousands to millions of individual animals. Its not the wet market thafs the problem, its that they dont have any way to clean them.59 Questions 11-15 are based on Passage Three.11. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?A. The outbreak of Covid-19 reveals the problem of city planning.B. Hum
40、an health is a key factor that city planners take into consideration.C. Some preexisting problems in city planning are the causes of Covid-19.D. People in modem cities can easily keep social distance during pandemics.12. Which of the following is true based on Paragraph 2?A. The current measures may
41、 also be effective in preventing future diseases.B. The Covid-19 pandemic is a chance fbr us to help those homeless people.C. Some cities close the roads to bicycles to leave more room fbr ambulances.D. To some extent, the Covid-19 pandemic changes our view of city planning.13. In Paragraph 2, the p
42、hrase “ward off5 is closest in meaning to.A. put offB. fend offC. cut offD. leave off14. The author uses the examples of avian flu, MERS and swine flu to show thatA. viruses always jump hosts in the process of their developmentB. diseases in wild animal population can quickly spread to humansC. path
43、ogens in wild animals are the major causes for most infectious diseasesD. domesticated animals are mainly responsible fbr the majority of pandemics英语阅读（二）试题第6页（共14页）15. According to the study conducted by James Spencer, .A. good city planning can help minimize the spread of bird fluB. avian flu usua
44、lly occurs in places where there is no sewage systemC. we need to prohibit all the wet markets so as to prevent the pandemicD. ifs hard to manage individual animals especially in urbanizing countriesPassage FourMy past students and collaborators are starting to organize a scientific conference fbr m
45、y 60th birthday to be held about a year from now. Their gesture reminded me of Rabbi Haninas words: T have learned much from my teachers, more from my colleagues, and the most from my students.,We all started as students. Just as kids bump into things as theyre learning to maneuver through the world
46、, many of us have scars and bruises from early encounters with our mentors. Conflicts arise when those mentors attempt to establish their authority by trying to make us respect traditional thinking. Memories of these events should encourage us to do better as we change roles and mentor others later
47、in life.For example, the first advice I received from my postdoctoral mentor was to develop specialized skills and focus them on a narrow niche of the field, where I would establish myself as the world expert. But I decided not to follow this advice as soon as I recognized that by drilling down narr
48、owly, one often encounters the bedrock of a subject, where no further progress can be made. Under these circumstances, the potential fbr a breakthrough improves with a broader perspective, which identifies the outlands of the bedrock and enables “out of the box” opportunities fbr drilling deeper aro
49、und it. This is especially helpful after the discovery of something unusual and unexpected that cannot be explained within the prevailing model.Keeping in mind the fallacies of indoctrination into a narrow expertise, I encourage my students and postdocs to think broadly and independently about the most exciting problems in ast
