1、Chapter 7 第一节 国际货币体系概述国际货币体系的涵义国际间进行各种交易支付所采用的一系列和;以及各国货币关系的一套和。The channels of interdependence depend,in turn,on the that countries adopted-a set of institutions called the international monetary system.1Arrangement Categories国际收支及其调节汇率决定及其变动国际货币或储备资产的数量和形式国际金融市场与资本流动国际货币合作的形式与机构Objects and Functio
2、ns requires the full employmentfull employment of a country resources and domestic price domestic price level stabilitylevel stability.is attained when a countrys current account is neither so deeply in deficit deficit nor so strongly in surplus.surplus.2Types of International Types of International
3、 monetary systemmonetary system1.汇率制度 exchange rate system (1)Fixed exchange rate system (2)Adjustable Peg (3)Crawling Peg (4)Managed Float (5)Floating exchange rate system2.货币本位 monetary standard(reserve asset)(1)Commodity Standard(Gold Standard)(2)Credit Standard(inconvertible paper money)(3)Mixed
4、 Standard(gold exchange standard)3The Gold Standard(1)第二节 国际金本位制度的形成及其特点:The gold standard had its origin in the use of gold coins as a of exchange,of account,and of value.The gold standard as a legal institution dates from,when the British Parliament passed the Resumption Act-exchanging currency no
5、tes for gold on demand at a fixed rate.4The Gold Standard(2)Later in the nineteenth century,and other countries also adopted the gold standard.The effectively joined the gold standard in when it pegged to gold the paper“greenbacks”issued during the Civil War.The U.S.Gold Standard Act of institutiona
6、lized the dollar-gold link.5国际金本位制的:1.由于各国汇率由含金量确定,汇率波动受黄金输送点限制,各国间。2.国际收支失衡的调节通过“”自动调节,。3.由于没有外汇管制,有利于商品和资本在国际间自由流动,和配置。4.对偏好依赖“通货膨胀”的政府。因为受到(1)该国货币用黄金存量的限制;(2)物价和现金流动机制会使货币供应和物价水平恢复平衡6The theory was recognized by the David Hume,the Scottish philosopher,in 1752.Suppose that Britains current account
7、 surplus is greater than its non-reserve capital account deficit.The balance must be matched by flows of gold into Britain.These gold flows automatically reduce foreign money supplies and swell Britains money supply,pushing foreign prices downward and British price upward.7The simultaneous rise in B
8、ritish prices and fall in foreign pricesa real appreciation of the pound,given the fixed exchange ratereduces foreign demand for British goods and services and at the same time increases British demand for foreign goods and services.These demand shifts work in the direction of reducing Britains curr
9、ent account surplus and reducing the foreign account deficit.Eventually,reserve movements stop and both countries reach balance of payments equilibrium.8金本位制的:1.世界黄金存量的工业用金,货币用金和贮藏用金。(发行纸币的黄金准备)2.没有国际监督机构,各国政府不遵守“”,顺差国不愿减少顺差,而。3.黄金作为货币发行准备的。挖掘,窖藏,运输,和看守的机会成本太高。9The reactions of central banks to gold
10、 flows across their borders furnished to help restore balance of payment equilibrium.Central banks that were persistently losing gold were motivated to contract their domestic asset holding,pushing domestic interest rates upward and attracting inflows of capital from abroad.Central banks gaining gol
11、d had much weaker incentives to eliminate their own imports of the metals.The main incentive was the greater profitability of interest-bearing domestic assets compared with“barren”gold.10The practices of in the face of a deficit and buying domestic assets in the face of a surplus.This terminology is
12、 coined by Keynes.Because such measures speeded the movement of all countries toward their external balance goals,they increased the efficiency of the automatic adjustment processes inherent in the gold standard.The incentives to obey the rules applied with greater force to than to surplus countries
13、.11国际金本位制的演变1922年在意大利热那亚城的世界货币会议决定采用“”的原则。美国;英国和法国;其他国家(发展中国家)。形成一种不受单一货币统治的货币体系。1国内不流通金币;2银行券在下才能兑换黄金。1国内不流通金币;2国内的银行券只能购买外汇,用外汇在国外兑换黄金;3该国(殖民地)货币与另一个金(块)本位制国家(宗主国)的货币实行固定汇率,并将外汇和黄金储存在宗主国。12Collapse of Gold Standard-1金汇兑本位制的削弱了黄金的自动调节作用。世界经济危机中各国纷纷放弃货币与黄金的联系。美国爆发货币信用危机,停止美元兑换黄金;提高了黄金的官价。德国放弃了金汇兑本位制
14、。英国停止黄金的兑换。法国,比利时,荷兰,意大利,波兰,瑞士等六国黄金集团瓦解。13Collapse of Gold Standard-2Last rescue:1936.9英,美,法达成三国货币协定:维持汇率;不进行竞争性货币贬值。1936.10又签定三国黄金协定。Failure of further efforts:由于法国的黄金受投机冲击而外流,1937.6法国放弃金本位制。第二次世界大战的战争准备。西方国家从美国购买军事物资,引起黄金流失。14The Bretton Woods System-I布雷顿森林体系的建立背景1.国际稳定基金方案2.存款原则3.设立国际货币稳定基金,资金总额为
15、50亿美元,由成员国用黄金和本币等交纳。1.国际清算联盟计划2.透支原则3.设立世界性中央银行,由该行发行Bancor作为清算单位,Bancor等于黄金,各国可以用黄金换Bancor,但反过来则不行。15The Bretton Woods System-II4.认缴分额=本国GNP,黄金外汇储备,国际收支差额。根据各国缴纳份额的多少决定各国的投票权。5.发行Unita的国际货币。作为计算单位,含金量为137 1/7格令。相当于10美元。6.稳定汇率。各国规定本币与Unita之间法定平价。不经基金同意,不能变动。4.承担分额=三年进出口贸易额平均。不缴纳黄金和现款,只是开设往来帐户。顺差时将盈余
16、存入帐户;逆差时可以申请透资。透资总额为300亿美元。5.发行Bancor作为清算单位,Bancor等于黄金。6.顺差国和逆差国共同负担调节国际收支不平衡。强调汇率弹性。16Common Grounds between White and Keynes1.都强调解决。2.都只看重;忽视发展中国家。3.探求;防止竞争性货币贬值。英国被迫放弃计划而接受美国的。1944年发表了专家关于建立国际货币基金的联合声明,同年7月在美国新罕布什尔州的布雷顿森林召开了有44国参加的“联合和联盟国家国际货币基金会议”。17What is the Bretton Woods System?(1):国际货币基金组织协
17、定和国际复兴开发银行协定建立起一个的国际货币体系。宗旨:1.建立一个永久性的以促进国际货币合作。2.促进,防止竞争性货币贬值,建立多边支付制度,促进国际贸易和生产资源开发。3.向成员国,以减轻和调节国际收支不平衡。18What is the Bretton Woods System?(2)In July 1944,representatives of 44 countries meeting in Bretton Woods,New Hampshire,drafted and signed the Articles of Agreement of the.Even as the war con
18、tinued,statement in the Allied countries were looking ahead to the economic needs of the postwar world.The system set up by the Bretton Woods agreement called for and an unvarying dollar price of gold-$35 an ounce.Member countries held their official international reserves largely in the form of gol
19、d or dollar assets and had the right to sell dollars to the Fed for gold at the official price.19Main Content of the Bretton Woods System布雷顿森林体系的主要内容:1.以,以作为最主要的国际。(双挂钩)2.实行制度。(各国货币与美元的汇率只能在平价上下1%的幅度内波动。3.IMF给成员国提供辅助性的储备供应来源。成员国缴纳的25%的黄金和75%本币。在需要时,。4.成员国,不得采取歧视性货币措施,要实行多边支付。5.“”,成员国有权对稀缺货币采取临时兑换限制,
20、但从未实施过。20More about Bretton Woods System:1二次大战前后的的:的金汇兑本位制的金汇兑本位制1.英镑区+美元区+法郎区2.允许居民兑换黄金3.没有国际机构维持国际货币秩序1.美元+黄金2.只允许外国政府向美国兑换黄金3.有IMF来保证国际货币体系运转21More about Bretton Woods System:2二次大战前后的的:1.各成员国都要规定货币的平价金平价2.各成员国汇率变动幅度1%黄金输送点3.各成员国的国际储备是黄金+可兑换货币外汇储备4.各成员国要使货币可兑换,对经常项目不能管制自由贸易+自由兑换22More about Bretto
21、n Woods System:3布雷顿森林体系的:1.解决了世界黄金产量不足,美元的增加发行,。2.汇率稳定和有弹性,投资和信贷的发展。3.IMF的各种短,中期贷款和融资使。4.成员国。在国际收支根本不平衡时可以更改汇率。5.为各成员国提供了相互磋商协调的讲坛。23布雷顿森林体系的:1.“双挂钩”“Triffin Dilemma”早在50年代美国耶鲁大学教授提出。美元无法按固定比价维持同黄金的可兑换性。美元的增加发行必然引起人们对美元可兑换性的怀疑。固定汇率的多边性和1%幅度比较僵化。顺差国不愿货币升值或膨胀经济。迫使逆差国接受有条件的贷款来融通国际收支逆差。该条件是紧缩国内经济。24世界黄金
22、3/4集中到美国1948 Marshall Plan1958EEC:美国短期债务210.3亿黄金储备178亿1961 Basel Agreement国际清算银行的8国中央银行1961.10Gold Pool稳定金价$30.2/ounce1961.11借款总安排$60亿美元巴黎俱乐部1962.3互惠借款协定3债务黄金美国黄金储备流失14亿美元关闭伦敦黄金市场解散黄金总库实行黄金双价制(官民分开)短期外债678亿黄金储备110亿1971.8.15尼克松“新经济政策”停止黄金兑换;征10%进口附加税Smithsonian Agreement布雷顿森林体系崩溃25 262728In 1976,IMF
23、members agreed to the creation of the,an artificial reserve asset similar to the IMF currency Triffin had envisioned.SDRs are used in transactions,but their creation had relatively on the functioning of the international monetary system.Their impact was limited partly because by the late 1960s,the s
24、ystem of fixed exchange rates was beginning to show strains that would soon lead to its collapse.291964年比利时提出了一个折衷方案:主张增加各国向IMF的,而的储备货币来解决shortage of International liquidity.1969IMF年会正式通过了十国集团提出的关于特别提款权的方案。并决定从19701972年的三年内,有IMF发行95亿SDRs,按成员国摊付的,以补充黄金不足。以此作为成员国。30 皮肌炎是一种引起皮肤、肌肉、心、肺、肾等多脏器严重损害的,全身性疾病,
25、而且不少患者同时伴有恶性肿瘤。它的1症状表现如下:1、早期皮肌炎患者,还往往伴有全身不适症状,如-全身肌肉酸痛,软弱无力,上楼梯时感觉两腿费力;举手梳理头发时,举高手臂很吃力;抬头转头缓慢而费力。皮肌炎图片皮肌炎的症状表现:是IMF成员国在该组织的储备资产,它是一种,称为“纸黄金”。它是由IMF根据各成员国上年年底缴纳份额的比率进行分配。份额越大,得到的分配就越多。:当成员国发生国际收支逆差时可以动用。即:把它转给另一成员国,换取可兑换货币,以偿付逆差。:不能兑换黄金;不能直接用于贸易和非贸易结算。32Valuation of SDRsIMF(1974.6)达成协议,改16种货币重新定值。选择
26、货币的标准是19861972年5年内商品和劳务出口额占国际总出口额的1%以上国家的货币。1978年以后每隔5年调整一次。1981年起,由5种货币定值。(教材219页)货币美元马克日元法郎英镑比重%198142191313131986421915121233Limitation of SDRs是一个的记帐单位。它即不象黄金本身具有价值;也不象美元,英镑,日元等货币有一个国家经济实力作为后盾。它是一种虚构的国际清偿能力。充其量只能作为成员国原有提款权的一种补充。只是为了的权宜措施。不会引起人们对它的持有欲望。34Status Quo of International Monetary System
27、 1Revising the IMFs Charter,1975-1976.Because floating rates had seemed to function well in conditions of adversity,the governments of the industrialized countries acknowledged late in 1975 that they were prepared to for the indefinite future.The IMFs directors met at Kingston,in January 1976 to app
28、rove a revision of the fourth IMF Article of Agreement,which covered exchange rate arrangement.35Status Quo of International Monetary System 2The new Governments were urged to follow macroeconomic policies that would promote price stability and growth and they were to avoid“manipulating exchange rat
29、es to gain an unfair competitive advantage over other members”36Status Quo of International Monetary System 3Jamaica Agreement,19761.修订基金份额3.黄金非货币化(废除黄金官价)4.扩大对发展中国家资金融通5.以SDRs为主要储备资产(对原有体系的进行改革。第二次修正案37Status Quo of International Monetary System 4牙买加体系是国际金融动荡的产物。该体系的如下:。没有调节措施和监督机构来督促顺差国减少盈余;逆差国减少赤
30、字。必须使国际储备货币多样化来分散外汇风险。国际投机性资本大规模流动造成各国利率,物价和就业混乱。38Status Quo of International Monetary System 41.在国际性(IMF)的协调功能衰退的同时,区域性货币集团的协调功能在加强。2.最成功的是欧洲货币体系和1999年的欧元的诞生。3.美洲是由于美国的美元势力过于强大。区域性的货币合作与IMF过去功能类似。但是美国和加拿大的货币政策相当协调。4.亚洲各国由于对日本的过去侵略难于忘怀。对日元有抵触心理。在亚洲不可能形成象欧洲那样的货币区。此外,日本太自私并且经济还在往下滑。5.其它区域性货币组织更本不足挂齿。
31、39Current proposals to reform the international monetary system run the gamut from a more elaborate system of for the dollar to the resurrection of fixed rates to the introduction of a single world currency.Because countries seem unwilling to give up the autonomy floating dollar rates have given the
32、m,it is unlikely that any of these changes is in the cards.With greater policy cooperation among the main players,there is no reason why floating exchange rates should not function well in the future.40要解决的问题:把IMF改造成世界中央银行。成员国把所持有的国际储备的20%存入该行。这项存款以黄金表示,有利息。成员国之间清算可通过世界性中央银行的存款办理转帐。黄金金价要大幅度提高以适应国际贸易
33、的发展。但是,如今各国政府更重视国内平衡。金本位制的自动调节不易发挥作用。私人窑藏黄金的倾向增大。美国政府的黄金委员会讨论否决了恢复金本位制的方案。413.:(1)提高黄金价格满足国际流通手段不足刺激黄金的生产。(2)降低黄金价格促使私人出售黄金相应提高关键货币的价格增加国际流通手段。4.:承认现实的局面国际贸易和非贸易结算中使用最大的货币(70%)。但是Triffin Dilemma仍然存在。5.:应为SDRs是人为创造的资产,它成为国际储备资产的前提必须有世界性中央银行的存在。6.:普通商品的产量增长比黄金快,并且一组商品加权平均价比黄金价格更稳定。黄金美元汇兑本位制 一组商品多种储备货币
34、本位制。42的建议:汇率随宏观经济和国际收支状况阶段性调整。同时在短期内保持相对稳定性。对于发展中国家比较适合。:“目标区”也就是主要货币之间确定汇率的波动幅度。其他非主要货币钉住目标随之浮动。目标区旨在反映实际汇率。43Target Zone(band):确定各国货币的,并在中心汇率确定一个汇率。它即有浮动汇率的又有固定汇率的。:(Target Zone vs.Bretton Woods)1.它仍是一种浮动汇率形式;只不过是为几种主要货币的波动规定一个幅度而已。2.当汇率波动达到目标区的上下限时,有关国家可以不承担干预的义务。但必须运用经济政策调整使汇率回到目标区内。44Answer:It
35、depends on the over all international economic situation.Fixed Exchange Rate is betterFloating Exchange rate is betterWorld EconomyWorld Economy45Historical Evolution of EMS.(1)清算采用一种货币;(2)内部贸易不平衡由一个多边机构来统筹;(3)顺差国通过同盟向逆差国自动提供信贷。(European Monetary Cooperation Fund-EMU)提出分三阶段实现货币联盟目标。1.19711973:目标是缩小成
36、员国货币波动幅度2.25%。成立European Monetary Cooperation Fund.2.19741976:目标是汇聚成员国外汇储备;维持固定汇率制;实现内部资本的自由流动。3.19771980:目标是同一经济区,区内货币,劳动,资本自由流动。建立共同固定汇率;共同储备货币;共同中央银行。46European Monetary System 2In practice all EMS currencies are pegged to the DM.As a result,just as the United States did in the Bretton Woods syst
37、em.The credibility theory of the EMS holds that participating governments profit from the German Bundesbanks reputation as when they peg their currencies to the DM.In fact,inflation rates in EMS countries have tended to converge around Germanys generally low inflation rate.Critics of Germany charge
38、that it has abused its dominant position by neglecting the effects its policies have on other EMS countries.47Germany Dominance:Inflation convergence within the EMS/Countrys annual inflation less Germanys annual inflation48-Common Agricultural Policy-European Community-European Currency Unit-Europea
39、n Monetary System-European Monetary Union-Exchange Rate MechanismOur discussion of EMS will throw light not only on the forces promoting greater unification of national economies but also on the forces that make a country think twice before giving up completely its control over domestic monetary pol
40、icy.491979欧洲货币体系EMS生效。(法国,西德,意大利,荷兰,比利时,卢森堡,爱尔兰,丹麦)。后来希腊,西班牙,葡萄牙也加入。:1.欧共体内部,一体化要求。配合共同农业政策,关税同盟。2.共同,稳定内部贸易和经济发展。3.欧洲,一体化的需要。50ECU(1979)取代EUA(1975),,它是12国货币的货币篮子,每种货币在货币篮子中的比重是由各国在欧共体内部贸易总额以及GNP中所占份额加权平均计算。其中马克有举足轻重的影响。51欧洲货币体系的汇率制度:联合浮动(Joint Floating after Mar.1997):成员国货币之间实行固定汇率,对非成员国的货币则实行联合浮动汇
41、率。:“格子体系”要求成员国货币之间彼此确定中心汇率,汇率波动只能在中心汇率上下浮动。超过幅度,中央银行有义务干预。确定成员国货币对欧洲货币单位的中心汇率,再计算每种货币对这一中心汇率所允许的最大偏离幅度。Maximum Spread of Divergence(MSD)篮子中的权数越大,其允许波幅就越小。52:成员国缴纳各自黄金外汇储备的20%。:干预外汇(短期信贷);向国际收支困难的成员国提供贷款(短期贷款,中期财政贷款)。53“”指人员,商品,劳务以及资本的自由流动和共同政策的充分协调。建立中央银行设想。“”是指货币完全和不可取消地自由兑换;资本在一体化金融市场上自由流动;不可改变的固定
42、汇率。建议分三阶段实现Economic and Monetary Union。第一阶段:深化金融一体化;所有仍在浮动的成员国货币加入EMU。第二阶段:建立欧洲中央银行体系。第三阶段:推行不可改变的固定汇率制。541991马斯特里赫特条约欧洲共同体首脑在荷兰小镇Maastricht签署货币联盟。最终要求:设立中央银行,发行统一货币。19901993:所有成员国加入欧洲货币体系汇率机制;资本自由移动;政策和监督的协调。19941997:建立European System of Central Banks(ESCB)19971999:建立独立的和发行统一的。主要是控制各国的55In 1989 a c
43、ommittee headed by Jacques Delors,president of the European Commission,recommended a three-stage transition to a goal of replacement of national currency to managed by that operates on behalf of all EC members.Leaders of the EC countries agreed to propose for national ratification far-reaching amend
44、ments to the,the 250-page was passed.56Why did the EC leaders press ahead with EMU even though the EC doesnt appear to meet the requirements of?1.They believed would produce greater monetary efficiency gains than fixed exchange rates.2.The European Central Bank will under EMU,and will have to be mor
45、e considerate of other countries problems.3.All of the EC countries leaders hoped the Maastricht Treatys provisions would guarantee the of western Europe.57欧元的诞生背景。(英国除外)中央银行执行欧元的联合货币政策。Euro-dollar1.欧元作为一种国际货币新的外汇兑换体系;2.世界货币三角鼎立:美元,日元,欧元;3.新的国际货币的一种探索。58全球注目的欧元汇率走势:1欧元=1.18美元欧元下跌不止的原因:1.不是欧元的基础经济要素太
46、糟,而是由美国经济持续发展太快,美元太强造成的。2.欧洲劳动力市场的问题突出。结构性的高失业率10%。(工资高于劳动力市场完全竞争条件下的水平)3.产业结构(IT产业)落后于美国。信息技术人材缺乏。1欧元=0.84美元1999.1.12000.9.2059Problems remain unsettled欧洲经济与货币联盟面临的:欧元区的11国生产力发展水平,经济基础差距悬殊。形式上的达标(低债务比率)不能改变素质上不同。:欧元国把货币政策的制定权交给了欧洲中央银行,但各成员国的财政政策仍将是独立的。货币政策和财政政策的协调的难度大。“财政倾销”通过低税率(英国,爱尔兰等)来吸引投资,高税率国家德国,法国等主张协调成员国税率。增加了经济政策协调的难度。欧洲中央银行的独立性与外汇市场的传导(干预与外汇储备管理)问题。60