1、英语句子的种类英语句子的种类简单句简单句 (simple sentence)并列句并列句(compound sentence)复合句复合句(complex sentence)英语句子概论 简单句的五种简单句的五种基本基本句型句型The weather is very cold.主语主语+谓语（连系动词）谓语（连系动词）+表语表语He laughed.主语主语+谓语（谓语（vi.）I like Chinese food.主语主语+谓语谓语(vt.)+宾语宾语She taught them physics.主语主语+谓语谓语(vt.)+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语We must keep t
2、he room warm.主语主语+谓语谓语(vt.)+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语 并列句并列句 把两个或几个简单句用把两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接起来。连接起来。I turned on the TV.My sister and I watched it.I turned on the TV and my sister and I watched it.I bought my sister a present.She didnt like it.I bought my sister a present,but she didnt like it.并列句并列句并列句并列句常用并列连
3、词常用并列连词:平行平行并列连词并列连词:转折转折并列连词：并列连词：因果因果并列连词并列连词:选择选择并列连词并列连词:and,bothand,not only but also,neithernorbut,while,yet,or,eitherorfor,so复合句复合句:主句主句+从句从句 定语从句定语从句 状语从句状语从句 名词名词性从句性从句1.The boy who is standing over there is Tom.2.Because it is raining,we have to stay at home.定语从句定语从句 状语从句状语从句3.I know(that)
4、he is from America.(宾语从句）宾语从句）名词名词性从句性从句-名词性从句1.概念概念2.主语从句主语从句3.宾语从句宾语从句4.表语从句表语从句5.同位语从句同位语从句6.名词性从句考点名词性从句考点7.名词性从句的做题方法名词性从句的做题方法8.典型热题典型热题9.挑战高考挑战高考1.名词性从句概念名词性从句概念His job is important.What he does is important.This is his job.This is what he does every day.I dont like his job.I dont like what h
5、e does every day.I dont know about the man,Mr.White.I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句At lunch time,the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon.The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.What surprised
6、me most was that the old man couldnt see anything.The fact that Polly didnt ask for the mans name is a pity.Predictive Clause(表语从句表语从句)Object Clause(宾语从句宾语从句)Subject Clause(主语从句主语从句)Appositive Clause同位语从句同位语从句2.主语从句主语从句 The Subject Clause作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由连接词连接词that，whether，i
7、f和连接代词和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接以及连接副词副词how，when，where，why等词引导。等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。1.That he will succeed is certain.2.Whether he will go there is not known.3.What he said is not true.4
8、.Where he hid the money is to be found out.5.Whoever comes is welcome.6.How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting.7.When theyll start the project has not been decided yet.为避免主语冗长为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻句子头重脚轻,经常用经常用it it作作形式主语形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.1.It is certain that he will succ
9、eed.2.It is not known whether he will go there.3.It has not been decided yet when theyll start the project.(1)It is 名词名词 从句从句 It is a fact that 事实是事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识是常识(2)It is 形容词形容词 从句从句 It is natural that 很自然很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是奇怪的是(3)It 不及物动词不
10、及物动词 从句从句 It seems that 似乎似乎 It happened that 碰巧碰巧 It appears that 似乎似乎(4)It is 过去分词过去分词 从句从句 It is reported that 据报道据报道 It has been proved that 已证实已证实 It is said that 据说据说（5）Its no wonder that并不奇怪并不奇怪/无疑无疑 Its a pity/a fact/a common knowledge(众所周知）众所周知）/a common saying（俗话说）（俗话说）thatWhere and when h
11、e was born has not been found.When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown.表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此,建议建议,请求请求,命令等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气命令等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：，常用的句型有：It is necessary/important,natural,strange that It is a pity(a shame,no wonder,etc.)that It is
12、 suggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that宾语宾语从句从句在句中充当宾语成分（在句中充当宾语成分（可以作谓语动词、介可以作谓语动词、介词、不定式等非谓语动词的宾语）词、不定式等非谓语动词的宾语）They know that the habit will kill them.It all depends on whether they will support us.He asked how much I paid for the violin.that,whether，if （that 常可省略）常可省略）who,what,which,who
13、ever,whatever,when where why how3.宾语从句宾语从句 The Object clause (1)由由that引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略通常可以省略),I heard that he joined the army.(2)由由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句，引导的宾语从句，She did not know what had happened.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(3)动词间接宾语宾语从句。动词间接宾语宾语从句。She told me that s
14、he would accept my invitation.宾语从句宾语从句2-作介词的宾语，作介词的宾语，Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.Our teachers always tell us to believes in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.I am afraid(that)Ive made a mistake.注意：注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxi
15、ous,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content 等。也可以将此类词后的等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。从句的看作原因状语从句。it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复
16、合宾语的句子中。I think it important to study English.宾语从句-it特殊的形式宾语“动词动词+it+宾语补足语宾语补足语+真正的宾语真正的宾语”这样的结构，这样的结构，但有些动词后只有形式宾语没有宾语补足语。常但有些动词后只有形式宾语没有宾语补足语。常见的有见的有 have,take,put,like，enjoy,hate,love,dislike,appreciate,prefer1)动词动词+it+that-从句从句I like it that you came.I take it(that)he will come on time.You can p
17、ut it that it was arranged before.2)动词动词+it+when(if)-从句从句I dislike it when you whistle.We really appreciate it when she offered to help.Id prefer it if I didnt have to do so much.I hate it if you say such things in public.若主句谓语动词为若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，主语为
18、第一人称等，主语为第一人称I/We，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。主要考查该种句式的主要考查该种句式的反义问句。反义问句。I dont think this dress fits you well.I dont think that you are right,arent you?1）that引导宾语从句时，引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去。口语或非正式的文体中常被省去。2）从句是并列句时）从句是并
19、列句时,第二个分句前的第二个分句前的that不可省，不可省，口诀：口诀：省省1不省不省2。3）that 做介词宾语不省略。做介词宾语不省略。4)在主在主+谓谓+it(形式宾语形式宾语)+宾补宾补+that从句从句(真正宾语真正宾语)的句型的句型中不省略。中不省略。We must make it clear that we mean what we say.The teacher said(that)the passage was important and that we should learn it by heart.I know nothing about him except that
20、 he works in Paris.在demand,command,order,request,require,/suggest,advise,recommend/insist,desire,instruct等动词后，宾语从句常用“(should)+动词原形”。口诀：5命令，3建议，1坚持，1渴望，1指导I ordered that she(should)do her work alone.特殊：suggest 暗示，insist:力言，强调说。His pale face suggested that he was ill.The smile on his face suggested th
21、at he had passed the examination.The old man insisted that he was a ghost.宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时从句中的谓语动词可以用各种时态；I know that he studies English every day.当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.4.表语从句表语从句 The Predicative Clause在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引
22、导表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词大致一样，表的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。引导。其基本结构为：主语其基本结构为：主语+系动词系动词+that从句。从句。The question is whether we can rely on him.Thats because we were in need of money at that time.He looked as if he was going to cry.Thats why I was late.表语从句的
23、一般结构是表语从句的一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从主语连系动词表语从句句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还常可省略。另外，常用的还有有the reason is that 和和It is because 等结构。等结构。1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we cant get the support of the peop
24、le.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.1)The fact is that we have lost the game.2)Thats just what I want.3)This is where our problem lies.4)That is why he didnt come to the meeting.5)It looks as if it is g
25、oing to rain.当主语是当主语是reason时，表语从句要用时，表语从句要用that引导而不引导而不是是because。The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning表语从句3-虚拟语气 当句子的主语是：当句子的主语是：advice,demand,decision,desire,idea,insistence,instruction,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wi
26、sh等名词时，表等名词时，表语从句须用虚拟语气，即：语从句须用虚拟语气，即：should+do。My advice is that you should go to apologize to him.5.同位语从句同位语从句 The Appositive Clause.同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由同位语从句通常由that/whether/when引导，引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、orde
27、r、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。等。1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导。引导。1)The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the
28、general.2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。词隔开。He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.同位语从句一般跟在一些抽象名词（同位语从句一般跟在一些抽象名词（idea；belief；fact；truth；problem；news 等）后等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明面，对名词作进一步解释说明.1)The idea that computers can recognize hu
29、man voices surprises many people.2)Word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.3)Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness.同位语从句3-连接词 同位语从句常用同位语从句常用 that/whether引导或用连接副引导或用连接副词词when/where/why/how 连接代词连接代词who，what，whose，wh
30、ich通常不引导同位语从句通常不引导同位语从句。1)The news that we won the game is exciting.2)I have no idea when he will come back home.3)The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.4）I have no idea when she will be back.1)定语从句中的定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的
31、that是连词，是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.The news that Tom would go abroad is told by hi
32、m.3)that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。充当句子成分，一般不能省略。The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.（that引导同位语从句，不引导同位语从句，不能省略）能省略）The news you told me yesterday was real
33、ly disappointing.（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）省略）He gave me a suggestion that I(should)be calm now.名词名词demand,suggestion,proposal,advice 等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气,结构为结构为 should+do,should 可省略可省略 6 名词性从句常考点名词性从句常考点1.考查名词性从句的语序问题考查名词性从句的语序问题2.考查引导词考查引导词that与与what的区别的区别3.考查考查it在名词性从句中作形式
34、主语、宾语的用法在名词性从句中作形式主语、宾语的用法4.考查考查whether与与if的区别的区别5.Whatever，whichever,whoever,whomever所有的名词性从句都是陈述句式所有的名词性从句都是陈述句式That light travels in straight lines is known to all.This is what we are looking for.疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句 语序，不能用一般疑问句语序。语序，不能用一般疑问句语序。How was he successful is still a puz
35、zle.()How he was successful is still a puzzle.()你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？FTTF他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。Could you tell me where he lives?()Could you tell me where does he live?()that 和和 what 都可引导所有的名词从句。都可引导所有的名词从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。当成分可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。that在名词性从句
36、中不充当任何成分，只起连在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用接作用。1._ he wants is a book.2._ he wants to go there is obvious.3.The result is _ we won the game.4.This is _ we want to know.5.Is _ he told us true?6.We should pay attention to _ the teacher is saying.7.I have no doubt _ he will come.8.I have no idea _ he did that af
37、ternoon.WhatThatthatwhatwhatwhatthatwhata.引导主语从句并在句首时；引导主语从句并在句首时；b.b.引导表语从句时；引导表语从句时；c.c.引导介词宾语从句时；引导介词宾语从句时；d.d.引导同位语从句时引导同位语从句时 e.whether to do e.whether to do；f.whether or not f.whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句连在一起引导宾语从句；只能用只能用whether，不用，不用if：1.I asked her _ she had a bike.2._ we will hold a party in t
38、he open air tomorrow depends on the weather.3.Were worried about _ he is safe.4.I dont know _ he is well or not.5.I dont know _ or not he is well.6.The question is _ he should do it.7.The doctor can hardly answer the question _ the old man will recover soon.8.I dont know _ to go.if/whetherWhetherwhe
39、therwhether/ifwhetherwhetherwhetherwhetherWhether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.The question is whether she could pass the test?Everything depends on whether we have enough money.I wonder whether he will come or not.Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义主要根据名
40、词性从句中的具体意义,正确正确的选择的选择who、which、when、where、why、how 等连接词，这些连接词既具有疑问含等连接词，这些连接词既具有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。种成分。1.whichever作连接代词作连接代词,意为意为“无论哪个无论哪个;无无论哪些论哪些”,连接宾语从句、主语从句。连接宾语从句、主语从句。You can choose whichever you want.Whichever of us fulfils his task first will lend a helping hand to oth
41、ers.2.whichever作连接形容词作连接形容词,意为意为“无论哪个无论哪个;无论哪些无论哪些”。应当注意。应当注意,此用法的此用法的whichever必须同其被修饰的词一起放在从句前引导必须同其被修饰的词一起放在从句前引导从句。从句。You can take whichever seat you want.Whichever book you borrow,you must return it in a week.3.whichever与与whatever的区别。的区别。whichever意为意为无论哪个无论哪个;无论哪些无论哪些;也可以接也可以接一个名词一个名词 whatever意为
42、意为“无论什么无论什么;凡是凡是的事物的事物”You should wear whichever dress suits you best.Ill do whatever you ask me to do.All the books are here.You may borrow whichever(book)you like.Whatever she did was right,I am afraid.4.whichever与与which的区别。的区别。whichever可以引导名词性从句或状语从句可以引导名词性从句或状语从句;which是个疑问词是个疑问词,用在疑问句中用在疑问句中,或作关
43、系代或作关系代词词,引导定语从句。引导定语从句。Ill read whichever book you recommend.Whichever you choose,the others will be offended.Which foreign language have you studied?He invited us to dinner,which was very kind of him.5.whichever与与no matter which的区别。的区别。no matter which 只能引导状语从句只能引导状语从句 whichever既可引导状语从句既可引导状语从句,还可引
44、导名词从句还可引导名词从句。Whichever of the three sisters you choose to marry,you will have a good wife.Vote for whichever proposal you think most favourable.No matter which dictionary you want to buy,Ill pay for it.1.Whatever的意思是的意思是“所所的一切事或东西的一切事或东西”，相当于，相当于anything that，在从句中可用作，在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语：主语、宾语、定语：Whatev
45、er I have is yours.Give them whatever they desire.She would tell him whatever news she got.2.Whatever no matter what让步状语从句让步状语从句Whatever happens,I must be calm.Whatever you do,Ill always love you.1.whoever“任何任何的人的人”,相当于相当于anyone who.whoever在从句中可用作主语，宾语，表在从句中可用作主语，宾语，表示示“任何人任何人都都”“不管是谁不管是谁都都”She can
46、marry whoever she chooses.Whoever comes will be welcome.2.whoever no matter who=让步状语从句让步状语从句 Whoever comes,tell them to go away.Im not opening the door,whoever you are.To improve the quality of our products,we asked for suggestions _ had used the products.A.whoever B.whoC.whichever D.whichA 注意以下受汉语意
47、思影响而弄错的句子：误Who wins can get a prize.Anyone wins can get a prize.正Whoever wins can get a prize.Anyone who wins can a prize.I wont go there alone,and Ill take _ wants to go.A.anyone B.who C.whoever D.what Sarah hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests.A.anyone B.whomever C.whoever D.no matte
48、r who It was a matter of _ would take the position.A.who B.Whoever C.whom D.whomever_ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their owe way.A.Anyone B.The oneC.Whoever D.WhoThe employers often give the job to _ they believe have work experience with a strong sense of duty.A.whoever B.those who C.who D.w
49、homever whoever主格和宾格主格和宾格,相当于相当于anyone who whomever宾格相当于宾格相当于anyone who They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first.（whoever在从句中做主语）在从句中做主语）The how to book can be of help to wants to do the job.A.who B.whomever C.no matter who D.whoever Sarah hopes to become a friend of _shares her inte
50、rests.A.anyone B.whomever C.whoever D.no matter whoAt the evening party the host said _ was able to solve the riddle could get a nice present as a reward.A.whoever B.who C.whomever D.no matter who When you are done with the book,just give it to Lucy or Helen or _.A.whoever B.wherever C.whatever D.ho
