1、State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Chemistry EnglishState Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Lecture 12Lecture 12科技英语论文写作科技英语论文写作State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Plagiar
2、ism(剽窃剽窃)To plagiarize is to give the impression that something you have written is your own when it was in fact taken from someone elses work.Plagiarism may take the form of:repeating anothers sentences as your ownadopting a particularly good phrase as your ownparaphrasing someone elses argument.Pr
3、esenting someone elses form of organization as your own.In the West,plagiarism is considered a serious academic crime and may lead to expulsion from the university!State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室How to avoid Plagiarism?Follow these guidelines and youl
4、l never be accused of plagiarism.Use your own words and sentence structures.When putting someone elses idea in your own words avoid using any words from the original.If you use any original words,use a quotation.Acknowledge all ideas taken from other writers,except commonly held knowledge in the fie
5、ld.It is plagiarism to use some original words or phrases from a sentence while changing others.It is also plagiarism to keep the sentence structure and change all the words to synonyms.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Reference Books 英语写作指导，乔治波特温著,上海外语
6、教育出版社 科技英语写作教程，秦荻辉编著，西安电子科技大学出版社 实用英语写作新捷径，叶云屏等编著，国防工业出版社State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室20.1 Introduction 英语写作大致涉及两方面:第一为语言基础,即词法句法的正确使用,要写出语法上正确的句子(Correct Sentences),以保证读者能看明白,避免Chinese English(Chinglish);第二要努力写出地道的句子(standard sentences),即合理地使用专业中的词
7、汇及固定的或特定的用法.Chapter 20 科技英语论文写作科技英语论文写作State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室20.220.2学术论文语言基本特征学术论文语言基本特征准确准确:指词汇、句法结构、拼写、标点指词汇、句法结构、拼写、标点等语言要素的正确运用。等语言要素的正确运用。确切：确切：在语言和内容上都必须准确切实在语言和内容上都必须准确切实,恰如其分地反映客观事物的真实面目。恰如其分地反映客观事物的真实面目。简洁简洁：语言干净利落、凝练精悍，避免：语言干净利落、凝练
8、精悍，避免拗口的长句和冗长繁杂的修饰语。拗口的长句和冗长繁杂的修饰语。State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室完整完整：内容和结构上要求完整、全面而：内容和结构上要求完整、全面而具体，正确处理完整和简洁的关系。具体，正确处理完整和简洁的关系。清楚清楚：文章要力求清楚易懂，针对不同：文章要力求清楚易懂，针对不同的读者群来决定文章中专业术语的使用的读者群来决定文章中专业术语的使用比重。比重。客观性客观性：科学论文的语句中，应尽可能：科学论文的语句中，应尽可能以研究客体作为主语，以
9、求体现客观性。以研究客体作为主语，以求体现客观性。因此，在描述研究过程时，当动作主体因此，在描述研究过程时，当动作主体为研究者本人时，仍常常使用被动语态。为研究者本人时，仍常常使用被动语态。State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室20.3 paragraph(段落段落)Construction of a paragraph Usually a paragraph includes a topic sentence(主题句主题句),one or several supporti
10、ng sentences(论证句论证句)and,sometimes,a concluding sentence(结论结论句句).State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Three Qualities of a Paragraph：*Unity(一致性一致性):An Paragraph follows a straight line of development;it states a single thought.All material not directly relat
11、ed to the rest of the paragraph should be left out.*Continuity(连贯性连贯性):All sentences within a paragraph should be arranged logically and smoothly.An outline(提纲提纲)will help you organize your ideas so that all important ideas are included and in logical order,and help you write more quickly.*Transitio
12、n Signals(转折转折词词)are words to guide the reader and make it easy to follow the ideas.They also help the paragraph flow more smoothly.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Classes of Transition Signals Example(举例举例):for example,for instance,as an illustration,
13、to illustrate,namely,that is,for one thing.Addition(增补增补):in addition,furthermore,moreover,and,also,or,too,besides,again,whats more,likewise.Emphasis(强调强调):in fact,as a matter of fact,in other words,of course,certainly,above all,indeed,clearly,surely,in particular,obviously,naturally,anyway,in this
14、case.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Classes of Transition Signals Contrast(对照对照):while,whereas,in contrast,on the other hand,instead,on the contrary,inspite of,despite,but,however,although,still,yet,nevertheless,conversely,otherwise.Comparison(比较比较):s
15、imilarly,in the same way,even though,at the same time,not onlybut also,likewise,meanwhile.Concession(让步让步):although,after all,it is true(that).Conclusion(结论结论):in conclusion,to conclude,to sum up,to summarize,in summary,in all,in short,in brief,in a word.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry o
16、f Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Classes of Transition Signals Cause(原因原因):for this reason,because of this,because,since,as,for,due to,owing to,thanks to.Consequence(结果结果):thus,hence,therefore,accordingly,consequently,so,in this way,as a result.Order(次序次序):first,second,first of all,to begin with,a
17、t first,finally,eventually,in the end,immediately,soon,in front of,next to,opposite to,in the middle of,afterward,then.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室20.4 Structure of Research PapersGenerally the parts of a research paper are as follows:Introduction(
18、引言引言)Body(正文正文)Conclusion/Concluding Remarks(结束语结束语)If needed,illustrations(图示图示),tables(表格表格),appendix(附录附录),list of references(参考文献参考文献)and acknowledgment(致谢致谢)may appear in a research paper.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室The IntroductionAn introduc
19、tion serves four purposes:to give a general background of the topic to arouse the readers interest to focus on the topic or problem of the essay to indicate the overall plan of the essay This is accomplished by an introductory statement and a thesis statement.The introduction may be as short as one
20、paragraph or as long as a chapter.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室The Introductory StatementIt generally begins with a very general comment of the subject and gradually becomes more specific,thus leading to the thesis statement.Statistics,quotations,ex
21、amples and questions are often used in this section to give background information and attract the readers attention.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室The Thesis StatementThe thesis statement is a complete sentence used to identify the topic and/or to ex
22、press an opinion or an idea.The last sentence in the following example is the thesis statement.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室The Body of the PaperGeneral The body of a research paper will be the longest part.It will consist of many paragraphs that de
23、velop and support the thesis statement.The text is not always written in the order it will appear.For example,many writers prefer to write the introduction last so as to be free to make changes in the body.Because many students find it most difficult to begin writing the paper,it may be best to star
24、t with a section that is easily written.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Transition When the separate sections of a paper have been written,transitions will be necessary to make the text flow smoothly.Between paragraphs,transitional sentences will be pl
25、aced either at the end of the first or at the beginning of the next paragraph.Between sentences,transition words,repeated key words and other reference words will be used to create cohesion.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Quotations(引语引语)Providing refe
26、rence citations and a bibliography allows the reader to:find the documents you have used,know that these ideas are not your own.Generally accepted facts need no reference.For example,you can state that Einstein developed the Theory of Relativity without quoting your source.But if you use a certain a
27、spect of the theory to support your thesis,the source needs to be identified.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室The ConclusionsIn a long paper,this may consist of an entire chapter;in a shorter one,it will be one or two paragraphs long.The conclusion will
28、 include:a summary of the main points and/ora restatement of the thesis and final comments on the subject,possibly including suggestions for further research.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Assignment 2 Write a recipe regarding the cooking process of one of your favorite dishes.A typical online for a recipe can be 1)general introduction.2)Detailed process.
