1、Unit1Great scientistsexpert attend physician expose challenge victimadj.熟练的熟练的;经验丰富的经验丰富的n.专家专家;行家行家vt.照顾照顾;出席出席;参加参加n.医师医师vt.暴露暴露;揭露揭露;使曝光使曝光n.挑战挑战vi.向向挑战挑战n.受害者受害者Words previewabsorbsuspectenquiry neighbourhood severe pump vt.吸收吸收;吸引吸引;使专心使专心vt.怀疑怀疑n.被怀疑者被怀疑者;嫌疑犯嫌疑犯n.询问询问n.附近附近;临近临近adj.严重的严重的;严厉的严
2、厉的n.泵泵;抽水机抽水机vt.(用泵用泵)抽抽(水水)Words previewforesee blamepollute handleannounce instructvt.预见预见;预知预知n.责备责备;谴责谴责vt.过失过失;责备责备vt.污染污染;弄脏弄脏 n.柄柄;把手把手vt.处理处理;操纵操纵vt.宣布宣布;通告通告vt.命令命令;指示指示;教导教导Words previewexposeto linkto使显露使显露;暴露暴露将将和和联联系或连接起来系或连接起来Expressions preview1.Do you know how to prove a new idea in
3、scientific research?Discuss in small groups the stages in setting out a new scientific idea.Draw a conclusion Think of a method Collect results Make a question Find a problem Analyse the resultFind supporting evidencePre-readingAfter reading the passage on page 2,put the correct stages into the read
4、ing about research into a disease.Infectious diseases can be spread to other people.They have an unknown causeand need public health care to solve them.People may be exposed to infectious disease,so may animals,such as bird flu.AIDS,SARS are infectious diseases.Infectious diseases are difficult to c
5、ure.What do you know about infectious diseases?Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae.It infects peoples intestines(肠肠),causing diarrhea and leg cramps(抽筋抽筋).What do you know about cholera?The most common cause of cholera is by someone eating food or drinking water that
6、has been contaminated(污染污染)with the bacteria.Cholera can be mild(不严重的不严重的)or even without immediate symptoms(症状症状),but a severe case can lead to death without immediately treatment.JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”Reading7 Make a conclusion 3 Think of a method 4 Collect results 2 Make a question1 Fin
7、d a problem 5 Analyse the results 6 Find supporting evidenceThe stages in examining a new scientific idea.First we should find the problem.Then,think of a method.We should collect as much information as possible.Analyzing results is the most important stage.Before we make a conclusion,it is necessar
8、y for us to find supporting evidence.Read the passage and number these events in the order that they happened._ John Snow began to test two theories._ An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854._ John Snow marked the deaths on a map._ He announced that the water carried the disease._ John Snow invest
9、igated two streets where the outbreak was very severe._ King Cholera was defeated._ He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump._ He had the handle removed from the water pump._ John Snow began to test two theories._ An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854._ John Snow marked the deaths
10、 on a map._ He announced that the water carried the disease.1247_ John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe._ King Cholera was defeated._ He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump._ He had the handle removed from the water pump.8365John Snow(1813-1858)John S
11、now was born in York on March 15th,1813,the oldest of nine children.YorkLondon His father worked as a laborer.While poor,his parents were determined to give their children whatever educational opportunities they could afford.He was educated at a private school in his native city until the age of fou
12、rteen,when he was apprenticed(当学徒当学徒)to William Hardcastle,a surgeon(外科医生外科医生)living at Newcastle-on-Tyne.After serving for a short time as a surgeon and unqualified assistant during the cholera epidemic of 1831-1982,he became in October 1836 a student at the Hunterian School of medicine in Great Wi
13、ndmill Street,London.He began to attend the medical practice at the Westminster Hospital in the following October.1836 37383940184541424344He graduated M.D.of the University of London on 20 Dec.1844,and in 1850 he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians.He designed a chloroform
14、inhaler(氯仿吸入器氯仿吸入器),described in his book,On Chloroform and other Anesthetics,published in 1858.Dr.Snow was also a prominent anesthesiologist(麻醉师麻醉师).2 Read the passage again and answer these questions.1 John Snow believed Idea 2 was right.How did he finally prove it?2 Do you think John Snow would h
15、ave solved this problem without the map?Give a reason.3 Cholera was a 19th century disease.What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?1 John Snow believed Idea 2 was right.How did he finally prove it?John Snow finally proved his ideas because he found an outbreak that was clearly related
16、to cholera,collected information and was to tie cases outsidethe area to the polluted water.2 Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?Give a reason.No.The map helped John Snow organizehis ideas.He was able to identity those households that had many deaths and check thei
17、r water-drinking habits.He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits.The evidence clearly pointed tothe polluted water being the cause.3 Cholera was a 19th century disease.What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?Three diseases,which are similar t
18、oday,are SARS,AIDS and bird flu,because they are serious,have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them.What is Cholera?Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae.It infects peoples intestines(肠肠),causing diarrhea(腹泻腹泻),vomiting and leg cramps.The most commo
19、n cause of cholera is by someone eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with the bacteria.After a disaster,this is a very real danger,since regular,clean water and food supplies are often unavailable.The disease can be spread even further by infected people using already dirty wate
20、r sources to clean themselves or dispose of waste.Cholera can be mild or even without symptoms,a severe case can lead to death without immediate treatment.The diarrhea and vomiting brought on by the infection quickly leave the body without enough fluid.The following dehydration(脱水脱水)and shock can ki
21、ll a person within hours.Great BritainGermanyDeath of first cholera case in London during the 1848-49 epidemic LondonPrevious cholera epidemic in Great Britain in 1831-32The spread of cholera“I found that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the pump.”deathSnow on cholera
22、Snow suspected contamination of pump water.small,white,flocculent particlesWhat should you do if youre travelling to a country that has a cholera outbreak?Drink only water that you have boiled or treated with chlorine or iodine.Other safe drinks include tea or coffee made with boiled water and carbo
23、nated,bottled beverages with no ice.Eat only food thats been thoroughly cooked and is still hot,or fruit that youve peeled yourself.Avoid undercooked or raw fish and shellfish.Avoid raw salads and vegetables.Avoid food and drinks from street vendors.Boil it,cook it,peel it,or forget it.TIPS3 Using t
24、he stages for scientific research and Exercise 1,write a short summary of the reading passage.John Snow wanted to find the cause of cholera.He believed that people became ill after eating infected food.He used the next outbreak of cholera to test his idea.He studied a small area of houses which got
25、their water from the same pump.Many people in the area died.John Snow showed that this was because the water in the pump was infected.He showed that cholera could be defeated if people drank clean water.1 attend v.(1)to take care;give attention 注意；留意注意；留意 如如:Well attend to the solution of that probl
26、em later.Language points(2)to take good care of(a sick person,for example)照看；照料照看；照料 如如:The doctor attended the patients.医生照看病人。医生照看病人。(3)to be present at 出席出席;到场到场 如如:attend school 上学上学 attend a lecture 听讲座听讲座 attend church 去教堂去教堂 attend(at)a wedding 出席婚礼出席婚礼2 exposed adj.暴露的；暴露的；暴露于风雨暴露于风雨 中的；无掩蔽的
27、中的；无掩蔽的expose to 使易受使易受;使受使受 expose sth to the light of day把某事暴露于光天化日之下把某事暴露于光天化日之下expose a fraud 揭穿骗局揭穿骗局exposedness n.暴露；显露暴露；显露3 absorb v.(1)吸收（液体）；承受；吸收（液体）；承受；承担承担我们不能承担这些费用。我们不能承担这些费用。Well not absorb these charges.(2)使专心；使全神贯注使专心；使全神贯注作家全神贯注地进行写作，忘了弹去雪作家全神贯注地进行写作，忘了弹去雪茄烟的烟灰茄烟的烟灰.The writer was
28、 so absorbed in his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar.absorbinto 吸收吸收e.g.The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies intoits own organization.这家大公司逐渐将这些小的公司吞并了。这家大公司逐渐将这些小的公司吞并了。v.(1)unsparing or harsh,as in treatment of others;strict 严厉的；严格的严厉的；严格的The severe
29、trainer has gone abroad.You can breathe freely again.4 severe要求苛严的教官已经出国。要求苛严的教官已经出国。你可以完全放心。你可以完全放心。(2)causing sharp discomfort or distress;extremely violent or intense;very serious.剧痛的剧痛的;剧烈的剧烈的;严重的严重的;难熬的难熬的She received severe head injuries in the accident.她在事故中头部受了重伤。她在事故中头部受了重伤。We were ready to
30、 take the blame for what had happened.5 blamev.责备责备;谴责谴责The driver was not to blame for theaccident.这次事故怪不着司机。这次事故怪不着司机。n.过失过失;责备责备我们准备对所发生的事承担责任。我们准备对所发生的事承担责任。Fingerprints linked the suspect to the crime.指纹证实了嫌疑犯的犯罪事实。指纹证实了嫌疑犯的犯罪事实。6 linked to 把把与与连接连接;联系联系 be linked to 连接连接The two towns are linke
31、d by a railway.7 announce v.to make known publicly 宣布宣布;通告通告The captain announced that the plane was going to land.机长宣布飞机就要着陆了。机长宣布飞机就要着陆了。Everyone was silent as he announced the winner of the competition.当他宣布竞赛的优胜者时当他宣布竞赛的优胜者时,大家都静静地大家都静静地倾听。倾听。S subject 主语主语P predicate 谓语谓语O object 宾语宾语Att attribu
32、te 定语定语Adv adverbial 状语状语Com complement 补语补语Pre predicative 表语表语C clause 从句从句Short Forms 缩略语缩略语So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.Difficult sentence analysisS.Adv.C每当霍乱爆发时每当霍乱爆发时,成千上万生活在恐怖成千上万生活在恐怖中的居民都会死亡。中的居民都会死亡。V.every time 在这里是连词在这里是连词,引导时间状引导时间状语从句语从句,意为意为“每次每次;每当每当”e.g.Every time I meet him,I always think of the things that happened between us.每次见到他每次见到他,我就想起发生在我们之间我就想起发生在我们之间的事情。的事情。Choose one of the paragraphsof the passage.Read it aloud fluently to show that you understand it very well.Homework
