1、 短文写作部分文体绝大部分为议论文，一般采用三段式的结构，第一段为论点，第二段为论据，第三段为结论。最高要求为文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，论据充分，论证严密，基本无语言错误。要想写好一篇文章，应该注意一下写作步骤：第1页/共122页 1.审题：作文评分的第一个要求就是内容切题，因此审题特别关键。专业四级作文都是命题作文，而且多有中文提示或提纲，所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求，理解题目的真正意图，然后确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑，整理自己的思路，对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。尤其对要讨论的问题，该问题涉及的内容，所需的事实、例证、阐述、说明和总结等，在头脑中形成一个整体的构思。第2
2、页/共122页 2.组织段落：构思好之后，根据构思的提纲，运用选好的材料，恰当地运用连词，合理安排段落，使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成，主题句确定下来，接着就是通过一系列的扩展句，来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等，考试时应灵活运用。第3页/共122页 3.修改：也就是说要删除与主题不相干的内容，检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写；字母大小写和标点符号；数的一致性（包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性）；指代关系（包括
3、指代的一致性和代词的选用）；动词形式（时态、语态、语气）等方面。第4页/共122页 关于考试过程中短文写作的时间分配问题。我们知道，短文写作的时间为35分钟,要力争写完写好,这就要求考生做到有条不紊，忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。建议按照如下的方案分配时间:审题12分钟；组织素材,细节和关键词:45分钟；起草:2025分钟；修改定稿（检查润色）:45分钟。第5页/共122页 因为是三段式作文，写作的时候一定注意第一段提出的论点要简洁明了，开门见山；第二段的论据要能充分说明论点，论证条理清楚；第三段的结论要水到渠成，切忌草率，严谨完整的结尾是取得高分的保证。便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确，交
4、待清楚，比如请柬、贺信、道歉函等，要注意称呼、正文、签名等的格式，一定要把相关的时间、地点、原因及主要事件内容交待清楚。第6页/共122页 专四作文评分标准 14-15分内容切题,完整,条理清楚,文章结构严谨,语法正确,语言通顺恰当,句式 用词富有变化,有闪光点基本无语言错误.11-13分 内容切题,完整,条理清楚,文章结构严谨,语法正确,语言通顺恰当,少量语法错误8-10分 内容基本切题,完整,条理基本清楚,文章结构基本严谨,语法基本正确,语言基本通顺恰当.少量严重错误,一些词使用不当.5-7分 内容基本切题,完整,条理不够清楚,教明显的母语痕迹.较多语言错误,许多词使用不当.2-4分 内容
5、偏题,不完整,思路混乱,语句不完整,只有少数句子可以理解,词汇拼写错误严重.第7页/共122页 争取高分要注意的事项：(1)文章内容切题、丰富、文章通顺，表达清楚。(2)行文流畅。(3)组织严密，逻辑性强。(4)句型多样化，句法结构正确。(5)用词得体、恰当、丰富。(6)语法正确。(7)拼写及标点正确，书写美观。第8页/共122页 作文的排版应该不多于卷面的23，不少于13。换句话说，就是要留有余地，不要将卷面写得密密麻麻。字体不要过大或过小，字间距保持均匀，字迹要工整。段落方面，格式要整齐划一，段首或一律顶格或一律空四个字母的位置。这些都有易于考生先发制人，取得先机。第9页/共122页专四大
6、作文题型及解题策略 一、问题解决型 1定义：问题解决型作文就是针对命题提出的问题或论题，列举所能够解决的方法、途径，并对这些方法或途径提出自己的挑选观点，然后结合自己的认识和体会，再做出评价或结论。第10页/共122页 2写作步骤：第一步：提出论题。针对命题要求，提出论题，阐述其重要性。第二步：列举方法。列举出解决问题的几种方法或途径。第三步：做出评价或选择。根据列出的方法或途径，结合自身体会，做出评价或选择。第11页/共122页3Title:How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic I.Outline A.Importance of solving
7、the problem of heavy traffic B.Ways to solve the problem of heavy traffic C.My suggestion第12页/共122页II.Sample With population rapidly increasing,heavy traffic has become a big headache for many cities.For this very reason,many government officials and experts have thought up some solutions,among whic
8、h two draw much attention over the country.第13页/共122页 Some people suggested that more and wider roads should be laid down.It is evident that it can relieve the traffic congestion in the streets,thus accelerating（加速）the flow of buses and cars.And meanwhile,the fast and smooth flow of traffic reduces
9、the air pollution caused by engine-idling.But the disadvantages of this solution lies in the fact that too much land could be used for farming or housing will inevitably be occupied by more and more roads.第14页/共122页 Therefore,others hold that the number of public bus routes should be raised so that
10、more people can be transported and fewer people will have to travel in their own cars or ride bikes.Less use of bicycles and private cars will make the roads less crowded.Unfortunately,there is also a drawback in this solution:it will bring inconvenience to those who live or work far away from bus s
11、top.第15页/共122页 As neither of the two solutions is effective enough to solve the problem of traffic in cities,I favor a combination of the two.While building more roads in places where land is less useful,we should increase the number of public bus lines.Only in this way can we be more effectively to
12、 solve the problem of heavy traffic.(247words)第16页/共122页 范文点评：本文严格按照问题解决型作文成文。作者首先提出交通问题是一个世界性问题，接着就列举了两个解决的方法，并就其优缺点做了阐述，最后作者提出了自己的观点-综合两者的优点。本文内容切题，每个段落都围绕文章的主题展开，层次清楚，结构严谨；文字连贯，句式多变，是一篇得分较高的文章。第17页/共122页问题解决型作文模版 问题解决型模版按照开头、正文和结尾三个部分呈现。Part One:The Model of Beginning Paragraph 1.-has become a ho
13、t topic among people,especially among the young,and heated debates are right on their way.2.Recently,-has become the focus of the society.And in this way,people swarm to-.3.-has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.It has brought us a lot of benefits but created some se
14、rious problems as well.第18页/共122页 4.Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the of-.5.-is now-,and at the same time-.These two factors have caused-.Then what shall we do to solve-in the face of such a situation?第19页/共122页 Part Two:The Model of Body Paragraph 1.A great number of so
15、lutions are being offered.Some people suggest that-.Others argue that-.2.There are several measures for us to adopt.First,we can-,there are a number of advantages of-.Another solution is to-.3.Why-?The first reason is that-.The second reason is-.The third is-.第20页/共122页 4.The eventual result it brin
16、gs out is-.And perhaps the most obvious result of-is-.5.-is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction.First,-.Whats more,-.Most important of all,-.第21页/共122页 Part Three:The Model of Concluding Paragraph 1.Personally,I believe that-.Consequently,I am confident that a bright
17、 future is awaiting us because-.2.With the development of society,-.So it is urgent and necessary to-.If every member is willing to contribute himself to society,it will be better and better.第22页/共122页 3.But for me,I would rather think of the matter in an optimistic way，because I believe-.4.My own p
18、oint of view is that-is a normal behavior in our society.There is no doubt that-.AS an old saying goes,-.5.From all the reasons above,we know that great changes had taken place in-.And I believe that-.第23页/共122页Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:One Way to Fight against Gl
19、obal Epidemics You are to write in three parts.In the first part,state what your suggested way is.In the second part,state one or two reasons for your suggestion.In the last part,bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.Marks will be awarded for content,organization,grammar and appropriat
20、eness.Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.第24页/共122页 One Way to Fight against Global Epidemics Nowadays,new infectious diseases are emerging and spreading faster than ever.Global epidemics have become a serious threat to human health and lives.Worldwide discussions about
21、 how to fight against them are ongoing actively.In my opinion,one effective way is to take concrete monitoring and quarantine kwrn,tin（检疫，隔离）measures.第25页/共122页 For one thing,new diseases are emerging at the historically unprecedented rate.Vulnerability is universal.Governments worldwide must keep w
22、atch for new threats like the emergence of SARS,new types of bird flu and Mexican swine flu.第26页/共122页 For another,due to the global boom in air travel,it makes it possible for even just one individual traveling between countries,carrying an infectious disease,to be a threat to others and to cause a
23、n alarm or a potential crisis in another country.The WHO also warned that an outbreak of an epidemic in one part of the world now is only a few hours away from becoming an imminent threat somewhere else.第27页/共122页 Infectious diseases are now spreading geographically much faster than at any time in h
24、istory.Thus government health authorities around the world should improve their monitoring of infectious diseases,report outbreaks as soon as they happen and carry out quarantine measures strictly.第28页/共122页 Only by effective monitoring and quarantine measures can we fight against the increasingly s
25、erious threat of global epidemics.Dont wait till winter.Now is the time to prevent the worse from happening.第29页/共122页 Practice：1The Heavy Burden of College Students 2The Lack of Responsibility of Young People in China 3How to Solve the Problem of High Tuition of higher education in China第30页/共122页
26、二、阐述观点型 1定义；阐述观点型就是指，对某一个事物、事件或问题的重要性、必要性和正确性、优越性或危害性以及错误性进行的阐述和论证。也就是通过摆事实、讲道理的方式，来说服读者信服某个观点。这是一种议论文，也可以称为立论文。例如，Benefits of（Sports）；Advantages of（City Life）；Importance of（Education）第31页/共122页 2写作步骤：第一步：提出论点。针对命题，对命题所涉及的问题或现状进行阐述，然后，提出自己的论点。第二步：论证论点。通过举例、使用事实、数据等方式来论证提出的论点是正确的。第三步：提出建议或方法。在论证的基础上，
27、重申自己的观点，提出自己的建议或方法来解决问题。第32页/共122页3Title:The Problem of Migrant Workers Every day,millions of workers from the countryside are seen to flow,by every means of transportation,into big cities.Then they will settle down and work for years there.Although they have made noticeable contributions to the urb
28、an expansion,the problems they bring about are not to be ignored.第33页/共122页 What arouses a series of complaints on the part of city residents is centered round the following problems.Violent competition stands out for job opportunity.Struggling for the already-scarce positions,thousands of the migra
29、nts put great pressure on the government as well as on city dwellers.Besides,they are also responsible for the increase in crime rates.第34页/共122页 Aside from those who are hardworking,some are tempted to steal and rob because of overpopulation against insufficient job openings.Whats more,the problem
30、of sanitation is worth mentioning.Since they move into cities without any physical examinations,the spread of some infectious diseases is likely to occur.第35页/共122页 To make the powerful force of migrants exert its part to the full,city governments must pass a law that will get rural workers register
31、ed with a special organization,helping them obtain a job and instructing their life.And some medical teams need to be sent around to make sure that every worker is in good condition and cared for by our governments.(218words)第36页/共122页 范文点评 本文按照阐述个人观点型作文成文。文章开篇就提出农民工问题，虽然他们有利于城市的建设和发展，但是也带来各种不可忽视的问题
32、。在此作者提出自己鲜明的观点。接着就列举了农民工入城所带来的问题，如，造成就业紧张、给政府和城市居民带来压力、犯罪率提高问题以及疾病传染问题。针对这些问题，作者提出两点建议，从法律和医疗方面解决农民工引发的问题。本文层次清楚，逻辑性强。文字连贯，句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。第37页/共122页4阐述观点型作文模版 Model One:引言:There is no consensus of(opinions/disagreements)among people as to the view of-.Some people suggest that-,while some other peop
33、le argue that-.I agree with the latter to some extent.提出自己的论点:I think-.提供论据,证明自己的观点:I can think of no better illustration of the(view/idea)than my own(experience/example)of-.First,-Second,-.Finally,-.结论:My personal experience leads me to conclude that-.第38页/共122页 Model Two:引言:In the past few years,t
34、here has been a growing trend that-.People have conflicting views of this fact.Some people support and others worry.提出自己的论点As for me,(what I think is),-is(beneficial to us in many ways./useful in many ways.)提供论据,证明自己的观点:Firstly,-.Secondly,-.The last point,-.结论:Therefore,we have no reason to make a f
35、uss about-.第39页/共122页 Model Three:引言:For the first time in history,-was officially adopted(across the country/all over the world).It has found an immediate welcome and much popularity ever since.提出自己的论点:Indeed,there are many obvious advantages to-.提供论据,证明自己的观点:First,-.Second，-.Third,-.结论:-benefits m
36、ore than individually and economically,and with the passage of time,it will show more profound significance.第40页/共122页 Model Four:引言:In recent years there has been a big growth in the area of-.提出自己的论点:-is popular that it has become an indispensable part in our life.提供论据,证明自己的观点:-contribute both to-a
37、nd to-.Besides,-offers-.And most importantly,-help to promote-.结论:-plays a vital role in peoples life,and it deserves further attention from(the government/authorities).第41页/共122页 Model Five:引言:Ever since early this century.提出自己的论点:-has become an essential part of our modern life.It has played a dec
38、isive role in modern(industry/agriculture/science and technology/natural defense and education).Nobody can deny that the development of our civilization depends on-.提供论据,证明自己的观点:If there were no-,our modern world would be in trouble.For one thing,-.For another,-.结论:Therefore,we should make better us
39、e of-.We should-.第42页/共122页 Practice：1The marriage of college students 2The problem of childrens addiction to computer games 3.The declining rate of college students enrollment 4.On college students learning Chinese classics第43页/共122页 三、观点评论型 1定义：观点评论型就是，自己对某个问题的“评论或观点”。在写这类短文时，考生要针对命题提出要阐述的问题，再从各个方
40、面对这个问题提出考生自己的观点和见解，并要着重阐述赞成或是反对这个观点的理由。第44页/共122页 2写作步骤：第一步：提出问题。针对命题，首先要提出命题所涉及的论题，并且按照命题要求，适当对命题给予讨论和评述。第二步：提出自己的观点，表明自己的态度。根据命题的另一个角度的要求提出自己或他人 的观点和态度。第三步：做出结论。综合前面两步的看法和理由，提出问题解决的方法或实现的途径。第45页/共122页3Title:On Making Friends As a human being,one can hardly do without a friend.We need friends to sh
41、are our joy and sorrow;we consult with friends if there are problems we can not handle alone;we go to friends for help when we are in trouble;and we sometimes confide to our friends what secrets we are reluctant to reveal to our family.In a sense,friends are often more important to us than relatives
42、.第46页/共122页 But not all who are friendly to each other can be called true friends in the social gatherings.True friendship consists in sincerity,mutual trust,and self-sacrifice,both in times of hardship and at the moments of crisis.A true friend does not just tell us what we want to hear but will do
43、 what he thinks is best for us in the long run.第47页/共122页 When I choose friends,I do not care what work they do or what social background they are from,but I do notice those little things which reveal ones characters.I would make sure that we really care for each other,so that no matter how much tim
44、e goes by without our seeing each other,I know my friends will always be there,ready to help if I need them.And I know we are true friends indeed.(218words)第48页/共122页 范文点评：本文第一段论证对朋友的需要。强调朋友在个方面的重要性，在某种意义上，超过了亲属。接着作者把文章的中心提高到一个新的境界，论证什么是真正的朋友。最后，作者提出了自己关于朋友的观点和界定。第49页/共122页4观点评论型作文模版 Part One Model
45、of Beginning Paragraph 1.One of the great writers once said that-.Now it still has a realistic significance.2.There is an old saying goes that-.Its the experience of our forefather;however,it is correct in many cases even today.第50页/共122页 3.One of our ancient philosophers said,-.Chinese people have
46、always been holding this idea to be one of their standards of morality.4.The English proverb says,-.This is quite true because-.5.In our history,the idea that-never has been so popular.On one hand,-,on the other hand,-.第51页/共122页 Part Two:The Model of the Body Paragraph 1.From a personal perspective
47、,I also prefer to-because-.2.The advantages of-are much greater than those of-.For instance,-.3.However,if not managed properly,-can create many problems.Sometimes-.Furthermore,-.Therefore,-has been gaining public.第52页/共122页 4.What is more,the essence of-is that-,although we cannot,most of us-.5.To
48、make a moral point,I feel that another reason why I prefer-is that-.第53页/共122页 Part Three:The Model of Concluding Paragraph 1.As regards me,I tend to pick-,for-.What is more,-.2.For me,-is a glory and it is the most important thing I have take into feasible consideration.3.If I were given a choice b
49、etween-and-,I would certainly prefer-.For me,-.4.My point of view in-largely results from the fact that-.第54页/共122页 Practice；1.My idea of beauty 2.Good social relationship is more important than academic studies 3.Success has nothing to do with luck第55页/共122页 四、问题分析型 1定义：问题分析型作文就是，命题内容是关于社会现象或社会问题的，
50、要求作者分析该问题产生的原因或造成的后果，这类作文属于说明文体。作文通常要求考生使用“因果法”或“比较法”的写作技巧来成文。第56页/共122页 2写作步骤 第一步：提出问题或现象。针对命题，概括性地提所要论述的社会问题和现象的主要特点。第二步：找出、分析问题的原因或后果。说明问题产生的原因是什么，并且要分析说明原因造成的后果是什么。第三步：提出建议或解决问题的方法，或对目前无法解决的问题提出展望。第57页/共122页3Title:Juvenile Delinquency Today,the problem of juvenile delinquency has become serious
