1、The physiology of female reproductive system1.女性性发育(Stage of female sexual development)2.卵巢功能(Ovarian function)3.性激素的结构与功能(The structure and function of steroid hormone)女性性发育 新生儿期(Neonatal period)儿童期(Childhood)青春期(Puberty,adolescence)性成熟期(Sexual maturity)围绝经期(Peri-menopause)老年期(Senility)Stage of fem
2、ale sexual development Neonatal period:4 weeks after birth,vaginal spotting Childhood:4 weeksmenarche(10 year-old or so),limited ovarian function Puberty(adolescence):menarcheregular menstruation(18 year-old or so),GnRH increaseStage of female sexual development Sexual maturity:18menopause(51 year-o
3、ld or so),regular menstruation and capacity of pregnancy Peri-menopause(climateric period):4060 year-old,premenopause,menopause,postmenopause(5 years),HT(hormone therapy)Senility:60 卵巢功能(Ovarian function)卵子的发育(Embryology)卵泡的发育(Development-follicle)性激素的合成(Steroid hormone biosynthesis)Ovarian function
4、 卵子的发育(Embryology):1.孕5周开始,生殖脊(gonadal ridges),卵圆细胞(oogonium),有丝分裂(mitosis),到孕6周约有60万个oogonium 2.孕11到12周,部分oogonium开始减数分裂(meiotic division),并停留在双线期(Diplotene phase),称为初级卵母细胞(primary oocyte),前颗粒细胞围绕primary oocyte形成始基卵泡(primordial follicle)3.孕16-20周,生殖细胞数目达到高峰,共形成600-700万个生殖细胞,其中1/3为oogonuim,2/3为prima
5、ry oocytes 4.之后,卵泡不断闭锁,到出生时仅剩下200万个 5.儿童期进一步闭锁,到青春期仅剩下约30万个 6.生育期,每个月发育一批卵泡(3-11个),一般仅有1个优势卵泡可完全成熟,排出卵子,女性一生中一般仅有400-500个卵子排出 7.排卵(ovulation)前的LH峰刺激完成第一次减数分裂,形成次级卵母细胞(secondary oocyte),受精时(fertilization)完成第二次减数分裂,形成成熟卵子(mature oocyte)Ovarian function 卵泡的发育(卵泡的发育(Development-follicle):1.始基卵泡(primordi
6、al follicles)2.窦前卵泡(preantral follicles):初级卵泡(primary follicles),单层成熟颗粒细胞,次级卵泡(secondary follicles),多层成熟颗粒细胞 3.窦状卵泡(antral follicles):出现卵泡腔,从外向内的结构包括,卵泡外膜(theca externa)、卵泡内膜(theca interna)、基底膜(basement membrance)、颗粒细胞(granulosa cells)、卵泡腔(antrum)、放射冠(cumulus oophorus)、透明带(zona pellucida)、卵子(ooccyte
7、)4.优势卵泡(dominant follicle)和闭锁卵泡(atretic follicles):5.排卵前卵泡(preovulatory follicle):排卵(ovulation):6.黄体(corpus luteum)与白体(corpus albicans):Ovarian function 性激素的合成(Steroid hormone biosynthesis):Steroidogenesis(estradiol,progesterone,testosterone)Two-cell system:卵泡膜细胞合成雄烯二酮和睾酮,进一步在颗粒细胞的芳香化酶(aromatase)作用下
8、合成雌激素性激素合成的周期性Cyclic change of steroid hormonesHPO axis:add-back effect of steroid hormones:1.FSH的始动作用,颗粒细胞发育,E合成不断增加,虽然有负反馈抑制FSH的作用,但是,颗粒细胞的FSH受体在E作用下不断增加,使得E合成不断增加,到20pg/ml以上时,正反馈刺激LH峰,排卵2.排卵后,各种激素下降,颗粒、泡膜细胞在少量LH、FSH作用下形成黄体,合成P、E增加,负反馈抑制LH、FSH,黄体萎缩,P、E合成减少,月经3.E、P减少,负反馈作用减少,FSH开始分泌增加,开始下一个周期性激素的作用
9、 子宫内膜的周期性改变月经周期(Cyclic change of endometriummenstruation)月经周期的临床表现(Clinical presentation of menstruation)性激素的其他作用(Other action of steroid hormones)Steroid hormoneCyclic change of endometriummenstruation:增殖期(proliferative phase):月经周期的第5-14天,mitoses,ciliated or microvillous cells,0.5-5 mm,分泌期(secretor
10、y phase):月经周期的第15-28天,sub-and supranuclear glycogen vacuoles,stroma edema,spiral vessel densely coiled,10 mm,月经期(menses):月经周期的第1-4天,vasculature,Lysosome,PGsSteroid hormoneClinical presentation of menstruation:menarche(10-18 year-old),5-7 years of increasing regularity,in the 40s irregular again,mens
11、truation cycle interval(24-35 days),duration of menstruation(2-8 days),amount of menses(30-80 ml)Steroid hormoneOther action of steroid hormones:uterine myomium,cervix,vagina,fallopian tube,breast,metabolism(fluidelectroniccholesterolbone),temprature,hair 性激素作用的分子机制 性激素受体的结构(Molecular structure of s
12、teroid hormone receptor)性激素作用的分子机制(Molecular mechanism of action for steroid hormones)Steroid hormone Molecular structure of steroid hormone receptor:Steroid hormoneMolecular mechanism of action for steroid hormones:Menstruation problem 经前期综合症(Premenstrual syndrome)痛经(Dysmenorrhea)功血(Dysfunctional uterine bleeding)闭经(Amenorrhea)围绝经期综合症(Perimenopausal syndrome):HRT or HT 多囊卵巢综合症(PCO)高泌乳素血症(hyperprolactinemia)不孕(Infertility):ART