1、Introduction of a summaryWriting a summaryProcedures of summary writingWriting skills What is a Summary?A summary is a shortened version,in your ownwords,of something you have read.It reproduces the theme of the original with asfew wordsas possible.一个总结是用你自己的话概括压缩你读的东西。是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。A summary doe
2、s not include your own opinions aboutwhat you read.All one has to do is to give a brief account of the authorsexact meaning.?一个总结不包括你自己对你所读的东西的看法。?它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。Features of a summary?Brevity 简洁?Objectivity 客观?Completeness 全面Procedures of summary writing 1.Reading2.Writing3.Revision?认真阅读给定的原文材料，一遍
3、不能理解就多读两遍，使理解更深刻；?找出每一个主要段落的主题句。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾；?遵循原文的逻辑顺序，简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、例证等你认为对概括缩写重要的东西；?尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句；?摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意；?草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改。首先,看摘要中的重要观点有没有遗漏，是否与原文中的完全一致.其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的细节,删除它们，看是否符合规定的词数要求。第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误，最后,保持语言简单明了。Example：As far back as I
4、can remember,the large pickle jar saton the floor beside the dresser in my parents bedroom.WhenDadgotreadyforbed,hewould1)_ and toss his coins into the jar.Whenthe jar was full,the coins were 2)_ in asmall cardboard box and taken to the bank.The moneywere for 3)_.The years passed,and Ifinished colle
5、ge and took a job in another town.empty his pocketsstacked neatlymy college fundOnce,while visiting my parents,I found the pickle jar wasgone.4)_ in my throat,because thepicklejarhadtaughtmethevaluesof5)_.The firstChristmas after my daughter Jessica was born,I returnedwith my family.6)_,on the floor
6、beside the dresser stood the old pickle jar again.Irealizedmyfatherwassavingfor7)_.The jar shows 8)_ of family values for a new generation.determination,perseverance and faithA lump rose To my amazementmy daughters educationa continuityWriting skills缩写时可以采用下列几种小技巧技巧：?1.删除细节，只保留主要观点。?2.选择一至两个例子。原文中可能
7、包括 5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。?3.把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。Writing skills?4.压缩长的句子。例如：?“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbe calledlion-like.”可以概括为：”He wasbraveinbattle.”?“He washardupfor moneyandwasbeingpressedby his creditor.”可以概括为：“He has Moneyproblems.”Writing skill
8、s5.你可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：?“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai,Lushan Mountain,and Mount Huang,were visited by only a few people inthe past.Today,better wages,holidays with pay,newhotels on these mountains,and better train and busservices,have brought them within reach of many whonever thought of v
9、isiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为：?Mountainslike Mount Tai,once visited by a fewpeople,but todayby many,due to better wages,paidholidays,andbetter services.”Writing skills?6.使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：?“She broughthomeseveral Chinese andEnglishnovels,a few copies of Time and Newsweek andsome textbooks.She in
10、tendedto read all of themduringthe wintervacation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read invacation.”Writing skills?“She broughthomeseveral ChineseandEnglishnovels,a few copies of TimeandNewsweekandsome textbooks.She intended to read all ofthemduringthe wintervacation.”?可以概括为：?”She brought
11、home a lot of books to read invacation.”Writing skills?7.使用最短的连接词。比 如，可 以 使 用but,then,thus,yet,though，不能使用at the same time,in thefirst place,on the other hand等较长的连接词。?8.文章中的第一人称说的话通常在缩写中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：A Diaryof a FresherThe writer describesthe first fewdaysofuniversitylife in the diary witha
12、casual,informalstyle full ofhumor andexaggeration.As afresher,the writerhas many problems:feelinglonely and lost,not having a goodappetite forthefoodin thedining hall,feelingnot asintelligent andknowledgeableas others;notknowing how to take notes and how to washclothes.Besides,her dormitorylooks ver
13、y small.The tutor seems unfriendlyand uncaring.Thelibraryrulesare too strict.Example：The writertries to solve the problems:joiningmany clubs and societies to make more friends,talking to Mum on the phoneto getsomecomfort and advice.该篇文章：第一人称 说的话在缩写中转换成 第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化。总结摘要写作是一种控制性的作文形式，读者吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。另外，能够培养读者抓住文章重点，在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。
