1、Lesson 80The cristal palace 水晶宫与世博会于1851年同时诞生，水晶宫是英国伦敦一个以钢铁为骨架、玻璃为主要建材的建筑，是十九世纪的英国建筑奇观之一。“水晶宫”建成于1851年，最初位于伦敦市中心的海德公园内，是万国工业博览会场地。1854年被迁到伦敦南部，在1936年的一场大火中被付之一炬。英国前首相丘吉尔曾表示它的烧毁是“一个时代的终结”。2013年10月5日，中融集团董事长倪召兴表示，计划斥资5亿英镑（约49.46亿人民币），在原址重建这一地标性建筑，曾辉煌一时的“水晶宫”可能会再次矗立在伦敦南部。1 为避免破坏公园树木，最终采纳了皇家园艺师约瑟夫帕克斯顿的“
2、水晶宫”设计方案，创造性地将花房式框架玻璃结构运用到建筑设计之中，使树木罩在屋顶下得以保护。结果这座原本为展品提供展示的场馆，成为第一届世博会上最成功的展品。2 英国人J内史密斯是位多产的发明家，曾经研制过小蒸汽机车，并且发明了被称之为“内史密斯钢臂”的挫床。尽管他的名气已经不小了，但真正令他在世界上一举成名的是他1841年发明的蒸汽锤。人们早就在寻找一种能够锻打大块工件的工具，因为随着工业的发展，早先靠人力锻打加工零件，已不能满足社会需求。诸如火车、轮船上的许多部件、靠人力简直不能动它分毫，再有力气的铁匠，也只能望铁兴叹。所以人们迫切需要更有力量的臂膀和铁锤。蒸汽机的发明，为工匠们带来一线曙
3、光，机械师们开始考虑利用蒸汽机产生的巨大能量来实现梦想。1836年，法国巴黎的一位叫F卡韦的工厂厂主就已经制出了蒸汽锤，但还不是十分完善，直到1841年，内史密斯制造出了他的形如站立的“人”字的庞然大物。内史密斯年轻时就对蒸汽机十分着迷，19岁的时候，他就自制了一台小蒸汽机车，在爱丁堡的街上行驶了好几个月。他所发明的蒸汽锤已十分完善，锻打能力极强。1851年，他的蒸汽锤被送到世界博览会上参加展览，在汽笛声中，许多大铁块在蒸汽锤的锻打下如同艺人手中的橡皮泥一样，人们看到这一情景禁不住发出了阵阵惊叹。从此以后，内史密斯名扬天下。蒸汽锤的发明，对重锤冶金工业的发展产生了极其重要的作用。Vocabul
4、aryNoun.palaceexhibitionironmachinerydisplaysteamhammerprofitmuseumscollegeOthers.perhapsextraordinaryvarious Palace 宫殿 n.The Summer Palace颐和园Buckingham Palace白金汉宫 Perhaps the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth centurywas the Crystal Palace,19世纪最不寻常的建筑也许要数水晶宫了。The Queen of England lives i
5、n Buckingham bkimPalace.英国女王住在白金汉宫。This is a luxurious lgrispalace.这是一座豪华的宫殿。Palace 宫殿 n.Extraordinary (1)奇特的 What an extraordinary hat!2.非常的，非凡的 A girl of extraordinary beauty 3.临时的 The committee meets regularly on Fridays,but there will be an extraordinary meeting next Wednesday.委员会在每星期五碰头，但是下周三会有
6、一次临时会议 Ordinary adj.平常的，普通的，通常的 Extra adj.额外的，附加的 Extra+adj.描述事物性质或特征在程度上大大超过原词所描述的 Extra-thin extra-large extra-special extra-brightExhibition 1.展览 on exhibition在展出，在展览Some of the childrens paintings are now on exhibition at school.孩子们的一些画在学校展出2.展览会An international trade exhibition 国际贸易展出Get up off
7、 the floor and stop making such an exhibition of yourself.从地上爬起来，别再当众出丑了Exhibit/igzibit/1.n.（尤指博物馆里的）展品Dont touch the exhibits.A priceless exhibit一件极其贵重的陈列品2.v.展览（某类型物品）1.铁 Strike while the irons hot.趁热打铁 2.熨斗 3.坚忍不拔的毅力 An iron will坚强的意志 Have(several)irons in the fire同时进行数种不同的事情 A man of iron铁汉 a wo
8、man of iron铁女人Iron 铁 n.Various（1）adj.各种各样的 A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world.大 量的商品从世界各地运送到了博览会。For various reasons由于种种原因(2).许多Various people among those present thought theyd heard the aircraft.在场的人中许多人认为他们听到飞机的声音了Variously adv.Variety n.1.变化，多样性 She did
9、nt like the work,because it lacked 缺乏variety.他不喜欢这个工作，因为缺乏多样性 2.种种 Everyone arrived late at the party for a variety of reasons.每一个在聚会上迟到的人都有种种原因 Variety meat(美，委婉)（指牲畜的心，头，脑等部分）杂肉 Variety show综艺节目 variety store杂货铺（美）Machinery n.u机器（械）（集合称）Machine n.c 机器 A machine tool 机床，工作母机 Tool:an instrument for
10、doing work,such as a hammer or spade 用来干活的工具 Machine:man-made instrument or apparatus which uses power 人造的使用动力的机器Display 1)N.陈列，展示 Be on display 在展览 Eg.Many priceless photographs are on display 许多珍贵的照片在展出 2）n.(to show)陈列，展示，表露 To display ones true feelings 流露出真实的感情 Display ones wealth 炫耀财富Steam n.u
11、1)煮沸时所冒出的蒸汽，水汽 A steam engine 蒸汽机 Steam-boat 汽艇；汽船 Steamed-bread 馒头 Steam iron 蒸汽熨斗 2）（水冷却时所产生的）露，水汽 Eg.Steam formed on the inside of the kitchen windows 凝结在厨房窗户上的水汽 短语：Let off steam=Work off steam 消除心中的闷气 Eg.I was so angry,I worked off steam by taking a long walk 我很气愤，我走了好久的路来消除心中的闷气。Profit n.1)利润
12、Eg.Theres very little profit in selling land at present.现在卖地利润很薄。2）（正式）利益 Eg.They are only interested in a quick profit 他们急功近利 Profitless英prftls adj.无利益可言 Eg.It would be profitless to do such a foolish thing 干这种愚蠢的事情是毫无利益可言的 A clear profit 净利 A gross profit 毛利Qs to the textlWhere was the Crystal Pal
13、ace built and for what purpose?lWhat made the Crystal Palace different from all other buildings in the world?lHow many visitors came to the Great Exhibition?lWhat happened to the Crystal Palace later?1.Perhaps the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century was the Cristal Palace，which was
14、 built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851.Hyde Park:海德公园：伦敦中西部的一个大公园，以其中众多的自由演说者而闻名 句型分析:这是一个非限定性关系从句，修饰逗号前的 the Crystal Palace；这个从句如果去掉并不影响主句的意思。(2)be built for 为.而建，(3)Great Exhibition=Worlds fair 世界博览会 fair 可以指展览会 所以 a book fair 就是书展 2、The Crystal Palace was different from all other bu
15、ildings in the world,for it was made of iron and glass.Be different from不同于 Be made of用制造（指原材料没有发生化学上的变化）Be made from（制造出的成品跟原材料不同）Bread is made from wheat.Be made in+时间/地点It was one of the biggest buildings of all time and a lot of people from many countries came to see it.Of all time有史以来=in histor
16、y空前的4、A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world.、a great many:=a good many数目非常巨大、Various parts of the world世界不同国家 all parts of the world世界各地All over the world 遍布全世界5、There was also a great deal of machinery on display.The most wonderful piece of machinery on show
17、 was Nasmyths steam hammer.a great deal of+不可数 On display/on show:展出的；在句子中可以作状语、定语或表语等machinery：机器、机械装置的总称，是集合名词，要与单数动词搭配。某个具体的机器可用 machine或者 a piece of machinery来表示另外还有几个类似关于 on 的短语：on business 因公出差 on foot 步行 on duty 值班 on purpose 故意 on fire 着火 on the whole 总体来说 on any account 无论如何 on the average
18、平均 on second thoughts 经过进一步考虑 6、Though in those days,travelling was not as easy as it is today,steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe.句子结构，可以转换成：=In those days,travelling was not as easy as it is today,but steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel
19、 from Europe.though:引导状语从句，though是表示转折的连词，接近汉语中的虽然，不和but连用7、On arriving in England,they were taken to the Crystal Palace by train.on+v.ing:相当于一个时间状语，表示一.就.（前后主语必须保持一致）他们到英国，他们被送到 On hearing the news,we burst into cheers.一听到这个消息，我们欢呼起来 Taketo 送去 bringfrom 从哪儿带来 fetch去取，双向动作There were six million visi
20、tors in all,and the profits from the exhibition were used to build museums and colleges.In all 总共，总计 all in all 从各方面来考虑，从各方面来说 all or nothing（指行动）需要竭尽全力 at all根本，丝毫not at all根本不 ones all 自己所有的一切，生命Later,the Crystal Palace was moved to South London.Move fromto 搬迁，迁徙 They moved from Taian to Nanjing.W
21、ere going to move to a house in the suburbs.我们将搬去市郊的房子 Move 使（某人）感动，使动心 His performance of the piano concerto moved us greatly.他钢琴协奏曲的演奏深深感动着我们It remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was burnt down in 1963.Remain保持，仍旧是 He remained silent.他保持沉默 Burn sth.Down（将某物）焚为平地，烧得精光 T
22、he house burnt down in half an hour.半小时内房子烧的精光重点短语 Crystal Palace 水晶宫 Great Exhibition 世界博览会 of all time 空前的 a great many 许多 on display/on show 展出 get profit from 从中获利 burn down 烧掉 Summary The Crystal Palace,which was built for the Great Exhibition of 1851,was different from other buildings because
23、it was made of iron and glass.Goods from various parts of the world were on display as well as a great deal of machinery.So many visitors came by boat and train that it was possible to build colleges and museums from the profits.After the exhibition,the Crystal Palace was moved to South London,where
24、 it remained until it was burnt down in 1936.Key Structure the best&the worstl单音节词、一部分的双音节词：词尾加后缀er 或est 构成其比较级和最高级 longlongerlongestlatelaterlatestbigbiggerbiggesthappyhappierhappiestlthe most extraordinary building of the nineteenth centurylone of the biggest buildings of all timelthe most wonderf
25、ul piece of machinery on showlone of the most famous buildings in the world Key Structure the best&the worstKey Structure the best&the worstl多音节词、另一部分双音节词：在adj./adv.前加more或most构成beautifulmore beautifulmost beautifulinterestingmore interestingmost interestingdifficultmore difficultmost difficultoften
26、more oftenmost oftenKey Structure the best&the worstgoodbetterbestbadworseworstmanymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest形容词：是修饰名词（人或事物），表示名形容词：是修饰名词（人或事物），表示名 词的性质，特征或属性一种词类。词的性质，特征或属性一种词类。它在句中作定语、表语和宾语补足它在句中作定语、表语和宾语补足语。语。副词：用来修饰动词、形容词及其他副词副词：用来修饰动词、形容词及其他副词 的词叫副词。副词在句中多作状语的词叫副
27、词。副词在句中多作状语.一、形容词和副词的概念一、形容词和副词的概念形容词作定语一般放在被修饰形容词作定语一般放在被修饰 的的名词之前。名词之前。如如:a new book,two big trees 等等。二、形容词和副词的用法二、形容词和副词的用法形容词放在系动词形容词放在系动词be、look、get、keep、turn、feel、become、seem、grow、smell等等之后。之后。如如:1.I am short.2.She looks fine.3.They turn green.如果如果形容词形容词修饰不定代词修饰不定代词something,anything,everythin
28、g,nothing等时，等时，要放在不定要放在不定代词后面。代词后面。如如:something interesting nothing new副词放在所修饰的动词之后、形容词和副副词放在所修饰的动词之后、形容词和副 词之词之前前。如果前面是行为动词，则后面用副词。如果前面是行为动词，则后面用副词。如如:1.She works hard.（修饰动词）2.I am very busy.（修饰形容词）3.He runs too quickly.（修饰副词）4.We play happily.（修饰动词）通常在形容词后加通常在形容词后加-ly变成副词。变成副词。slow _ real _usual _
29、 careful_easy _ happy _heavy _ angry _slowlyusuallyeasilyheavilyreallycarefullyhappilyangrilybigbiggerLook at the pictures and Look at the pictures and understand understand 看图并理解Look at the pictures and Look at the pictures and understand understand 看图并理解bigbiggerbiggestfastLook at the pictures and
30、 Look at the pictures and understand understand 看图并理解fastfasterLook at the pictures and Look at the pictures and understand understand 看图并理解fastfasterfastestLook at the Look at the pictures pictures and understand and understand 看图并理解三、形容词和副词的级三、形容词和副词的级形容词和副词有三个等级：形容词和副词有三个等级：原级、比较级、最高级原级、比较级、最高级1.
31、原级：即形容词和副词的原形。原级：即形容词和副词的原形。small,good,pretty,big,many hard,happily,slowly,quickly 程度副词程度副词very,too,so,quite等修饰形容等修饰形容词和副词的原级。词和副词的原级。如：如：very tall、too hot、so cold quite interesting run quickly asas,(与与一样）一样）not as（so)as（与（与不一样）中间用原级。不一样）中间用原级。The story is as interesting as that one.The question is
32、not as/so difficult as that one.2.比较级：两个人或物之间的比较。比较级：两个人或物之间的比较。标志标志词：词：than(比）比）单音节词通常是单音节词通常是-er结尾；多音节或部分双音节词通常在之前加结尾；多音节或部分双音节词通常在之前加more.如如:smaller,better,taller,older,more,harder more interesting,more quickly3.最高级：三个或三个以上的人或物之间最高级：三个或三个以上的人或物之间 的比较。的比较。标志词：标志词：in+大范围大范围,of all,of+the+具体的数字具体的数字
33、 （两者以上用最高级）单音节词通常是单音节词通常是-est结尾；多音节或部分双音节词通常在之前加结尾；多音节或部分双音节词通常在之前加most.在形在形容词的最高级前必须加容词的最高级前必须加the;副词之前可以不加。如副词之前可以不加。如：smallest,tallest,newest,best most interesting,most difficultly 构 成 方 法原 级比 较 级最 高 级单音节词和少数多音节词一般在词尾加一般在词尾加-er/或或-est/ist/coldcoldercoldestfastfasterfastest以字母以字母e结尾的形容词，加结尾的形容词，加-
34、r或或-stnicenicernicestlargelargerlargest重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母；再加时，应先双写辅音字母；再加-es或或-estbigbiggerbiggesthothotterhottest以以“辅音字母辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节结尾的双音节词，先改词，先改“+y”结尾的双音节词，结尾的双音节词，先改先改“y”为为“i”,再加再加-er或或-esteasyeasiereasiestearlyearlierearliest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加在词前加more或或mosttiredmore tiredmost
35、tiredeasilymore easilymost easily 不规则变化，不规则变化，要多加注意哦！要多加注意哦！good bad many little well badly much far betterbestworseworstmoremostlessleastbetterbestfartherfarthestworseworstmoremostimportant _ _ easy_ _ wet_ _ happy_ _ careful _ _ thin _ _ good_ _ hot _ _ easily _ _ many_ _ nice _ _ big _ _heavy_ _d
36、elicious_ _much_ _给出下列词的比较级和最高级给出下列词的比较级和最高级 more importantmost importanteasiereasiestwetterwettesthappierhappiestmore carefulmost carefulthinnerthinnestbetterbesthotterhottestmore easilymost easilymoremostnicernicestbiggerbiggestheavierheaviestmore deliciousmost deliciousmoremostMore examples:1.Mar
37、y is cleverer than her little sister.2.The new building is higher than the old one.3.His shirt is more expensive than mine.4.Kate is more beautiful than Lily is.5.She is five years older than I am.6.He is 2 centimeters taller than her.7.This ruler is 20 centimeters longer than that one.比较级的用法：比较级的用法
38、：than1.汤姆比杰克高.2.这只箱子要比那只箱子大.3.那些苹果比这些大.4.第一个问题很容易第一个问题很容易,但第二个更容易但第二个更容易.Tom is taller than Jack.This box is bigger than that one.Those apples are bigger than these ones.The first question is very easy,but the second one is easier.形容词最高级的用法形容词最高级的用法(in;of)那个短发的女孩是我们班最高的那个短发的女孩是我们班最高的.今天是一年中最热的一天今天是一
39、年中最热的一天.他的房间是三个中最干净的一个他的房间是三个中最干净的一个.上海是中国最大的城市上海是中国最大的城市.The girl with red hair is the tallest in our class.Today is the hottest day of the year.His room is the cleanest of the three.Shanghai is the largest in China.(2)数量的比较数量的比较1.我的笔比你的多.2.我喝的茶比他多.3.他吃的饭比我少.4.一班的学生比二班多.I have more pens than you(do
40、).I drink more tea than he(does).He has less rice than I(do).There are more students in Class 1 than in Class 2.1.The new building is higher than the old one.Those apples are bigger than these ones.2.His shirt is more expensive than mine.如果主语是物主代词如果主语是物主代词+名词，那么后面要用名词，那么后面要用名词性物主代词。名词性物主代词。比较级必须在同类中
41、进行，即人与人比，比较级必须在同类中进行，即人与人比，物与物比，而且比较结构前后的词语要对称，物与物比，而且比较结构前后的词语要对称，特别注意在特别注意在than或或 as 之后不要漏掉可能出现之后不要漏掉可能出现的替代词的替代词 that,those,one,ones.5.The city is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.one of+the+最高级最高级+复数名词复数名词 Which/Who+比较级，比较级，A or B?Which/Who+最高级，最高级，A ，B or C?6.Who is older,Jim or To
42、m?Who is the tallest,Jim,Mike or Tom Which language is _,English,French or Chinese?A.difficult B.more difficult C.the most difficultC5.The city is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.one of+the+最高级最高级+复数名词复数名词 Which/Who+比较级，比较级，A or B?Which/Who+最高级，最高级，A ，B or C?6.Who is older,Jim or Tom?W
43、ho is the tallest,Jim,Mike or Tom Which language is _,English,French or Chinese?A.difficult B.more difficult C.the most difficultC7.Mary is the tallest of all the sisters in the family.在使用形容词最高级时，一定要把自己包括在使用形容词最高级时，一定要把自己包括 在比较的范围内。在比较的范围内。8.This is the third largest city in China.当表示当表示“第二，第三第二，第三”
44、等意思时，经常在最高等意思时，经常在最高级的前面加级的前面加second,third,等词。等词。9.Its our largest machine in our factory.当最高级前有物主代词修饰时，其前不加当最高级前有物主代词修饰时，其前不加定冠词定冠词the.双音节或多音节形容词和副词的比较级双音节或多音节形容词和副词的比较级 和最高级的特殊情况：和最高级的特殊情况：1、一般是在原级前加、一般是在原级前加more构成比较级，在原级前加构成比较级，在原级前加most构成最高级。构成最高级。beautiful more beautiful most beautiful interest
45、ing more interesting most interesting dangerous more dangerous most dangerous 2、某些单音节形容词，加、某些单音节形容词，加more,most 构成比较级和最高级。构成比较级和最高级。glad more glad most glad pleased more pleased most pleased tired more tired most tired often-more often-most often3、表示在两者之间相差的程度用表示在两者之间相差的程度用“具体数字具体数字+比较级比较级+than+比较对象比
46、较对象”。eg:The road is two metres longer than that one.这条公路比那条公路长两米。这条公路比那条公路长两米。This pencil is four inches shorter than that one.这只铅笔比那只铅笔短四英寸。这只铅笔比那只铅笔短四英寸。4、有些双音节和单音节形容词，既可以加、有些双音节和单音节形容词，既可以加er或或est构成比较级和最高级，也可以加构成比较级和最高级，也可以加more 和和most构成构成比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级。friendly huge calm free true clever5、形容词原级
47、的比较。、形容词原级的比较。形容词的原级与形容词的原级与asas连用表示肯定意思，是连用表示肯定意思，是“和和一样一样”的意思；与的意思；与not as/so as连用表示否定意义，是连用表示否定意义，是“不如不如”或或“不不一样一样”的含义。的含义。She is as pretty as her mother.The book is as new as that one.The story is as interesting as that one.The question is not as/so difficult as that one.My bike is not as/so goo
48、d as yours.6、形容词比较级的修饰。、形容词比较级的修饰。比较级前面可以用比较级前面可以用even(更加更加)，much(得多得多)，far(得多得多)，a little(一点一点)，a bit(一点一点)，a lot(大量大量)，still(还，还要还，还要)等词语表示不定程度或数量。等词语表示不定程度或数量。eg:I am even less lucky.She is far better than me at writing.This pen is much better than that one.Tom is a little shorter than his friend
49、 Jim.7.7.形容词的比较级形容词的比较级 +and+形容词的比形容词的比较级较级 （前后形容词是同一个）（前后形容词是同一个）越来越越来越She is becoming thinner and thinner.Our country is becoming richer and richer.There are more and more students in our school.Living in the world is becoming more and more difficult.8、the+形容词的比较级形容词的比较级+the+形容词的比较级形容词的比较级 表示表示“越越
50、，就越，就越”The more you eat,the fatter you will be.The harder you study,the more you will get.The smaller the house is,the less it will cost.The sooner,the better.9、the+形容词比较级形容词比较级+of 短语短语 两者中比较两者中比较的一个的一个 She is the prettier of the two girls.The bike is the older of the two.His is the taller of the tw
