1、English Academic WritingChapter 4:Data Collection and EvaluationEnglish Academic WritingLead in:(1)How do you usually collect the data?When collecting data,what principles do you usually abide by?(2)What do you think about plagiarism?How to avoid plagiarism?(3)Is an outline necessary to write an aca
2、demic paper?Why or why not?(4)What are the common outlines?Which type do you usually use?(5)What are the tips for comparison and contrast?Chapter Four:Data Collection and Evaluation Part One:Material Collection and Management Part Two:Developing an Outline Part Three:Comparison and ContrastChapter F
3、our Part One:Material Collection and Managementv1.Introductionv Data collection must usually follow certain principles and has its own specific methods.v This chapter focuses on collection and retrieval of materials for literature review.Chapter Four Part One:Material Collection and Management2.Prin
4、ciples of Data Collection and Selection Data collection and selection usually follow four principles:Centered around the themeTrue and verifiableTypicalNovel(c.f.储佩成,2002:107110)Chapter Four Part One:Material Collection and Managementv3.Three Important Steps for Data Collection and Evaluation Unders
5、tand types of resources.Critically read and evaluate those resources.Take notes effectively.Chapter Four Part One:Material Collection and Managementv 4.Types of Resources There are mainly two types of resources:primary and secondary.Types Primary sourceSecond sourceDefinition A primary source is an
6、original document or account that is not about another document or account but stands on its own.Secondary sources are those that interpret primary sources or are otherwise a step removed.Examples e.g.novel,poem,play,diary,The data from a research studye.g.(1)A journal article or book about a poem,n
7、ovel,or play(2)A commentary about what an interview signifiesChapter Four Part One:Material Collection and Managementv5.Data Collectionv(1)Collecting primary sourcesv A.Texts v B.InterviewsChapter Four Part One:Material Collection and Managementv(2)Collecting secondary sources Searching the Web for
8、government documents.Government records may be helpful but in most cases secondary-source research begins at the library.Steps：Search encyclopedias.Search biographical references,yearbooks,atlases,gazettes and professional dictionaries relevant to the topic.v Search library catalogs to find appropri
9、ate books.v Retrieve journal articles citation from journals or newspapers index with the relevant terms found in encyclopedias,dictionaries and other reference directories.Chapter Four Part One:Material Collection and Managementv6.Data Evaluation Definition:v Data Evaluation refers to the process o
10、f critically reading and evaluating the sources.Four important dimensions in critical thinking and reading:v (1)Structurev (2)Purposev (3)Audiencev (4)AuthorChapter Four Part One:Material Collection and Managementv7.Evaluating Web Pagesv Common criteria used to access the information found on the In
11、ternet:(1)Authorship (2)The publishing bodyv(3)Point of view or bias (4)Referral to and/or display of knowledge of the literaturev(5)Accuracy or verifiability of detailsv(6)CurrencyChapter Four Part One:Material Collection and ManagementCriteria for evaluating accuracy:For a research document,the da
12、ta and the research method(s)are included.The methodology is appropriate to the topic and allows the study to be duplicated for purposes of verification.The document relies on other sources or includes links to the documents themselves.The document names individuals and/or sources that provided non-
13、published data used in the preparation of the study.The background information that was used can be verified for accuracy.Chapter Four Part One:Material Collection and Management Criteria for currency:The document includes the date(s)at which the information was gathered.The document refers to clear
14、ly dated information.Where necessary,the document includes information on the regularity of updates.The document includes a publication date or a“last updated”date.The document includes a date of copyright.If no date is given in an electronic document,you can view the directory in which it resides a
15、nd read the date of latest modification.Chapter Four Part One:Material Collection and ManagementvActivity 1:v When writing a paper with the following research topic:Social and effective strategies in language learning,Which of the following sources would initially be evaluated as useful?v (1)The Int
16、ernational Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences,1968.v (2)A book:The study of second language acquisition(Ellis 1999)(3)An article:中国英语学习策略实证研究20 年v.Chapter Four Part One:Material Collection and ManagementvKey:(1)The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences,1968.(not useful)(2)A book:The stu
17、dy of second language acquisition(Ellis 1999)(useful)(3)An article:中国英语学习策略实证研究20 年(useful)v.Chapter Four Part One:Material Collection and Managementv8.Note-taking(1)What to write down?v Anything and everything that will flesh out the thesis statement or research question.v Duplicating facts v Contr
18、adictory informationv Notes from more than one or two key sources.v A working bibliography of all the sources consulted.v The call number of a book,the search terms entered into any database,and any URLs(website addresses)for online information for easy re-access to a resource.Chapter Four Part One:
19、Material Collection and Management(2)Specific tips to avoid plagiarism Paraphrase Take care to distinguish between background and not-so-commonly known facts.Quotation go to mainChapter Four Part Two:Developing an Outlinev1.Functions of an Outlinev Reasons for creating an outline:Aids in the writing
20、 process.Helps organize ideas.Presents material in a logical form.Shows relationships among ideas in the paper.Constructs an ordered overview of what is written.Defines boundaries and groups.Chapter Four Part Two:Developing an Outlinev 2.Creating an Outlinev Processes in creating an outline:Determin
21、e papers purpose.Determine audience for whom paper is written.Develop the thesis for the paper.Then:Brainstorm:List all the ideas to be included in the paper.Organize:Group related ideas together.Order:Arrange material in subsections from general to specific or from abstract to concrete.Label:Create
22、 main and subheadings.Chapter Four Part Two:Developing an Outlinev3.Four Main Components for Effective Outlines(1)Parallelismv E.g.v .Choose Desired Collegesv .Prepare Application(2)Coordinationv E.g.v.Visit and evaluate college campusesv.Visit and evaluate college websitesv A.Note important statist
23、icsv B.Look for interesting classesChapter Four Part Two:Developing an Outline(3)Subordinationv E.g.v .Describe an influential person in your lifev A.Favorite high school teacherv B.Grandparent(4)Division E.g.Compile resume A.List relevant coursework B.List work experience C.List volunteer experienc
24、eChapter Four Part Two:Developing an Outlinev 4.Types of Outlines and Samplesv(1)Alphanumeric outlinesv The formatting follows this order:Roman Numerals Capitalized Letters Arabic Numerals Lowercase Lettersv E.g.Choose Desired Collegesv A.Visit and evaluate college campusesv B.Visit and evaluate col
25、lege websitesv 1.Look for interesting classesv 2.Note important statisticsv a.Student/faculty ratiov b.Retention rateChapter Four Part Two:Developing an Outlinev(2)Full Sentence outlinesv Full sentences are required at each level of the outline.v(3)Decimal outlinesvE.g.v 1.Choose Desired Collegev 1.
26、1 Visit and evaluate college campusesv 1.2 Visit and evaluate college websites v 1.2.1 Look for interesting classesv 1.2.2 Note important statisticsv Chapter Four Part Two:Developing an Outlinev5.Points to Consider in Developing an Outline Are you closer to being able to write a paper than before th
27、e outline is created?Do any transitions between ideas suggest themselves?Is anything left out of the outline?Could the thoughts in the clustering exercise have been organized differently?Does the outline seem balanced or does one part overwhelm the rest?If there is no Thesis Statement yet,does the o
28、utline help resolve what that controlling idea might be?Before finally sitting down to write the paper,check out other sourcesbe careful to give proper credit for any borrowed ideas and not to let the thoughts of others overshadow your own good ideas.v go to mainChapter Four Part Three:Comparison an
29、d Contrastv1.IntroductionDefinition:v Comparison and contrast are ways of looking at objects and thinking about how they are alike or different.Differences:v(1)When comparing items,look for similarities.v(2)When contrasting items,look at their differences.v E.g.Apple and oranges are both fruit.They
30、are foods.E.g.Apples are red.Oranges are orange.The fruits have different textures.Chapter Four Part Three:Comparison and Contrastv2.Comparison and Contrast Organizationv Three strategies to organize comparison and contrast papers:v(1)Whole-to-Whole,or Block (2)Similarities-to-Differences (3)Point-b
31、y-PointChapter Four Part Three:Comparison and Contrastv3.Transitions for Comparison and ContrastTypesComparison transitions:Contrast transitions:Sentence patterns for comparison and contrast:Transitional wordsalso,as,as well as,both,in the same manner,in the same way,like,likewise,most important,sam
32、e,similar,similarity,the same as,tooalthough,but,differ,even though,however,in contrast,instead,nevertheless,on the other hand,unless,unlike,while,yetis the same asand share similaris similar to inThe similarity between and lies inhas something/many features in common withdiffers frominhas nothing/l
33、ittle in common with The difference between andlies inExamples E.g.The characters in the movie were very similar to the characters in the book.E.g.The setting in the book was summer while the setting in the movie was winter.Chapter Four Part Three:Comparison and Contrastv4.Tips for Comparison and Co
34、ntrastTips:(1)Determine the organizational style.(2)State organization so as to ensure clarity.(3)Make preferences clear in comparison or contrast essay.(4)When organizing the writing,ensure information about the items being compared and contrasted are balanced.Three things to pay attention:v a.Purp
35、ose&supporting details b.Organization&structure c.Transitions&coherenceChapter Four:Data Collection and EvaluationvHomework:v Writing an Outline Suppose you have chosen a topic and found enough data to write your paper,now it is time for you to write an outline for your paper.Refer to the types of outlines discussed in this section and write an outline of your own.Chapter Four:Data Collection and EvaluationThank you
