1、The Passive Voice-By Esther语态语态(voice)是个语法范畴，它是一种动词形是个语法范畴，它是一种动词形式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者时，动词用主动语态（时，动词用主动语态（Active Voice）；如果）；如果主语是动作的承受者，动词便用被动语态主语是动作的承受者，动词便用被动语态（Passive Voice）。）。We cleaned the classroom yesterday.昨天我们打扫了教室。昨天我们打扫了教室。The c
2、lassroom was cleaned by us yesterday.昨天教室被我们打扫了。昨天教室被我们打扫了。动词的被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。当主动句变为被动句时，原来的宾语变成了主语，原来的主语变成了介词by 的宾语。主动句与被动句的结构虽然不同，但动作的执行者和承受者的关系并没有改变。2)被动语态的结构：被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，助动词be有人称、数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时一样。如：The desk is made of wood.The desks are made of wood.He is asked a ques
3、tion by the teacher.I was given a nice present by my friend yesterday.3）被动语态一般现在时结构：is/am/are/+过去分词A)肯定句形式：如：It is used for cooking.I am looked after well every day.Many trees are planted every year.B)疑问句形式：Is it used for cooking?Are you looked after well every day?Are many trees planted every year?
4、What is it used for?Where are you looked after well?C)否定句形式：It is not used for cooking.I am not looked after well every day.Many trees are not planted every year.4)被动语态过去时态结构：was/were+过去分词.A)肯定句形式：如:It was used for cooking by people in old the days.Many trees were planted last year.B)疑问句形式:Was it us
5、ed for cooking in the old days?Were many trees planted last year?When were the trees planted?否定句形式：如：It was not used for cooking in the old days.These trees were not planted last year.4）含有情态动词被动语态的结构:情态动词+be+过去分词A)肯定句形式：如:English can be spoken by us.(被动语态)English must be studied well.(被动语态)The room
6、should be cleaned every day.(被动语态)B)疑问句形式：Can English be spoken by you?Must English be studied well by us?Should the room be cleaned every day?C)否定句形式：English can not/cant be spoken by us.The books must not be taken out of the room.一般现在时：一般现在时：am/is/are doneam/is/are done一般过去时：一般过去时：was/were donewas
7、/were done现在进行时：现在进行时：am/is/are being doneam/is/are being done过去进行时：过去进行时：was/were being donewas/were being done现在完成时：现在完成时：have/has been donehave/has been done过去完成时：过去完成时：had been donehad been done一般将来时：一般将来时：shall/will be done;be going shall/will be done;be going to be doneto be done当句中含有情态动词时，句子结
8、构为当句中含有情态动词时，句子结构为 can/must can/must/have tobe done/have tobe doneHe is regarded as a brilliant.他被认为很有才气。他被认为很有才气。This book was written in 1969.这本书是这本书是1969年写成的。年写成的。The broken bike is being repaired now.那辆坏了的自行车正在被修理。那辆坏了的自行车正在被修理。He told us the cat was being washed when we called him.他告诉我们打电话时他正在给
9、猫洗澡。他告诉我们打电话时他正在给猫洗澡。The pen has been used for several years.这支钢笔已经用了几年。这支钢笔已经用了几年。He said the factory had been opened.他说这家工厂已经开张。他说这家工厂已经开张。The work will be finished in three hours.工作将于三小时后完成。工作将于三小时后完成。The baby must be looked after well.这孩子必须被好好照顾。这孩子必须被好好照顾。在被动句中有时用在被动句中有时用by-词组，有时不用。一般词组，有时不用。一般
10、来说，当动作的执行者为谁不甚清楚，不甚重来说，当动作的执行者为谁不甚清楚，不甚重要或难以说出时，通常不用要或难以说出时，通常不用by。但有时为了强。但有时为了强调动作执行者或者由于上下和结构上的需要则调动作执行者或者由于上下和结构上的需要则必须使用必须使用 by 词组。例如：词组。例如：(一一)主动句与被动句的转换主动句与被动句的转换1 1含有单宾语的主动句的转换：含有单宾语的主动句的转换：Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.哈姆雷特哈姆雷特是莎士比亚写的。是莎士比亚写的。People speak English almost all over the worl
11、d.世界各地都有人讲英语。世界各地都有人讲英语。当主动句的宾语是当主动句的宾语是thatthat引导的宾语从句，引导的宾语从句，可转换为两种形式的被动句。可转换为两种形式的被动句。1)用先行的用先行的it作形式主语，把宾语从句变成作形式主语，把宾语从句变成后置的主语从句；后置的主语从句；2)把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语，同把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语，同时把宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。时把宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。English is spoken almost all over the world.People believe that he is an honest
12、boy.大家大家认为他是个诚实的孩子。认为他是个诚实的孩子。2.2.含有双宾语的主动句的转换含有双宾语的主动句的转换I gave the book to Mr.Smith yesterday.昨天我给了史密斯先生一本书。昨天我给了史密斯先生一本书。It is believed that he is an honest boy.The boy is believed to be an honest one.Mr.Smith was given a book yesterday(by me).The book was given to Mr.Smith yesterday(by me).3.3.含
13、有介词动词的主动句的转换。含有介词动词的主动句的转换。They have never listened to him.人家从不听人家从不听他的话。他的话。表示被动意义的主动句：表示被动意义的主动句：Cotton feels soft.棉花摸上去很柔软。棉花摸上去很柔软。Ripe apples pick easily.熟了的苹果容易摘下来。熟了的苹果容易摘下来。He has never been listened to.I.Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice.(.(用被动语态改写下列各句用被动语态改写下列各句)：1)They
14、are serving breakfast between eight and ten oclock.Breakfast is being served between eight and ten oclock.2)People were talking about the unusually hot weather.The unusually hot weather was being talked about.3)His father allows him a little money every month.A little money is allowed to him by his
15、father every month.4)The teacher will give you some instructions.Some instructions will be given to you.You will be given some instructions.II.II.Rewrite the following sentences Rewrite the following sentences in the active voice.in the active voice.(用主动语态改写下用主动语态改写下列句子列句子)1)Many changes can be seen
16、 by the year 2008.People can see many changes by the year 2008.2)This letter neednt to be typed.You neednt type this letter.有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。一、表示一、表示“开始开始”；“结束结束”类的动词。常见类的动词。常见的这类动词有的这类动词有begin,start,open,close,end,finish,stop等。例如：等。例如：School begins in September.The stores
17、 in this area open later at weekends than at weekdays.二、主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性二、主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性的动词。常见的这类动词有的动词。常见的这类动词有write,read,wear,wash,clean,sell,run,lock等。这些动词常等。这些动词常与副词或否定词连用。例如：与副词或否定词连用。例如：The machine runs well.This pen writes quite smoothly.The bookshelf hardly sells.三、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：三、表示主语状态
18、特征的连系动词：look,feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,appear等。等。例如：例如：Do you like the material?Yes,it _ very soft.A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is feltCYour idea sounds reasonable.What he said proved to be correct.四、动名词主动形式表示被动意义四、动名词主动形式表示被动意义 1.在在need,require,want(需要需要)等动词后，等动词后，表示某物表示某物(人人)要进行要进行处理时，后接处理时，后接
19、动名动名词一般式词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。例如：相当于不定式的被动式。例如：Youve come just in time to help us.Fine,what requires doing?(=Fine,what requires to be done?)This sentence needs _.A.an improvement B.improve C.improving D.improvedC2.be worth 后接后接动名词的主动式动名词的主动式表示被动意义。表示被动意义。His suggestion is not
20、worth considering.五、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义五、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 1.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。例如：辑上的主谓关系时。例如：The next train to arrive was from New York.2.作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。Please give me something to eat.
21、I have a lot of work to do today.3.用在作表语或宾语补足语的形容词后面的用在作表语或宾语补足语的形容词后面的不定式，如果与句子的主语或宾语有动宾关系不定式，如果与句子的主语或宾语有动宾关系时，一般用主动形式。例如：时，一般用主动形式。例如：His speech in English was difficult to follow.Do you think him easy to get along with?(间接宾语间接宾语meme是是to eatto eat的逻辑主语的逻辑主语)(主语主语I I是是to doto do的逻辑主语的逻辑主语)(状语状语to
22、followto follow与主语有动宾关系与主语有动宾关系)(不定式与宾语有动宾关系不定式与宾语有动宾关系)1)How are you today?Oh,I _ as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didnt feel B.wasnt feeling C.dont feel D.havent felt.2)Old Mc Donald gave up smoking for a while,but soon _ to his old ways.A.returned B.returns C.was returning D.had returned
23、DA5)The pen I _ I _ is on my desk,right under my nose.A.think,lost B.thought,had lost C.think,had lost D.thought,have lostB6)I dont think Jim saw me;he _ into space.A.just stared B.was just staring C.has just stared D.had just staredB9)In some parts of the world,tea _ with milk and sugar.A.is servin
24、g B.is served C.serves D.servedB10)The train _ arrived at 11:30,but it was an hour late.A.was about to B.was likely to C.was supposed to D.was certain toC11)People often want to know what my job is.Often I _ that question.A.ask B.am asking C.get asked D.get asking12)The new dictionaries are very use
25、ful.They _ well and _ already.A.sell,have been sold out B.sold,had sold out C.sell,sell out D.are sold,have been sold outCA13)All the preparations for the task _,and were ready to start.A.completed B.complete C.had been completed D.have been completed14)The teacher told his students that they _ to b
26、e useful men to the country.A.were all expected B.were all expecting C.all were expected D.all expectedDA 4.Watches_ Shanghai last long.A.are made in B.is made C.are made from D.made 5.This desk is made _ wood.A.of B.from C.in D.by 6.The things on show were _ the old days.A.used B.used to C.used for
27、 D.used in 7.Silk _ in Hangzhou and Hangzhou.A.is produced B.are produced C.produced D.is produces AADA 1.Our school _in 2002.(开办)2.The young trees must_ _well.(照顾)3._ this building_(建成)last year?4.The book _ _(写)by him last year.5.The bridge _ _(不建造)in1989.6.The 29th Olympic Games will_ _ (举行)in Beijing in 2008.was openedbe looked afterWas built was writtenwasnt builtbe heldGood byeGood bye
