1、第四讲三大从句第四讲三大从句名词性从句1.(2019江苏卷)Scientists have obtained more evidence _ plastic is finding its way into the human body.A.what B.thatC.which D.where答案B句意：科学家已经获得了更多的证据，证明塑料正在进入人体。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的具体内容，从句中不缺成分，故用that引导。2.(2018江苏卷)By boat is the only way to get here,which is _ we arrived
2、.A.where B.whenC.why D.how答案D根据句中的By boat可知，此处应用how引导表语从句，表示到达这里的方式。3.(2017江苏卷)He hurried home，never once looking back to see if he _.A.was being followed B.was followingC.had been followed D.followed答案A句意：他匆匆赶回家，都没回头看看是否有人在跟踪他。此处强调的是过去正在发生的动作。4.(2017江苏卷)We choose this hotel because the price for a
3、night here is down to$20，half of _ it used to charge.A.that B.which C.what D.how答案C句意：我们选择这家旅馆是因为价格低至每晚20 美元，是原来收费的一半。charge为及物动词，缺少宾语，what相当于the price that，which指有范围的选择。5.(2016江苏卷)It is often the case _ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.A.why B.what C.as D.that答案D句意：通常情况下，对于那些坚持希望的
4、人来说，一切皆有可能。本句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的主语从句，从句结构完整，不缺成分，故要用that引导。6.(2014江苏卷)What a mess！You are always so lazy!Im not to blame，mum.I am _ you have made me.A.how B.what C.that D.who答案B句意：真是一团糟！你总是那么懒惰！妈妈，该受责备的不是我，是你让我成了这个样子。根据句子结构分析，所填词汇在句中引导表语从句，且在从句中担当宾语补足语，此处指目前的这种状况，指事物，故用what，选B。定语从句1.(2019江苏卷)We have
5、 entered into an age _ dreams have the best chance of coming true.A.which B.whatC.when D.that答案C句意：我们已经进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，从句的主谓宾成分齐全，先行词是表示时间的名词an age，故用关系副词when引导定语从句。2.(2018江苏卷)Self-driving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.A.that B.whereC.
6、which D.when答案B空处引导定语从句，先行词是area，关系词在从句中充当地点状语，因此用where，相当于in which。3.(2017江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A.which B.its C.whose D.whom答案C句意：1963年，联合国建立世界粮食计划署，它的目的之一就是缓解全球饥饿。根据先行词“the World Food Programme”和“purpose”间的所属关系可知选C。4
7、.(2016江苏卷)Many young people，most _ were well-educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.A.of which B.of them C.of whom D.of those答案C句意：很多年轻人前往偏远地区去追逐他们的梦想，他们中的很多人都受过良好教育。根据句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为Many young people，作介词of的宾语，故要用whom。5.(2015江苏卷)The number of smokers，_ is reported，has dropped b
8、y 17 percent in just one year.A.it B.whichC.what D.as答案D句意：据报道，吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就下降了17%。as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，意为“正如”，符合句意，故选D项。6.(2014江苏卷)The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at work _ a good impression is a must.A.which B.when C.as D.where答案D句意：这本书在我的日常交流中帮了很大的忙，尤其是在良好印象是一
9、项必要条件的工作中。根据句式结构该定语从句中work是先行词，指事物，在从句中作抽象概念的地点状语，用where引导从句，故选D。状语从句1.(2019江苏卷)The doctor shares his phone number with the patients _ they need medical assistance.A.if only B.as ifC.even though D.in case答案D句意：医生把他的电话号码告诉病人，以防(in case)他们需要医疗帮助。if only要是就好了；as if似乎，好像；even though虽然，尽管。2.(2018江苏卷)_ yo
10、u can sleep well,you will lose the ability to focus,plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.A.Once B.Unless C.If D.When答案B句意：除非你睡眠好，否则你一两个夜晚后就不能集中注意力，不能计划，也不能保持积极性。unless“除非”符合句意。3.(2017江苏卷)Located _ the Belt meets the Road，Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.A.why
11、 B.when C.which D.where答案D句意：坐落于“一带”与“一路”的枢纽地带，江苏将会为“一带一路”建设作出更大的贡献。根据句意判定为地点状语从句，故选D。4.(2016江苏卷)_ some people are motivated by a need for success，others are motivated by a fear of failure.A Because B.If C.Unless D.While答案D句意：尽管有些人受到成功需求的激励，而另外一些人却因恐惧失败而退缩。根据句意可知，这两句话之间为转折对比关系，故要用while。5.(2015江苏卷)It
12、 is so cold that you cant go outside _ fully covered in thick clothes.A.if B.unless C.once D.when答案B句意：天太冷，你不能去外面，除非你全身都裹上厚衣服。unless相当于if.not(如果不)，符合句意。6.(2014江苏卷)Lessons can be learned to face the future，_ history cannot be changed.A.though B.as C.since D.unless答案A句意：尽管历史无法更改，但我们可以从中获得面对未来的一些教训。A.“
13、尽管”，引导让步状语从句；B.“因为”或“当时”，可引导原因状语从句或时间状语从句，如引导让步状语从句需倒装；C.“既然”“自从以来”，可引导原因状语从句或时间状语从句；D.“除非；如果不”，可引导条件状语从句；根据语境可知前后句为让步关系，且是正常语序，故选A。一、2步定名词性从句的引导词1.确定是四种名词性从句中的哪一种(根据从句在整个句子中的作用确定)2.划分从句的句子成分，理解句意，选择正确的连接词。(1)当名词性从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时，使用连接代词。(2)当名词性从句中主干齐全，根据句意判断出缺少状语时，使用连接副词。(3)当名词性从句主干齐全，又不缺少状语时，使用从属连词引导
14、。二、3法定定语从句的关系词1.先行词还原法如果认为是定语从句，大家可以把前面的名词直接还原到从句中，如果此句意思通顺，并且句子结构正确，则为定语从句。2.四看法正确选择引导定语从句的关系词是学习定语从句的难点，大家可以在找出主句后使用“四看法”来正确解答试题：一看指人还是物；二看介词在何处；三看句中作何用；四看是否属特殊，这样就能准确判断关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分，如作主语、宾语、表语，需选择关系代词who，whom，that，which，as等；如作定语，需选择whose，of which或of whom；如作状语，需选择关系副词when，why，where。3.还原法定介词“介词关系
15、词”考查的重点在于“用不用介词”或“用什么介词”。因此在答题时考生必须注意解题思路。考生可采用“先行词还原法”将先行词还原到从句中来确定正确的介词，具体做法是：(1)把先行词放在从句中，根据句子的意思来判断用不用介词和用什么介词。(2)注意从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配。三、句意翻译法解决状语从句对于状语从句的解答来说，最重要的一点是能够正确地翻译句子的意思，这样就能够判断出该从句是状语从句中的哪一种，选择也就很容易了。典例_ they decide which college to go to，students should research the admission proce
16、dures.A.As B.While C.Until D.Once答案D句意：一旦学生们决定了要上哪所大学，他们就应该研究申请此大学的入学程序了。as当时；由于；while当时；尽管；until直到；once一旦。根据句意可知选择D项。一、名词性从句1.that和what的区别that 引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不担当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词关系代词”，即常说的“先行词that”。Its a shame that he has made such a mistake.他犯了这种错误真丢脸
17、。I will do what I can(do)to help him.我会尽我所能去帮助他。2.whether和if的用法(1)whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词的宾语时，连接词一般用whether。It all depends on whether they will come back.这都取决于他们会不会回来。(2)句子中有or not 时用whether。I didnt know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.我不知道他是否已经到达武汉。(3)主语从句、表语从句中只能用whether。Whether the meet
18、ing will be put off has not been decided yet.会议是否延期还没有决定。The question is whether they have so much money.问题是他们没有这么多钱。(4)whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if则不能。We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.我们应该仔细讨论这个问题我们能不能做这件事。(5)whether常与or连用表示一种选择，if不能这样用；whether也可与动词不定式连用，但i
19、f不能。The question of whether they are male or female is not important.他们是男性还是女性的问题并不重要。I have not decided whether to go or not.我还没有决定去不去。(6)间接宾语位于句首时或者间接宾语提前时用whether不用if。Thank you，but whether Ill be free Im not sure at the moment.谢谢你，但是目前我还不确定我有没有空。(7)whether可引导一个让步状语从句，表示“不管”、“无论”，而if不能。Whether he
20、comes or not，we will begin our party on time.无论他来不来，我们都会准时开始我们的派对。3.“疑问词ever”和“no matter疑问词”的区别(1)“疑问词ever”可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的成分。Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.任何违反规则的人定会受到惩罚。You can choose whatever you like in the shop.你可以选择那家商店里你喜欢的任何东西。(2)“疑问词ever”还可引导让步状语从句。Whoever breaks the rule，he
21、must be punished.无论谁违反规则，他必定会受到处罚。Whatever you do，you must do it well.无论你做什么事情，你一定要做好。(3)“no matter疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。No matter what you do，you must put your heart into it.无论你做什么事情，你都要全身心投入。No matter who comes late，he must be punished.无论谁迟到，他都会受到处罚。二、定语从句1.定语从句与并列句的比较区分定语从句与并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和连接词。如果句与句之间有并列
22、连词and,but或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面内容的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。试比较：正Maria has written two novels,both of which have been made into television series.(山东卷)正Maria has written two novels,and both of them have been made into television series.误Maria has written two novels,both of them have been made in
23、to television series.玛利亚已经写了两部小说，它们都已经被拍成电视剧了。2.定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的比较关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语；关系副词在定语从句中作状语。名师点津先行词是地点名词时，关系词不一定用where；先行词是时间名词时，关系词不一定用when；先行词是reason时，关系词不一定用why。判断引导词的关键是看其在从句中作何种成分。试比较：This is the factory where I worked last year.(作地点状语)这是我曾经工作过的工厂。This is the factory(that/which)I visi
24、ted last year.(作宾语)这是我曾经参观过的工厂。I will never forget the day when I worked with them.(作时间状语)我永远不会忘记我和他们一起工作的那一天。I will never forget the day(that/which)I spent with them.(作宾语)我永远不会忘记和他们一起度过的那一天。This is the reason why he was absent from school.(作原因状语)这就是他为什么没来学校上课的原因。This is the reason(that/which)he exp
25、lained for his absence from school.(作宾语)这就是他解释的没来学校上课的原因。以上例句中visit,spend和explain为及物动词，从句中缺少宾语，故应用that/which引导，且that/which可以省略。3.定语从句中which与as的比较which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 whichas位置上只 能 放 在 先行词的后面位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see,hear,know,expect,remember,guess,hope等句意上意为“这一点”表示“正如/正像
26、的那样”We have launched another man-made satellite,which is announced in todays newspaper.我们又发射了一颗人造卫星，这是在今天的报纸上宣布的。The air quality in the city,as is shown in the report,has improved over the past two months.正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。4.“介词关系词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择及其后关系词的选择(1)介词后的关系代词主要有which,whom和 whose
27、。In our class there are 46 students，of whom half wear glasses.(四川卷)在我们班有46名学生，其中一半戴眼镜。(2)在“介词关系词”引导的定语从句中，介词的选择常常依据下面四点：根据定语从句中的谓语选择介词，主要是看谓语中动词与介词的搭配和形容词与介词的搭配。In the dark street,there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。(turn to sb向某人求助)根据定语从句所修饰的先行词选择介词。He bu
28、ilt a telescope,through which he could study the skies.他建造了一架望远镜，通过它可以研究天空。根据句子所表达的意思选择介词。The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.离开它我们不能生存的这种无色气体被称为氧气。“ofwhich/whom”表示所属关系。Recently I bought an ancient vase,the price of which was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。三、状语从句项目连
29、接词例句注意事项时间状语从句when，while，as，before，after，since，until，the moment等 W h e n I w a s walking along the street，I met a friend of mine.I will tell him the news the moment he comes.要注意时态一致，一般情况下，在时间状语从句中，表示将来的动作用一般现在时(不可用将来时)地点状语从句where，whereverWhere there is a will，there is a way.We are always welcome whe
30、rever we go.注意不要和where引导的定语从句混淆，若是定语从句，where前必然有先行词条件状语从句if，unless，as/so long as，on condition that，in case等You should go to school unless you are seriously ill.He will certainly pass the exam next term if he works hard at his lessons.条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样，当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时原因状语从句because，since，as，for，now
31、(that)He didnt go to school because he was ill.A s h e i s a League member，he takes the lead in everything in his class.because语气最强，用来说明别人所不知道或最感兴趣的原因，回答why提出的问题；since次之，常表示已知事实，译为“既然”；as最弱as引导的从句往往放在主句前面，用来说明比较明显的原因；for用作连词时，往往表示一种附带的解释、说明或推理让步状语从句although，though，as，even if/though，whatever，however，
32、whoever，no matter what/who/howAlthough he is a child，he knows a lot.Tired as/though I was，I went on with my work.I will go and attend the meeting however busy I am.当有though，although引导从句时，后面的主句不能有butas引导的让步状语从句必须把表语、状语或动词原形提前结果状语从句so.that.，such.that.，s o that(结果，以致)He runs so fast that no one can cat
33、ch up with him.I t w a s s u c h a n interesting novel that I read it three times.I got up late so that I missed the early bus.在 s o.t h a t.和such.that.所引导的结果状语从句中，so为副词，后面跟形容词、副词或分词，而such为形容词，后面只能跟名词或名词性短语方式状语从句as，just as，as if，as thoughWe should work and study as he did.They talked as if they had
34、been friends for years.as if，as though在方式状语从句中多指非真实的或可能性较小的情况，常用虚拟语气比较状语从句as.as.，not so.as，比较级thanHe works as hard as everyone else in the class.He is taller than any other student in our school.可以用比较句型表示在一定范围内的最高级含义：比较级thanany other单数可数名词目的状语从句so that，in order that，for fear that，in case(that)She studies hard so that/in order that she c a n e n t e r a k e y university.Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain.从句中常用may，might，can，could，should等情态动词本节内容结束
