1、Learning ContractsBrockett,R.G.,&Hiemstra,R.(1991).Self-direction in adult learning:Perspectives on theory,research,and practice.http:/ Adapted by permission of Malcolm Knowles from materials he distributed in his classes.INTRODUCTION Adult learners build on past experience and determined needs as t
2、hey carry out learning activities.A learning contract can take on many shapes and forms,includingnaudio tapesnoutlinesndescriptive statements,or nelaborate explanations of process and product.Introduction,contdIntroduction,contdThe intent of the learning contract is to provide a vehicle whereby you
3、can personalize the learning experience.LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCES In developing your learning contract,it may be useful if you have a sense of your own learning and cognitive styles.The following figure(Figure 1)is provided to facilitate the learner who has never filled out a learning contract in o
4、btaining some sense of what might be the best approach for this course.Figure 1.Your Learning Style Preferences Self-Directed LearnerOther-Directed LearnerLearner DependentStandard contract with suggested structure used as a basic guideStandard contract using instructor suggestionsLearner Independen
5、tCreate own contract in terms of content and procedureDevelop own versions of contract using instructor suggestionsWhen adults go about learning something naturally(as contrasted with being taught something),they are highly self-directing.What adults learn on their own initiative they learn more dee
6、ply and permanently than what they learn by being taught.Those kinds of learning that are engaged in for purely personal development can perhaps be planned and carried out completely by an individual on personal terms and with only a loose structure.Examples:But those kinds of learning that have as
7、their purpose improving ones competence to perform on a job or in a profession must take into account the need and expectations of organizations,professions,and society.Examples:Learning contracts provide a means for negotiating a reconciliation between these external needs and expectations and the
8、learners internal need and interests.Furthermore,in traditional education the learning activity is structured by the teacher and the institution.The learner is told what objective to work toward,what resources are to be used and how(and when)to use them,and how any accomplishment of the objectives w
9、ill be evaluated.This imposed structure conflicts with the adults deep psychological need to be self-directing and may induce resistance,apathy,or withdrawal.Learning contracts provide a vehicle for making the planning of learning experiences a mutual undertaking between a learner and any helper,men
10、tor,or teacher.By participating in the process of diagnosing personal needs,deriving objectives,identifying resources,choosing strategies,and evaluating accomplishments the learner develops a sense of ownership of(and commitment to)the plan.Learning contracts also are a means for making the learning
11、 objectives of any field or practical experience clear and explicit for both learners and facilitators.How do you develop a learning contract?uStep 1:Diagnose your learning needs.uStep 2:Specify your learning objectives.uStep 3:Specify learning resources and strategies.uStep 4:Specify target dates f
12、or completion.uStep 5:Specify evidence of accomplishment.uStep 6:Specify how the evidence will be validated.uStep 7:Review your contract with consultants.uStep 8:Carry out the contract.uStep 9:Evaluation of your learning.Step 1:Diagnose your learning needs.A learning need is the gap between where yo
13、u are now and where you want to be in regard to a particular set of competencies.You may already be aware of certain learning needs as a result of a personal appraisal or the long accumulation of evidence for yourself regarding any gaps between where you are now and where you would like to be.Step 2
14、:Specify your learning objectives.You are now ready to start filling out the first column of the learning contract(objectives).Step 3:Specify learning resources and strategies.When you have finished listing your objectives,move over to the second column of the contract(resources and strategies)and d
15、escribe how you propose to go about accomplishing each objective.Identify the resources(material and human)you plan to use in your various learning experiences and the strategies(techniques,tools)you will employ in making use of them.Step 4:Specify target dates for completion.After completing the se
16、cond column,move over to the third column(target completion date).Put realistic dates,unless there are institutionally or other required deadlines.Step 5:Specify evidence of accomplishment.Move to the fourth column(evidence)and describe what evidence you will collect to indicate the degree to which
17、you have achieved each objective.Step 6:Specify how the evidence will be validated.After you have specified what evidence you will gather for each objective in column four,move to column five(verification).For each objective,first specify the criteria by which you propose the evidence will be judged
18、.Step 7:Review your contract with consultants.After you have completed the first draft of your contract,you will find it useful to review it with two or three friends,supervisors,or other expert resource people to obtain their reaction and suggestions.Step 7:Here are some questions you might ask:-Ar
19、e the learning objectives clear,understandable,and realistic?Do they describe what you propose to learn?Step 7:Here are some questions you might ask:-Can they think of other objectives you might consider?Step 7:Here are some questions you might ask:-Do the learning strategies and resources seem reas
20、onable,appropriate,and efficient?Step 7:Here are some questions you might ask:-Can they think of other resources and strategies you might consider?Step 7:Here are some questions you might ask:-Does the evidence seem relevant to the various objectives,and would it convince them?Step 7:Here are some q
21、uestions you might ask:-Can they suggest other evidence you might consider?Step 7:Here are some questions you might ask:-Are the criteria and means for validating the evidence clear,relevant,and convincing?Step 7:Here are some questions you might ask:-Can they think of other ways to validate the evi
22、dence that you might consider?Step 8:Carry out the contract.You now simply do what the contract calls for.But keep in mind that as you work on it you may find that your notions about what you want to learn and how you want to learn changing.So dont hesitate to revise or renegotiate your contract as
23、you go along.Step 9:Evaluation of your learning.When you have completed your contract you will want to get some assurance that you have in fact learned what you set out to learn.Perhaps the simplest way to do this is to ask the consultants you used in Step 7 to examine your evidence and validation d
24、ata and provide you their judgment about adequacy.References Brockett,R.G.,&Hiemstra,R.(1991).Self-direction in adult learning:Perspectives on theory,research,and practice.New York:Routledge.Gross,R.(1977).The lifelong learner.New York:Simon and Schuster.Hiemstra,R.,&Sisco,B.(1990).Individualizing i
25、nstruction for adult learners:Making learning personal,powerful,and successful.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.Knowles,M.S.(1980).The modern practice of adult education(revised and updated).Chicago:Follett Publishing Company.Knowles,M.S.(1986).Using learning contracts.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.Knowles,M.S.,&Associates.(1984).Andragogy in action.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.Tough,A.(1979).The adults learning projects.Toronto:Ontario Institute for Studies in Education(originally published in 1971).An example of a learning contract template LearningContractMatrix.doc/Resources/LearningContractMatrix.doc
