1、什么是翻译？（Definition）翻译的标准（Standard）翻译的过程（Process）对翻译工作者的要求（Requirements）第一讲第一讲 翻译的性质、标准及要求翻译的性质、标准及要求 一、什么是翻译？（Definition）1.“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。”贾公彦义疏2.“夫翻译者,谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义则大同。”法云翻译名义集3.Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language m
2、assage,first in terms of meaning,and secondly in terms of style.(E.A.Nida)再现原文的信息(message)而不是保留原文的结构形式(formal structure)。对等(equivalence)不是同一(identity)。对等是最贴切、自然的对等。意义是优先考虑的因素。文体成分虽居其次，但也十分重要。4.Translation is the act of replacing text material in the source language by an equivalent text material in
3、the target language.(J.C.Catford)5.To translate is to change one language into another language,retaining as much of the sense as one can.(Dr.Johnson)文本材料(textual material)用以强调，在通常情况下，替代的不是原语文本的全部成分，如句法和词法的改变。翻译实践的中心问题是在目的语中找原出语的对等物(equivalents)。所谓翻译就是语言的转换。翻译过程不仅涉及两种语言，而且还涉及两种社会文化。翻译是一项艰苦的创造性实践活动。翻
4、译又是一门艺术。总之，翻译是一种融理论、技能、艺术于一体的语言实践活动。翻译一般分为三类：按翻译手段，可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译。按源出语和目的语，可分为语际翻译、语内翻译和符际翻译。按翻译题材，可分为政论翻译、应用文翻译、科技翻译、文学翻译等。二、翻译的标准（Standard）衡量译文质量的尺度，指导翻译实践的准则 1.玄奘：“即需求真，又需喻俗。”2.鲁迅：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面。一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的风姿。”3.亚历山大.F.泰特勒的三条基本原则：A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of
5、 the original work.The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.4.严复：信(faithfulness)达(expressiveness)雅(elegance)忠实，通顺忠实-忠实于原作的内容与风格，观点，立场，感情。不能歪曲，不能增减。通顺-指译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范。纯正中文，没有中文欧化等弊病。1.Ja
6、ne does not work hard because she wants to earn money.误译：因为简想赚钱，所以才不下力推荐译文：简并不是因为想赚钱才下力的2.The president stands there,hat in hand,begging Congress for their votes.误译：总统站在那里，手里拿着礼帽，乞求国会投他的票推荐译文：总统站在那里，毕恭毕敬地请求国会议员们投赞成票3.Legislators often respond to the quiet and professional pressure of lobbyists.误译：议员
7、们无时无刻不屈从游说者的压力推荐译文：议员们常常为老谋深算的游说者所左右4.Pindus Road was a long,wide,straight street that ran parallel with Bread Road.误译：平得斯路是一条与布莱德路平行的，长长的，宽宽的，笔直的大街推荐译文：平得斯路与布莱德路平行，是一条又长又宽又直的大街5.She not only laughs a lot but has a heart of gold.误译：她不仅常常大笑，而且还有一颗黄金之心推荐译文：她不仅笑口常开，而且还有一颗金子般的心三、翻译的过程（Process）主要包括“理解”，“
8、表达”和“校核”三个过程。1.理解阶段 理解语言现象seat oneself in a wooden chairaccept a university chairchair the board meetingcondemned to the chair坐在木椅里同意在大学里执教主持董事会被处电刑要了解语言的随意性和约定俗成性milk the cowmilk the bullsleeping beautysleeping spy挤牛奶徒劳之举睡美人潜特You said that it is out of question,but it seems to me that it is out of
9、the question.你说不成问题，但在我看来，却是根本不可能 理解逻辑关系1.Its good for him to do that.这样做对他有好处。他这样做是件好事。2.He wrote his 12th novel at the ripe age of 85.他岁高龄时完成了第部小说3.1990 was a bad year for the Soviet economy.It ended with a balance of trade.1990年，苏联的经济状况很糟，年底出现了贸易逆差Balance of deficit 逆差Balance of surplus 顺差理解原文所涉及
10、的特有事物，历史背景，典故，专门术语。John can be relied on.He eats no fish and plays the game.约翰为人可靠，他即忠诚又正直。2.表达阶段 理解正确并不意味着必然能表达得正确。对原文的理解深度和对原文语言的修养程度决定了表达的好坏。表达有许多具体方法和技巧表达有许多具体方法和技巧。如直译，意译，增译等。名译赏析：Studies serve for delight,for ornament,for ability;Their chief use for delight,is in privateness and retiring,for o
11、rnament is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgment and disposition of business.读书足以怡请，足以傅彩，足以长才；其怡请也，最见于独处独居之时，其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中，其长才也，最见于处世制事之际。3.校核阶段 是理解和表达的进一步深化，是对原文内容进一步核实，以及对原文语言进一步推敲的阶段。四、对翻译工作者的要求（Requirements）1.扎实的语言功底（包括原语和译语）You cant be too careful.你怎么小心都不过分。He lost a cool thousand do
12、llars.他损失了整整1000元。2.广博的言外知识交流的内容主要是语言外的东西，上至天文，下至地理，都可能成为交流的内容。3.敏锐的感受能力在文化背景非常不同的两种语言间进行翻译时，对原作的思想意识，精神状态，表达习惯，以及作品的场景，情调的真切敏锐的感受。深切体会到他们于译语文化之间的差异：英汉差异，思维方式，表达习惯。4.敬业乐业精神，认真的态度。练习：练习：I.翻译下列一首丁尼生的短诗：翻译下列一首丁尼生的短诗：Man for the field and woman for the hearth;Man for the sword and for the needle she.Man
13、 with the head and woman with the heart:Man to command and woman to obey.(Alfred Tennyson)1男人耕作女持家；男人耕作女持家；男上战场女纺纱。男上战场女纺纱。男人冷静女优柔；男人冷静女优柔；男施命令女听话。男施命令女听话。2男人耕作女持家，男人耕作女持家，男人出征女缝衣。男人出征女缝衣。男人用脑女用心，男人用脑女用心，男人命令女从依。男人命令女从依。3男人耕种女持家，男人耕种女持家，男战沙场女绣花，男战沙场女绣花，男人多思女多情，男人多思女多情，男人尊贵女卑下。男人尊贵女卑下。4夫耕在田妇持家，夫耕在田妇持
14、家，夫战在外妇织纱。夫战在外妇织纱。夫动心智妇动情，夫动心智妇动情，夫出有令妇从他。夫出有令妇从他。5夫忙耕兮妇忙织，夫忙耕兮妇忙织，夫出征兮妇待归；夫出征兮妇待归；夫多智兮妇多情，夫多智兮妇多情，夫发令兮妇服从。夫发令兮妇服从。6男人耕田女持家，男人耕田女持家，男人舞剑女绣花，男人舞剑女绣花，男有胆识女有心，男有胆识女有心，男人发令女随他。男人发令女随他。7男持外，女主内，男持外，女主内，男打仗，女制衣。男打仗，女制衣。男有脑，女有心。男有脑，女有心。男发令，女执行。男发令，女执行。8男忙外，女主内，男忙外，女主内，男征战，女织绘。男征战，女织绘。男大智，女多感，男大智，女多感，男高唱，女顺
15、随。男高唱，女顺随。9男人耕种，女人绣花，男人耕种，女人绣花，男人持剑，女人持家。男人持剑，女人持家。男人多思，女人牵挂，男人多思，女人牵挂，男人尊贵，女人卑下。男人尊贵，女人卑下。10男人养家女治家，男人养家女治家，男人从军女缝纫，男人从军女缝纫，男人聪慧女痴情，男人聪慧女痴情，男人命令女温顺。男人命令女温顺。11男子忙耕田，女子守炉边；男子忙耕田，女子守炉边；男子弄刀枪，女子拿针线；男子弄刀枪，女子拿针线；男子前领路，女子后跟随；男子前领路，女子后跟随；男子多理智，女子情绵绵。男子多理智，女子情绵绵。12男人耕作主外，女人持家主内；男人耕作主外，女人持家主内；男人征战沙场，女人缝补家中；男
16、人征战沙场，女人缝补家中；男人富有理智，女人富有感情；男人富有理智，女人富有感情；男人发号施令，女人唯命是从。男人发号施令，女人唯命是从。13男外女内，男外女内，男动女静。男动女静。男思女感，男思女感，男令女行。男令女行。14男外女内，男外女内，男战女累，男战女累，男智女情，男智女情，男命女随。男命女随。15夫耕妇炊，夫耕妇炊，夫战妇织。夫战妇织。夫智妇婉，夫智妇婉，夫唱妇随。夫唱妇随。16男人耕作主外，女人持家主内；男人耕作主外，女人持家主内；男人征战沙场，女人缝补家中；男人征战沙场，女人缝补家中；男人富有理智，女人富有感情；男人富有理智，女人富有感情；男人发号施令，女人唯命是从。男人发号施
17、令，女人唯命是从。17丈夫劳作在田野，女子持家炉台边。丈夫劳作在田野，女子持家炉台边。丈夫挥舞刀枪剑，女子织补拿针线。丈夫挥舞刀枪剑，女子织补拿针线。丈夫威武智勇全，女子贤德真心善。丈夫威武智勇全，女子贤德真心善。丈夫统率声令下，女子遵命垂首问。丈夫统率声令下，女子遵命垂首问。18男人外面挣钱，女人酱醋油盐，男人外面挣钱，女人酱醋油盐，男人舞枪弄剑，女人摆弄针线，男人舞枪弄剑，女人摆弄针线，男人头脑理智，女人感情用事，男人头脑理智，女人感情用事，男人发号施令，女人言听计从。男人发号施令，女人言听计从。II.Compare the following pair of sentences care
18、fully and try to find their difference.1.She bought a red and a yellow dress.She bought a red and yellow dress.2.She was with a child.She was with child.3.This tool is no more useful than that one.This tool is not more useful than that one.4.He hurled the bone to the dog.He hurled the bone at the do
19、g.5.Quite properly,he was punished.He was punished quite properly.6.Although he is busy,Henry is in high spirits.He is busy,but Henry is in high spirits.7.They say David is mad,and so he is.He says Jane is mad,and so is he.8.This cup of tea is fairly hot.This cup of tea is rather hot.9.He is anythin
20、g but a teacher.He is nothing but a teacher.1O.You have offended the girl as deeply as I.You have offended the girl as deeply as me.11.His success is out of question.His success is out of the question.12.It has been raining continually for two hours.It has been raining continuously for two hours.13.
21、I regret to say he was wrong.I regret saying he was wrong.14.She spoke to the boy as a mother.She spoke to the boy like a mother.15.He stood there to watch the train come in.He stood there watching the train come in.16.The children who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field.The children,who wanted to play soccer,ran to an open field.
