1、Chapter two Negotiable instrumentsGeneral introductionBill of Exchange/DraftPromissory NoteCheckWhat is a negotiable instrument?Forms of circulationCharacteristics of negotiable instrumentsFunctions of negotiable instrumentsParties to a negotiable instrumentTitle to a negotiable instrumentNegotiable
2、 instrument lawsGeneral introduction in a broad sense,a negotiable instrument refers to any commercial title ownership.in a narrow sense,a negotiable instrument is a written document that contains an unconditional promise by the drawer to pay the payee or an unconditional order by the drawer to the
3、drawee to pay the payee a fixed amount of money at a definite time meaning of negotiable instruments 过户转让（过户转让（assignmentassignment）非流通非流通 特点：书面形式特点：书面形式 转让通知原债务人或登记过户转让通知原债务人或登记过户 受让人权利受前手缺陷受让人权利受前手缺陷的影响的影响 当事人：转让人、受让人、原始债务人当事人：转让人、受让人、原始债务人交付转让交付转让(transfer)transfer)准流通或半流通准流通或半流通特点：特点：交付背书转让交付背书转
4、让 不通知原债务人不通知原债务人 受让人的权利受前手权利缺陷的影响受让人的权利受前手权利缺陷的影响 当事人：当事人：转让人，受让人转让人，受让人 流通转让流通转让(negotiation)negotiation)完全流通完全流通特点：特点：正当受让人权利优于前手，不受其缺陷的影响正当受让人权利优于前手，不受其缺陷的影响 forms of circulation举例说明：甲欠乙举例说明：甲欠乙100元而出具以乙为债权人的字据元而出具以乙为债权人的字据给乙，让其凭字据找丙去取，同时乙原来曾欠丙给乙，让其凭字据找丙去取，同时乙原来曾欠丙30元元未还，随后乙将此字据又转让给丁。问丁能否从丙处未还，随后
5、乙将此字据又转让给丁。问丁能否从丙处获得全额款项？获得全额款项？如是字据，按民法原则，丙可采取将其对乙的如是字据，按民法原则，丙可采取将其对乙的30元债元债权转让给丁的办法来冲抵而只需付权转让给丁的办法来冲抵而只需付70如是票据，按票据法原则，必须全额付款，而不能用如是票据，按票据法原则，必须全额付款，而不能用乙的权利缺陷来对抗丁的正当票据权利乙的权利缺陷来对抗丁的正当票据权利NegotiabilityNon-causativeRequisite in formLiterally determined contentPresenting for payment Characteristics
6、of negotiable instruments案例分析案例分析 19971997年年8 8月，某市月，某市A A公司与新加坡公司与新加坡B B商签订了一份进口胶合板的合同。合同总金商签订了一份进口胶合板的合同。合同总金额为额为700700万美元，支付方式为付款交单，允许分批装运。第一批价值为万美元，支付方式为付款交单，允许分批装运。第一批价值为6060万美元的万美元的胶合板准时到货，质量良好，对双方合作很满意。就在第二批交货期来临之际，胶合板准时到货，质量良好，对双方合作很满意。就在第二批交货期来临之际，B B商向商向A A公司提出：鉴于贵公司资金周转困难，为了帮助贵方，我方允许贵公司采取
7、公司提出：鉴于贵公司资金周转困难，为了帮助贵方，我方允许贵公司采取远期付款。远期付款。贵公司作为买方，可以给我方开出一张见票后一年付款贵公司作为买方，可以给我方开出一张见票后一年付款700700万美元的万美元的汇票，请中国人民建设银行某市分行承兑。承兑后，我方保证将汇票，请中国人民建设银行某市分行承兑。承兑后，我方保证将700700万美元的胶合万美元的胶合板在一年内交货。贵方全部收货后，再付给我方板在一年内交货。贵方全部收货后，再付给我方700700万美元的货款。万美元的货款。A A公司以为现公司以为现在不付款，只开张远期票据就可得到货物在国内市场销售，于是欣然接受了在不付款，只开张远期票据就
8、可得到货物在国内市场销售，于是欣然接受了B B商的商的建议，给建议，给B B商签发了一张见票后一年付款商签发了一张见票后一年付款700700万美元的汇票。但万美元的汇票。但A A公司始料不及的是，公司始料不及的是，B B商将这张承兑了的远期票据在新加坡的美国银行贴现商将这张承兑了的远期票据在新加坡的美国银行贴现600600万美元。从此却一张胶万美元。从此却一张胶合板都不交给合板都不交给A A公司。事实上，公司。事实上，B B商将这笔巨款骗到手后便无影无踪了。商将这笔巨款骗到手后便无影无踪了。一年后，新加坡的美国银行持这张承兑了的远期票据请建行某市分行付款。一年后，新加坡的美国银行持这张承兑了的
9、远期票据请建行某市分行付款。尽管尽管B B商没有交货，某市分行却不得以此为理由拒绝向善意持票人美国银行支付票商没有交货，某市分行却不得以此为理由拒绝向善意持票人美国银行支付票据金额。最后，由于本案金额巨大，报请国务院批准，由建行某市分行付给美国据金额。最后，由于本案金额巨大，报请国务院批准，由建行某市分行付给美国银行银行600600万美元而结案。万美元而结案。对于这张远期票据，对于这张远期票据，A A公司为出票人，公司为出票人，B B商为收款人，建行某市分商为收款人，建行某市分行为付款人。行为付款人。A A公司与公司与B B商之间的胶合板买卖合同是该票据的原因商之间的胶合板买卖合同是该票据的原
10、因关系，使得关系，使得A A公司愿意向公司愿意向B B商开立这张汇票。商开立这张汇票。A A公司曾经向建行某公司曾经向建行某市分行提供了资金，它们之间的这种资金关系使得建行某市分行市分行提供了资金，它们之间的这种资金关系使得建行某市分行愿意向愿意向A A公司提供信用，承兑了这张远期汇票。美国银行与公司提供信用，承兑了这张远期汇票。美国银行与B B商之商之间有对价关系，美国银行善意地付了间有对价关系，美国银行善意地付了600600万美元的对价而受让，万美元的对价而受让，从而成为这张汇票的善意持票人。但票据的最大特点就是，票据从而成为这张汇票的善意持票人。但票据的最大特点就是，票据法律关系一经形成
11、，即与基础关系相分离。票据基础关系的存在法律关系一经形成，即与基础关系相分离。票据基础关系的存在和有效与否并不对善意持票人的票据权利而产生影响。所以，和有效与否并不对善意持票人的票据权利而产生影响。所以，B B商实际上没有交货，或者商实际上没有交货，或者A A公司并没有足够的美元存在建行，都公司并没有足够的美元存在建行，都不影响美国银行对承兑人的付款请求权。对美国银行来说，这张不影响美国银行对承兑人的付款请求权。对美国银行来说，这张票据上并没有写胶合板，只有一句话：票据上并没有写胶合板，只有一句话：“见票后一年付见票后一年付700700万美万美元元”。票据法律关系应依票据法的规定加以解决，票据
12、基础关系。票据法律关系应依票据法的规定加以解决，票据基础关系则应以民法规定加以解决。则应以民法规定加以解决。B B商正是利用了票据的特性才行骗得商正是利用了票据的特性才行骗得逞的。逞的。举例：举例：甲交给乙一张经付款银行承兑的期票，作为甲交给乙一张经付款银行承兑的期票，作为向乙订货的预付款，乙在票据上背书后转让给丙以向乙订货的预付款，乙在票据上背书后转让给丙以偿还原欠丙的借款，丙于到期日向承兑银行提示取偿还原欠丙的借款，丙于到期日向承兑银行提示取款，恰遇当地法院公告该行于当天起进行破产清理，款，恰遇当地法院公告该行于当天起进行破产清理，因而被退票。丙随即向甲追索，甲以乙所交货物质因而被退票。丙
13、随即向甲追索，甲以乙所交货物质次为由予以拒绝，并称已于次为由予以拒绝，并称已于10天前通知银行止付，天前通知银行止付，止付通知及止付理由也已通知了乙。在此情况下丙止付通知及止付理由也已通知了乙。在此情况下丙再向乙追索。乙以票据系甲开立为由推诿不理。丙再向乙追索。乙以票据系甲开立为由推诿不理。丙遂向法院起诉，被告为甲、乙与银行三方。你认为遂向法院起诉，被告为甲、乙与银行三方。你认为法院将如何判决？法院将如何判决？甲、乙的拒付理由不成立，银行已破产清理，只需甲、乙的拒付理由不成立，银行已破产清理，只需向甲、乙追索即可。向甲、乙追索即可。支付工具支付工具payment instrument流通工具流
14、通工具transferable instrument信用工具信用工具credit instrument融资工具融资工具financing instrument Functions of negotiable instrument出票人出票人drawer 付款人付款人payer/drawee 收款人收款人payee 背书人背书人endorser 承兑人承兑人acceptor 持票人持票人holder Parties to a negotiable instrument正当持票人正当持票人/善意的持票人（善意的持票人（holder in due course/bona fide holder）：）
15、：The instrument should be complete and regular on its face;The instrument is before maturity and the holder did not notice its previous dishonor,if any;The holder took it in good faith and for value;The holder did not notice any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of the person negoti
16、ating it付对价持票人付对价持票人holder for value:a person who possesses an instrument for which value has been given by himself or by some other person prior to him in forms of money,goods,or services.ACDEBDrew a draft on BEndorsed and lost itPicked it up and transferred it to E for valueAccepted the draftFGave
17、 it as a presentClaim for payment(第一次请求权，主权利第一次请求权，主权利)Recourse(第二次请求权第二次请求权)Only when the claim of holder for payment cant be satisfied,can recourse right be effected.Titles to a negotiable instrumentBritish law UK Bills of Exchange Act of 1882 US Uniform Commercial Code of 1962,Article 3French and
18、 German lawUniform law for Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes of Geneva of 1930 Convention Providing a Uniform Law for International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes and Convention Providing a Uniform law for International Checks United Nations 1988Negotiable Instrument Law o
19、f Peoples Republic of China Negotiable instrument lawsConcept Essential items required in a bill of exchangeActs relating to a bill of exchange Classification of bills of exchange Practice of bills of exchange Bill of exchangesection 3,bill of exchange act,1882,UK A Bill of exchange is an unconditio
20、nal order in writing,addressed by one person to another,signed by the person giving it,requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or the order of a specified person or to bearer.definitionv汇票是由一个人（汇票是由一个人（drawer）v
21、向另一个人签发的向另一个人签发的(drawee)/受票人受票人v无条件的无条件的unconditonalv书面命令书面命令order in writingv要求其在见票时或在未来某一规定的或可以确定的要求其在见票时或在未来某一规定的或可以确定的时间时间(tenor)v将一定金额的款项支付给某一特定的人或指定的人将一定金额的款项支付给某一特定的人或指定的人，或持票人，或持票人(payee)Absolutely necessary itemsRelatively necessary itemsItems at willEssential items required in a bill of ex
22、change出票（出票（Issue）背书（背书（Endorsement）提示（提示（Presentation）承兑（承兑（Acceptance）保证（保证（Guarantee or Aval）付款（付款（Payment）拒付（拒付（Dishonor）追索（追索（Recourse）参加承兑和参加付款参加承兑和参加付款（Acceptance/Payment for honor)Acts relating to a bill of exchangeAccording to the drawer:Bankers draft and traders draftAccording to the accep
23、tor:Bankers acceptance and traders acceptanceAccording to the tenor Demand draft/sight draft and time/usance draftAccording to whether commercial documents are attached thereto Clean draft and documentary draftClassification of bills of exchangeDiscounting of a bill of exchangeAccommodation bill融通汇票
24、融通汇票Practice of bills of exchangeDiscounting is to sell a time bill already accepted by the drawee but not yet fallen due to a financial institution at a price less than its face value.Calculating formula：D=Vtd/360 N=V-D D:discount interest V:face value t:tenor d:discounting rate(n%p.a.)N:net procee
25、ds Creditworthiness:Standing of the drawer and the accepterDrawn clause showing the reason for issuing the draft Discounting of bills of exchange 被融通人开出融通汇票，没有付给对价，被融通人开出融通汇票，没有付给对价，要求融通人要求融通人（高资信的非债务人）（高资信的非债务人）承兑汇票承兑汇票（提高汇票的信用身价以便贴现）（提高汇票的信用身价以便贴现），再交给贴，再交给贴现人予以贴现现人予以贴现，获得票款，获得票款；等到汇票到期日；等到汇票到期日前前
26、，被融通人应被融通人应把足额把足额票票款款交给承兑人，此时贴现交给承兑人，此时贴现人向承兑人提示要求付款，承兑人使用被融通人向承兑人提示要求付款，承兑人使用被融通人交来资金付款给贴现人，结清这笔融资业务人交来资金付款给贴现人，结清这笔融资业务。Accommodation bill图示图示 伦敦出口公司向墨尔本一家公司出口货款为伦敦出口公司向墨尔本一家公司出口货款为6600英镑，由出口英镑，由出口商开出远期汇票，出票后商开出远期汇票，出票后60天付款。伦巴第银行为伦敦某承兑公司。天付款。伦巴第银行为伦敦某承兑公司。1.The issue of a draft A draft for USD 10
27、0,000.00 is drawn by The American Exporter Co.,Ltd,Tampa,Florida,U.S.A on the French Issuing Bank,Paris,France payable at 60 days after sight to the order of ourselves dated 15 May.,2006 marked“Drawn under The French Issuing Bank,Paris,France L/C No.12345 dated 25 Feb.,2006.”2.A draft indicates that
28、“at 10 days from 11 may,2006 pay to the order of A company”,the maturity of the draft falls on _3.A draft is partly shown as follows:exchange for GBP12,500.00 New York,23 May 2006 at 60 days after B/L date 23/May/2006 pay to the order of ourselves the sum of US dollars one thousand only.Suppose the
29、accepted draft was discounted on 23 may,2006 by the collecting bank,Bank of Asia,London at the rate of 9%per annum.Please calculate discount amount and net proceeds.Exercises1.Exchange forUSD100,000.00 Tempa,15 May,2006 2.At 60 days after sight pay to the order of Ourselves the sum of US dollars one
30、 hundred thousand only.3.“Drawn under The French Issuing Bank,Paris,France L/C No.12345 dated 25 Feb.,2006”4.To The French Issuing Bank.For The American Exporter Co.,5.Paris Ltd,Tempa 6.signature7.2.When ISBP does not put into force,the maturity falls on 20 May,20068.when ISBP puts into force,the ma
31、turity falls on 21May,20063.Discount amount:1250060/365 9/100=184.934.Net Proceeds=12500-184.93What is a promissory noteEssential items of a promissory noteThe difference between a bill and a noteTypes of notesPromissory note 本票是出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定的金额本票是出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或持票人的票据。给收款人或持
32、票人的票据。UK Bills of Exchange Act of 1882,Article 83 A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another,signed by the maker,engaging to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to beare
33、r.Uniform Law for Bills of Exchange and Promissory notes of Geneva of 1930 Meaning of Promissory note The word“promissory note”An unconditional promise to payName of the payeeSignature of the makerPlace and date of issueTenorA sum certain in moneyPlace of paymentEssential items of a promissory note
34、An order to pay&a promise to payBasic parties involved:three-party instrument&two-party instrument Forms:in a set&one copyActs involved:for a promissory note,never acceptedMain obligor:for a draft,the drawer is primarily liable for payment before acceptance,but after acceptance the acceptor becomes
35、primarily liable for payment.for a promissory note,maker is always primarily liable for payment.When dishonor,protest is needed for foreign bill but not for promissory note.difference between a bill and a noteTraders notesBankers notes国际小额本票（国际小额本票（International Money Order）旅行支票（旅行支票（Travellers Cheq
36、ue）中央银行本票（中央银行本票（Central Bankers Notes）Negotiable certificates of deposit Various bondsTypes Concept and essential itemsDifference between a bill and a chequeTypes Cheques 出票人签发的，委托办理支票存款业务的银行或其他出票人签发的，委托办理支票存款业务的银行或其他金融机构在见票时无条件支付确定金额给持票人或收款人金融机构在见票时无条件支付确定金额给持票人或收款人的票据。的票据。A check is a bill of exc
37、hange drawn on a bank payable on demand;A check is an unconditional order in writing,signed by the person giving it,requiring the bank to whom it is addressed to pay on demand a sum certain in money to,or to the order of,a specified person or to bearer.Concept and essential itemsCheck-payment instru
38、ment&bill-payment and credit instrumentActs:certified and crossedLimitations on the drawer and drawee:for a check,the drawee must be the bank with which the drawer opens a checking accountA check can be cancelled before payment while for a bill,the payment is irrevocable after acceptancein a set&one
39、 copy Difference between a bill and a cheque划线支票（划线支票（crossed check):a crossing is in effect an instruction by the drawer or holder to the paying bank to pay the fund to bank only instead of over the counter of the paying bank.现金支票现金支票(open check)保付支票（保付支票（certified check)Types v A check is certifie
40、d by the drawee bank.Once a check is certified by the drawee bank,all other obligors on the check will be discharged of the liability of the payment.v 保付保付&保证保证：1)保付只是支票的行为，保证是三种票据的共同行为保付只是支票的行为，保证是三种票据的共同行为2)保付只能由支票的付款人作出，保证人则可是除票据债务人以外保付只能由支票的付款人作出，保证人则可是除票据债务人以外的任何人的任何人3)3)保付人成为绝对的债务人，出票人和背书人的责任便
41、免除，保证保付人成为绝对的债务人，出票人和背书人的责任便免除，保证人和被保证人都是汇票的债务人人和被保证人都是汇票的债务人4)4)全额保付全额保付5)5)支票保付人向持票人支付了支票金额，票据关系消灭，保证人支支票保付人向持票人支付了支票金额，票据关系消灭，保证人支付后，还可向被保证人和其前手追索付后，还可向被保证人和其前手追索Certified checksv The word“exchange”v An unconditional order to pay v A fixed amount of moneyv Name of the payee 1)1)限制性限制性（Restricted
42、OrderRestricted Order）不能流通转让不能流通转让,只有汇票只有汇票上指定的收款人才能接受票款上指定的收款人才能接受票款 e.g.pay to e.g.pay to*only;not only;not tranferrabletranferrable 2)2)指示性指示性（Demonstrative OrderDemonstrative Order）可经背书转让可经背书转让 pay to the order of pay to the order of*/pay to/pay to*(or order)(or order)3)3)来人抬头（我国不允许）来人抬头（我国不允许）p
43、ay to bearerpay to bearerAbsolutely necessary items(一)v Date of issue to determine the expiry date and paying date;make sure whether the drawer has disposing capacity v Name of drawee v The signature of the drawer without the signature of the drawer or forged signature makesan instrument invalid.(二)
44、Absolutely necessary items(二)v Place of issue v Place of payment v Tenor 即期付款即期付款(pay on demand/at sight)远期付款：出票后定期远期付款：出票后定期certain days after date 见票后定期见票后定期certain days after sight 定日付款定日付款fixed date 提单日后定日付款提单日后定日付款certain days after B/L Calculating the due date of a bill 严格按照汇票的文义推算，月为日历月，半严格按照
45、汇票的文义推算，月为日历月，半15天，如遇节假日则顺天，如遇节假日则顺延延 at 30 days after date;at 60 days from*Relatively necessary items利息、利率及汇率利息、利率及汇率（interest，interest and exchange rate）提示期限（提示期限（Limit of time for presentation）出票依据（出票依据（Drawn Clause）免作退票通知或放弃拒绝证书（免作退票通知或放弃拒绝证书（Notice of Dishonor Excused or Protest Waived）付一不付二付一不
46、付二预备付款人（预备付款人（Referee in case of need）Items at willComprises:1 1）to draw and sign a bill;2 2）to deliver it to the payee According to the negotiable instrument law：The bill should be complete in form stipulated by the negotiable instrument law in the place of issue；By drawing a bill,the drawer engage
47、s that on due presentment the bill will be accepted and paid and that,if dishonored,he will compensate the holder。Issue payeepayerdrawerThe payee or holder signs on the back of the bill and delivers it to the endorseeEndorsementNotes:A valid endorsement should be an endorsement of the entire bill;By
48、 endorsing an instrument,the endorser guarantee that on due presentment the bill shall be accepted and paid as specified.Types：1)Special endorsement 记名背书记名背书/特别背书特别背书/正式背书正式背书/完全背完全背书书 Pay to the order of ABC Co.,signed2)Blank endorsement 空白背书空白背书 3)Restrictive endorsement 限制性背书限制性背书 Pay to A only/n
49、ot transferable/not negotiable/pay to A bank for account of B Co.4)Endorsement for collection 委托取款背书（托收背书）委托取款背书（托收背书）5)Endorsement for pledge质押背书质押背书 endorseeendorser date AFirst endorsement C BSecond endorsement CThird endorsement E DFourth endorsementThe drawee sign on the face of bill,and delive
50、r it to the person presenting for acceptance,by which the drawee shows his assent to the order of drawerForms：the word“accepted”;date;signature of the draweeTypes：general acceptance:without any qualification qualified acceptance:1)a conditional acceptance(refuse to accept)e.g.accepted payable provid
