1、拖船中学拖船中学:郭顺平郭顺平 is better than.means victory!在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，代替主语，而把不定式后置：而把不定式后置：Its a great pleasure.It is not an easy thing.这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：的句子，如：It took us five hours.It made us very angry.不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可
2、在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由中看出，也可以由“for+名词词组名词词组”来表示，如：来表示，如：It is not hard to do a bit of good.It was difficult to do the work.某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上加上“of+名词词组名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：如：Its kind to think so much of us.Its very nice to be so considerate.Its unwise to tur
3、n down the proposal.It was careless to make such a mistake.1主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：如：To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2主语是以主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion 等为
4、中心词的名词词组，或以等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：My idea is.Your mistake was.My suggestion is.What I would suggest is.：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词时，作表语的不定时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号式可以省略符号“”，如：，如：All we have to do is.The only thing I can do now is.All I could do was.1“”。这类
5、动词常见的有：。这类动词常见的有：afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,continue,try,start,forget,mean,intend,begin,等，例如：等，例如：Ive arranged.I didnt expect.2“”。（这种不定式结构接。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell,adv
6、ise,show,teach,find out,decide,discuss,learn,forget,inquire,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder 等。等。疑问词（也称连接代疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：副词）有：what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which（why 除外），如：除外），如：I dont know what to do/where to go/who(m)to ask/when to stop/how to get there.I havent decided whether to
7、sell it or not.We must find out what to do next/where to put it.注注：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如：把不定式后置，例如：I find it difficult to understand him.We thought it wrong not to help her.They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注注：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语不定式结构一般不可作介词宾
8、语,只有在个别场合只有在个别场合,即在含有即在含有否定意义的带有介词否定意义的带有介词 except 或或 but(=except)的结构中才能这样用，的结构中才能这样用，例如：例如：He seldom comes except.The child nothing except.She can anything but.He will anything for you except.They could nothing but.1不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：Its time.He is not a man.Have you any
9、thing?She usually has a lot of meetings in the evening.I want to get something during the vocation.2能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如：式结构作定语，如：I dont wish to quarrel with you.I have no wish to quarrel with you.They will attempt to cross the river tonight.They will make a
10、nother attempt to cross the river tonight.She promised not to do that again.She made a promise not to do that again.3某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如：不定式结构作定语，如：He was obviously anxious to go.His anxiety to go was obvious.4不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上
11、有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：关系，如：He has a large family to support(=that he must support).注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是，它后面应，它后面应加上必要的加上必要的，如：，如：She has a lot of things to attend.The nurse has five children to look.Lets first find a room to put the things.5有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定
12、式之前加上for+名词词组，如：名词词组，如：Heres a book for you to read.He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示等。等。They ran over.He bought a bicycle.He went home.不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上三句参见以上三句)，但也有例外的情况，例如：，但也有例外的情况，例如：I stop
13、ped for him to speak to me.He opened the door for the children to come in.He brought a porter to carry the boxes/bags.They sent a man to mend the window.He stood up to be seen better.为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词否定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上之前加上 in order 或或 so as
14、，如：，如：He came here to see Charlie.He shouted and waved to be noticed.He went early not to miss the train.I turned the radio down not to disturb him.表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上，但却不可以加上so as，如：，如：To draw maps
15、properly,you need a special pen.To get the best results,use clean water.What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle/tell me the time?Im not such a fool as to believe that.The boy is old enough to go to school.His eye
16、sight is too poor to read such small letters.下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：Im only too glad to go.(=Im very glad to go.)I shall be only too pleased to get home.(=I shall be very pleased to get home.)有时，不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一有时，不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果，如：个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结
17、构也表示结果，如：She woke early.He got home.这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点：这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点：不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，如：如：He arrived late to find the others had gone home.不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。He left his native country(,)never to return.He returned home(,
18、)to find his father lying sick in bed.不定式所表示的结果往往含有不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到令人意想不到”的意味，其中以的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果），如：喜的结果），如：He went home.不定式之前有时可以加上不定式之前有时可以加上only或或but only，以加强语气，如：，以加强语气，如：He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.They lifted
19、a rock only to drop it on their own feet.注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，须根注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，须根据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较：据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较：He arrived late to find the others had gone home.(=He arrived late and found the others had gone home.)He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert.(=He arrived late in order
20、 to avoid meeting Robert.)He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains.(=He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.)She wept to hear the news.I pretend to be happy to know him.He laughed to see such fu
21、n.She seemed surprised to meet us.Dont force yourself when you have nothing to say.He believed the earth.Did you see a young man?表示表示“希望希望”“”“愿望愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：等心理状态的动词，如：wish,desire,expect,love,prefer,encourage,trust 等。等。What do you desire me?The director preferred her.含有含有“让让”“”“允许允许”“”“促使促使”“”“致使致使
22、”等祈使意义的动词，如：等祈使意义的动词，如：let,allow,permit,decide,mean,lead,bring,put,hurry,cause,等。等。We mustnt let this.His father put him.带有带有“请求请求”“”“恳求恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：等感情色彩的动词，如：ask,desire,invite,beg,request,worry 等。等。He begged me.She was always worrying her father.含有含有“建议建议”“”“劝告劝告”等意义的动词，如：等意义的动词，如：advise,persuade
23、,call on,urge 等。等。He urged us.The dentist advised me.含有含有“命令命令”“”“强迫强迫”“”“禁止禁止”等意义的动词，如：等意义的动词，如：order,command,require,charge,tell,make,oblige,force,drive,forbid,warn 等。等。He required us.The doctor ordered him.I warn you.其他还有：其他还有：help,teach,show,assist,report,bear,wait for,train,depend on 等。等。He pro
24、mised to teach me.We should train them.We are waiting for the train.Did you see anyone?Dont imagine yourself.We find him.He set the boys.Ill leave him.有些动词用有些动词用与用与用作宾语补足语，所表达的意作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即
25、：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行，如：所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行，如：Did you see anyone enter the house?He saw his father talking with his teacher.I once heard him sing this song.She heard Mr.White singing in the next room.He observed someone open the door.I watched them get into the car.Did you notice him le
26、ave the room?如：如：He felt them to be right.Did you feel the earth shake?如：如：Do you often help your mother(to)do the housework?如：如：The boss made them from morning till night.They were made from morning till night.例如：例如：Who heard him say that?They invited us to go there this summer.如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作
27、之前发生，这个如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用不定式就要用，如：，如：Im glad to have seen your mother.1构成复合谓语，如：构成复合谓语，如：He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.)The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It was reported that the enemy had surrend
28、ered.)She seemed to have heard about it already.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)2在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语，如：在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语，如：You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert.(=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.)Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.(=Im sorry I have
29、 given you so much trouble.)She was very glad to have done something for the people.3在某些动词后作宾语，如：在某些动词后作宾语，如：He pretended not to have seen me.I meant to have told you about it,but I forgot to do so.4有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语，如：有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语，如：It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native vi
30、llage.（主（主语）语）So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定语）（定语）They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（复合宾语）（复合宾语）She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work.（复合宾语）（复合宾语）1构成复合谓语，如：构成复合谓语，如：They are said to be building another bridge across the river.They seem to be getting
31、 along quite well.I happened to be going that way too.2在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如：在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如：We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3在某些动词后作宾语，如：在某些动词后作宾语，如：He pretended to be listening attentively.4有时可以作主语或状语，如：有时可以作主语或状语，如：I am glad to be working with you.(状语状语)Its nice of you to be thinking of us.
32、(主语主语)They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.She wished to have been training as hard as the others.Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.1作主语：作主语：It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.2作宾语：作宾语：She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.3构成复合宾语：构成复合宾语：He wan
33、ted the letter to be typed at once.She didnt like herself to be praised like that.4构成复合谓语：构成复合谓语：The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.5作定语：作定语：Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?6作状语：作状语：She was too young to be assigned such work.It is a good thing for hi
34、m to have been criticized.It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）（主语）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do.(She preferred to have been given heavier work to do.(宾语宾语)）He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party.He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party.（复合宾语）（复合宾语）The book is said to have been translated into many The book is said to have been translated into many languages.languages.（复合谓语）（复合谓语）She was the first woman to have been elected to such a She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post.post.（定语）（定语）
