1、【 精品教育资源文库 】 第一步 过词汇关 第一讲 词汇如何写对 编写说明 创设 4 步增分方案:过词汇关 过句子关 过段落关 过篇章关,每关又按 “ 先写对 再写美 ” 两层级设置课时。由词组句、连句成段、由段成篇,循序渐进,步步为营步步赢; 先写对,再写美,符合一般考生的学习实际, 保住基本分,才能得高分。 第一步 过 词 汇 关 第一讲 _ 词汇如何写对 词汇是语言的建筑材料,我们说话、写文章都离不开词汇。只有准确选词,文章才能优美。所以,要想写好文章,首先应从词汇着手。 一、准确选词的两个原则 1规范 所谓规范是指所选的词语应是合乎习 惯的、现代的、通用的。语言是交流的工具,我们只有
2、选用那些合乎习惯的、现代的、通用的词语,人们才会觉得顺耳,否则就会显得生硬、难懂。如: We rise early every day.我们每天很早起床。这里的 rise 虽也有 “ 起床 ” 的含义,但很正式,生活中不常用。不如改为 get up 更为通俗易懂。又如,汉语中表示 “ 看书 ”“ 看电视 ”“ 看黑板 ” 等都用到一个 “ 看 ” 字,因为这个字在汉语中通用。如果英语中我们都用 read 或 see 或 watch 或 look at 等来表达这些 “ 看 ” ,则不符合英语的表达习惯,因此就是错误的。例如: Let s go to see the movies.我们去看电影吧
3、。 Look at the blackboard, please.请看黑板。 Don t read in the sun.不要在阳光下看书。 How many children like watching TV? 有多少孩子喜欢看电视? 2贴切 所谓贴切是指词义所表示的内容能准确表达思想,这就要求写作者应透彻地掌握每个词语的确切含义。在学习英语时,我们尤其要注意那些同义词和多义词,使用不当就会出错。例如: “ 他长得很高。 ” 英语是 He is very tall.如果将 tall 误译为 high 则会使人理解为 “ 他离地面很高 ” 。当然这里只列举了词义间的差别。在行文中用词贴切,还应
4、注意语境和通篇的语体,使每个词在上下文中都自然和谐。 二、用词不当常见的九种错误 1词性混用 【 精品教育资源文库 】 例 1 误 She enjoys study English. 正 She enjoys English study. She enjoys studying English. 例 2 误 Can you understand my speak? 正 Can you understand my speaking/words? Can you understand me ? 例 3 误 When you through the valley, you may see a bi
5、g pine tree. 正 When you go through the valley, you may see a big pine tree. 2代词指代不明 例 误 She told my sister that she had passed the exam. 正 She told my sister that my sister had passed the exam. She had passed the exam and told this to my sister. 3介词误用 例 1 误 In my surprise, he got the first prize. 正
6、To my surprise, he got the first prize. 例 2 误 He came here to attend the meeting in car. 正 He came here to attend the meeting by car. 例 3 误 He was hurt on his right foot. 正 He was hurt in his right foot. 4冠词误用 例 1 误 We elected Li Hua the monitor of our class. 正 We elected Li Hua monitor of our class
7、. 例 2 误 Once upon a time, there was an oneeyed king. 正 Once upon a time, there was a oneeyed king. 5动词误用 【 精品教育资源文库 】 例 1 误 I forgot my keys in the car. 正 I left my keys in the car. 例 2 误 It s going to rain. Bring a raincoat with you. 正 It s going to rain. Take a raincoat with you. 6误把不可数名词用作可数名 词
8、例1 误 Workers have many interests in the new machine. 正 Workers have much interest in the new machine. 例2 误 It is such a nice weather. 正 It is such nice weather. 7误把可数名词用作不可数名词 例 1 误 There is always traffic jam. 正 There is always a traffic jam. 例 2 误 Let s go out for walk. 正 Let s go out for a walk.
9、8数词用法错误 例 1 误 There are several hundreds people in the hall. 正 There are several hundred people in the hall. 例 2 误 Thousand of students are planting trees in the hill. 正 Thousands of students are planting trees in the hill. 例 3 误 More than five hundreds of taxi drivers are 【 精品教育资源文库 】 on strike. 正
10、 More than five hundred taxi drivers are on strike. 9习惯用法错误 例 1 误 The actor in this movie is very beautiful. 正 The actor in this movie is very handsome. 例 2 误 I and my parents are working in the field. 正 My parents and I are working in the field. 例 3 误 The reason is because he does not know what to
11、do next. 正 The reason is that he does not know what to do next. 三、用词的四大注意事项 1避免用汉语思维生造中国式英语 (1)中英词汇意义差别 许多 学生由于不知道或不熟悉或一时想不起书面表达中所需要的词汇,便用他们自己所熟悉的英语单词,借助汉语思维生造出令人啼笑皆非、五花八门、中国式的英语。例如: 将 “ 今天早上 ”(this morning) 说成是 today morning; 将 “ 一天早上 ”(one morning) 说成 one day morning; 将 “ 跳水 ”(dive) 说成 jump water;
12、 将 “ 学费 ”(fee) 说成 study money。 (2)选词的误区 当学生们要表达 “ 我的家乡发生了巨大的变化 ” 时,大部分学生写成: My hometown has a large change. My hometown has a great change. 很显然,以上例句中的 large 和 great 是受汉语思维影响而产生的错误,应该改为: My hometown has changed a lot. Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 有些学生将 “ 我的家乡变得更加美丽 ” 写成: My hometown
13、 has changed more beautiful. 殊不知 change 一词并非系动词 ,其后不能跟表语,应改为: 【 精品教育资源文库 】 My hometown has become/turned more beautiful. 2避免不理解而盲目选词 由于对英语词汇理解不透,往往造成词汇上的用法错误,主要表现为: (1)画蛇添足 运动会上,当他飞速冲刺时,我们都为他加油。 At the sports meet, we cheered him on when he dashed quickly. 本句中动词 dash 本身就是 “ 急奔;猛冲 ”(to go somewhere
14、very quickly and/or suddenly)的意思,再加上 quickly,显然是累赘多余的。 (2)词性使用混乱 做兼职工作总是影响学习。 Doing a parttime job always effects study. 本句中 effect 和另一个词 affect 都有 “ 影响 ” 的意思,但前者是名词,后者是动词。该句应使用动词 affect 作谓语。在英语中,由于词性不同,单词所起的语法功能也就不同。学生在英文写作时往往把名词和动词等混为一谈。 (3)动态、状态不分 我们结婚两年了。 We married for two years. 本句中 marry 是一个非
15、延续性的动词,此处表示动作,不能与一段时间连用。我们可以说: We have been married for two years. 3英文有而汉语没有的变化 (1)英语动词时态的曲折变化在汉语里没有相应的形式。 他爸爸想去美国,可是没成功。 误 His father wanted to go to America but fail. 正 His father wanted to go to America but failed. (2)英语名词复数的曲折变化在汉语里没 有相应的形式。 老师给了我许多有益的劝告。 误 The teacher gave me many good advices.
16、 正 The teacher gave me many pieces of good advice. (3)代词的曲折变化 最常见的错误是该用宾格的地方用主格。中国学生常常忽略 he 与 him, she 与 her 的区别,因为汉语里没有这种区别。如: 这件事是我做的。 【 精品教育资源文库 】 误 It is me that have done this work. 正 It is I that have done this work. 4中文无而英文有的现象 (1)冠词是英语句子里的一个重要部分。当名词前没有所有格形式时,如果指一类东西中的一个或几个特定事物,要使用定冠词;如果指一类事
17、物中任何一个,就用不定冠词。 我们在随后的礼拜去了上海。 误 We went to Shanghai next week. 正 We went to Shanghai the next week. (2)在比较时,英语常用 “that of” 或 “those of” 以避免重复,即要把两样相比的东西对称地说出,而 汉语却可以省略。 他的藏书比我的多。 误 The books he has collected are more than me. 正 The books he has collected are more than those of mine. (3)英语中 and 用来连接动词
18、短语或并列句,但连接其他词或句子等时,汉语可以省略与 and 具有同样意义与作用的连词。这一差异导致中国学生汉译英或使用英语写作时经常写出病句。英语中句与句之间的联系借助于连接词,缺少连接词,句与句之间就不存在其合理性。 老师 问了我一个问题,我不会回答。 误 The teacher asked me a question, I couldn t answer it. 正 The teacher asked me a question, and/but I couldn t answer it. (4)either .or; neither .nor; so (.) that 等都与汉语存在差异。汉语中相似的意思在英语中用不同的句法结构表示,这就给中国学生在汉译英或写作上带来了困难。 他什么也不干,睡了一整天。 He didn t do anything but sleep all day. 他不抽烟,也不喝酒。 He neither smokes nor drinks. (5)汉语中注重关联词的使用,如 “ 因为 ? 所以 ?”“ 虽然 ? 但是 ?” 和 “ 尽管 ? 还 /仍 ” ,但英语却不能对等翻译。如: 虽然他很小,但知道得很多。 Though/Although he is y