1、UNIT 2 MORALS AND VIRTUESSection C Discovering Useful Structures非谓语动词不定式不定式to do过去过去分词分词done独立主格独立主格现在现在分词分词doing动名词动名词doing1.作定语2.作表语4.作状语 3.作宾补现在分词宾语补足语(oc)定义：宾语补足语是指：有的及物动词，接了宾语意义仍然不完整，还需要有一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，简称宾补。He is running.He loves music.We make him our monitor.不及物动词vi：本身意义完整，不需要跟sth/sb
2、作宾语的动词及物动词vt：必须要跟sth/sb作宾语才能意义完整的动词动词v.+宾语+宾补介词v.+宾语+宾补 单元语法单元语法 现在分词作现在分词作宾语补足语宾语补足语和和状语状语要点一、现在分词作要点一、现在分词作宾语补足语宾语补足语现在分词作宾补，表示宾语与作宾补的动词之间是主动关系。1.作感官动词的宾语补足语：感官动词+宾语+现在分词（doing）感官动词有：see,hear，feel，smell，watch，catch(当场发现)，find，listen to，look at，notice,observe 等。I saw a girl crying in the street.I c
3、aught him reading my private letters.注意注意：感官动词+宾语+现在分词（doing）作宾补，表示动作正在进行；感官动词+宾语+动词原形（do）作宾补，则表示动作的全过程。see/watch/notice/observe/find/hear sb doing 看见/听见某人正在做某事 see/hear sb do 看见/听见某人做某事的全过程When I came in，I saw Linda （whisper）to Danny.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found（smoke）in the kitc
4、hen.After a knock at the door,the child heard his mothers voice（call）him.callingsmokingwhispering2.作使役动词的宾语补足语：使役动词+宾语+现在分词（doing）使役动词有：make,have，get，keep，leave,set，等。We shouldnt keep our lights burning in the day.The joke set her bursting out laughig.注意注意：使役动词+宾语+现在分词（doing）作宾补，表示让。一直做某事，强调动作的持续性；使
5、役动词+宾语+动词原形（do）作宾补，表示让某人做某事,强调一次性的动作。使役动词+宾语+过去分词（done）作宾补，表示使某事被做；keep/have/get/leave sb doing 让某人一直做 make/let/have sb do 让某人做 have/get/make/keep/leave sth done 使某事被做 get/leave sb to do He has us （laugh）during the lunchtime.His mother has him （clean）his bedroom.I will have the wall （paint）tomorrow.
6、They use computers to keep the traffic（run）smoothly.runninglaughing clean painted动作的连续性一次性的动作动作的连续性3.用于 with 复合结构,作介词with的宾语补足语：with+宾语+现在分词（doing）在with 复合结构中，如果动作是宾语发出的，且表示动作持续或正在进行，则用现在分词作宾补。With so many people looking at her,she felt nervous.I couldnt do my homework with the noise going on.注意注意：在
7、with 复合结构中，动词不定式作宾补虽然动作也是宾语发出的，但是表示动作将要发生With so many people (help)us,we are sure to finish it in time.to help单句语法填空1）When I was on my way to school this morning，I saw two women_ （sell）lanterns.2）The operator left hurriedly with the machine（run）.3）On the bank of the river，we found him（put）on a tent，
8、with a dog （lie）on the grass.4)Peter，a colleague of mine，was standing on the bridge and watching boats _（pass）by.5）With the pianist （perform）music on the stage，the atmosphere is quite romantic.sellingrunningputtinglyingpassingperforming状语定义：状语（adv.）就是在一个句子中用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分.用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式,现
9、在分词，过去分词和从句。通常来说状语就是为了说明一个动作/事情发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，原因等等。所以，通常就会出现我们所说的时间状语，地点状语，原因状语，条件状语从句等等。I fought with Peter fiercely this morning in the classroom because he called me an idiot.要点二要点二 现在分词作现在分词作状语状语1.现在分词作状语的功能 可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随等，相当于状语从句。（1）作时间状语，相当于一个when，while 引导的时间状语从句。有时现在分词前加when或while
10、以示强调。Walking in the park,she saw an old fiend.=When/While(she was)walking in the park,she saw an old fiend.要点二要点二 现在分词作现在分词作状语状语注意：1）当表示正在进行的动作时，可直接在分词前加when/while,此时也可以理解为状语从句的省略。2)为了强调现在分词的意义，可以在现在分词前加上各种连词。eg:加上when/while,强调与谓语动词同时发生；加上before/after,强调动作先后发生，加上thus,强调结果；加上although/though,强调让步Thoug
11、h knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.(2）作原因状语，相当于一个as，since，because 引导的原因状语从句。Not knowing her address,I had better telephone her to come over.=Because I dont know her address,I had better telephone her to come over.（3）作条件状语，相当于一个if，unless 等引导的条件状语从句。Working hard,youll make great progre
12、ss.=If you work hard,youll make great progress.（4）作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句，有时现在分词前可带有连词although，even if，even though 等。Knowing all his,I still want to see it myself.=Although I know all his,I still want to see it myself.（5）作结果状语，表示必然的,意料之中的结果，通常放在句末。有时为了突出结果，现在分词前可加thus，相当于so 或so that 引导的结果状语从句。He was caught
13、in the heavy rain,thus making himself catch a cold.注意注意：不定式作结果状语时，常与only，never 连用，表示一种出乎意料的结果。I hurried to school,only to find it was Sunday.（6）作方式或伴随状语，谓语动词表示动作发生的方式、背景或情况。此时现在分词的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。现在分词或分词短语作伴随状语时可以转换成并列成分。Mary sat by the window of the classroom,reading a book.=Mary sat by the window o
14、f the classroom and was reading a book.分析下列句子中现在分词作状语的类型：分析下列句子中现在分词作状语的类型：1.Hearing the news,they immediately set off for the station.2.The child slipped and fell,hitting his head against the door.3.Living miles away,he attended the lecture.4.Not knowing his address,I cant write to him.5.He lay in
15、bed,reading a novel.时间状语结果状语让步状语原因状语伴随状语（7）作评论性状语 有些现在分词（短语）时，没有逻辑主语而独立存在，往往位于句首用来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。如：Judging from/by 由判断 Considering.考虑到 Supposing/providing.如果 Assuming.假设 Generally speaking 一般说来 Roughly speaking 大致说来 Frankly speaking 坦率地说 Honestly speaking 诚实地说 Strictly speaking 严格地说 （一般来说）,childr
16、en are naturally curious.（考虑到）the budget,we have decided to give up the travel plan.Generally speaking Considering（8）现在分词构成的独立主格结构 一般现在分词作状语，现在分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致，但有时句子的语义需要现在分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，即现在分词有自己独立的逻辑主语，构成：n./prop+doing,这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，有时还可以表示时间、原因、条件或解释整个句子。she sat behind the tab
17、le,her chin resting in her hands.There being no bus，we had to walk home.the weather being fine,we went out for a walk.用现在分词的独立主格结构改写句子If weather permits,we shall go there on foot.,we shall go there on foot.After Mary came back,they discussed it together.,they discussed it together.Weather permitting
18、 Mary coming back 要点三 现在分词作状语的注意事项1.现在分词的时态：一般式（doing）与完成式（having done）1）现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，用一般式（doing）作状语；2）现在分词的动作先发生，谓语动词的动作后发生，用完成式（having done）作状语。(walk)in the street,I met an old friend.(finish)the homework,he went out for a walk.2.现在分词的否定式：not+doing;not+having doneNot knowing the notice,he d
19、idnt come.Not having made full preparations,we put off the sports meeting.Walking Having finishedwalking 和谓语动词met同时发生 having finished 先发生，谓语动词went out后发生3.现在分词的语态：主动式（同时发生用doing/先后发生用 having done）与 被动式（同时发生being done/先后发生having been done）现在分词作状语时，用主动还是被动，取决于现在分词与句子主语的关系，句子的主语就是现在分词的逻辑主语。第一步：判断语态，主动o
20、r被动第二步：判断动作发生顺序，同时发生or先后发生 （finish）the homework,he went to bed.（show）around the lab,they were led into a hall.（talk）to,you should look into the eyes of the person.（struggle）for years,he finally won the chamion.(tell)for several times,he still couldnt understand the rules.Having finishedHaving been s
21、hownBeing talkedHaving struggled Having been told 主动，先后发生被动，先后发生被动，同时发生主动，先后发生被动，先后发生summary:现在分词doing 作宾语补足语作状语动词v.+宾语+doing作宾补介词v.+宾语+doing作宾补1.时间状语2.原因状语3.条件状语4.结果状语5.让步状语6.方式和伴随状语注意事项时态语态否定式7.评论性状语8.独立主格用法一般情况：现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语跟句子的主语一致特殊情况：1）现在分词作状语，在句子中没有逻辑主语2）现在分词作状语，有自己的逻辑主语，且其逻辑主语跟句子的主语不一致主动式（do
22、ing/having done）与 被动式（being done/having been done）一般式（doing）与完成式（having done）not+doing;not+having done单句语法填空1）Unless （see）the changes with your own eyes，you will never believe their greatness.2）His car broke down on the way，thus （cause）him to be late for the election.3）（walk）in the street with his d
23、og following him，he felt really free and pleased.4）（finish）his work，he went out into the garden to have a walk.5）He lifted the stone only （drop）it on his own feet.6）（elect）as captain，Tom was greatly encouraged.7）（try）many times，he still couldnt overcome the difficulties.8）（eat）at the cafeteria befor
24、e，Tina didnt want to eat there again.WalklingHaving finishedto dropHaving been electedHaving triedHaving eatenseeingcausing主动，同时发生主动，先后发生被动，先后发生主动，先后发生主动，先后发生意想不到的结果必然的意料中的结果条件状语从句11）（spend）nearly all his money，the former wrestler couldnt afford a meal.12）（consider）his age，little Tom is doing a real
25、ly good job.13）Pressed from his parents，and（realise）that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games.14）When （illustrate）a book，you put pictures，photographs or diagrams into it.15）（go）straight down the road，you will find the canteen.16）There is no greater pleasure t
26、han lying on the grassland，（stare）at the night sky.17）Tom slowly walked away，（complain）about the cold weather.18）It（be）Sunday，many people go to the gymnasium to workout.Having spentConsideringrealisingillustratingGoingstaringcomplainingbeing主动，先后发生单句写作19）（说实话），all of his savings are given to childre
27、n in a faraway village.20）Hanging his head,the boy stood by the door,（不敢说一句话）.21）（天气允许的话）,I will make a trip to Inner Mongolia.22）（从外表判断），it is very peaceful，but in fact，a war will break out soon.23）Group activities were organised after class，（增强 孩子们的团队精神）.24）The actor intended to leave quickly，（却被他
28、的粉丝包围了）.25）Newly-built wooden cottages line the street，_（把这座古城变成了梦境）.26）After we have made full preparations，we are ready for the examination.full preparations，we are ready for the examination.27）If you go straight down the road，you will find the department store.down the road，you will find the depa
29、rtment store.Honestly speakingnot daring to say a wordWeather permittingJudging from appearancebuilding up childrens team spiritonly to be surrounded by his fansturning the old town into a dreamlandHaving madeGoing straight1.Finish your writing after class.2.Surf the Internet for more information about the related knowledge after school.
