1、UNIT5 FRIST AIDDiscovering Useful Structures观察例句1As you can imagine，getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries.2You can protect the burnt area by covering it with a loose clean cloth.3The first and most important step in the treatment of burns is giving first aid.动词-ing 形式getting为动词-ing形式在句中作主语
2、。covering为动词-ing形式在句中作宾语。giving为动词-ing形式在句中作表语。4It is best to place burns under cool running water，especially within the first ten minutes.5If you see someone choking，first call the emergency services.6In 1974，an American doctor，Henry Heimlich，created the Heimlich manoeuvre，saving thousands of lives
3、 around the world.running为动词-ing形式在句中作定语choking为动词-ing形式在句中作宾语补足语saving为动词-ing形式在句中作状语一、动词-INGING形式的基本情况1 1动词-ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式。动词-ing形式在句中的语法作用：在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，动词-ing形式在句中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。2动词-ing形式的时态和语态：Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.大声朗读是学习一门语言的一种好方法。Having studied his lessons very ha
4、rd，he passed the exam.因为努力学习功课，他通过了考试。The building being built now will be finished next month.正在建设的那座楼房将在下个月完工。主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done时态语态动词-ing形式的主动式表示它逻辑主语时动作的执行者，其被动式表示它的逻辑主语是动作的承受者二、动词-INGING形式作主语1动词ing形式作主语时，往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首。动词ing形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Say
5、ing is one thing，and doing is another.说是一回事，做是另一回事。_every day helps to make one keep healthy.每天散步有助于一个人保持健康。Climbing mountains _really difficult for the old.对于老人来说爬山确实困难。Having a walk is2形式主语it代替动词ing形式作主语。此类句式常见的有：Its a waste of time doing sth.Its useless/worthwhile doing sth.Its no good/use/fun do
6、ing sth.It is a waste of time_ persuade such a person.试图说服这样一个人是浪费时间。_the movie again.这部电影值得再看一次做某事是浪费时间做某事没用/是值得的做某事没好处/没用/没意思trying toIt is worth seeing 3动词ing形式和to do作主语时的区别。动词ing形式和to do都可以作主语。动词ing形式作主语表示比较抽象的一般行为，to do作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。(泛指)Singing is my hobb
7、y，and to sing at my friends birthday party is my dream.唱歌是我的爱好，在朋友的生日宴会上唱歌是我的梦想。三、动词三、动词-INGING形式作宾语形式作宾语1动词形式作宾语时，可位于（短语）动词之后，也可位于（短语）介词之后，此处作动词的宾语有：avoid，miss，delay/put off 避免错过少延期advise，finish，practise 建议完成多练习enjoy，imagine，cant help 喜欢想象禁不住admit，deny，envy 承认否定与嫉妒escape，risk，excuse 逃避冒险莫原谅stand，ke
8、ep，mind 忍受保持不介意He admitted referring to his notes in the exam.他承认在这次考试中查阅了自己的笔记。She _down upon in public.她忍受不了在公众场合被人看不起的感觉。Would you mind_?你介意打开窗户吗？He tried to avoid _my questions.他试图对我的问题避而不答。cant stand being looked opening the windowanswering2作介词的宾语。在下面的短语中，常用动词ing形式作介词的宾语：be good at擅长；dream of 梦
9、想；care about在乎；be concerned about关心；be interested in对感兴趣；feel like想要；insist on坚持；think of认为；aim at瞄准；set about开始做；be used to习惯于；get down to开始做；lead to导致；devote oneself to 献身于；look forward to 期待；stick to 坚持；pay attention to注意；give up放弃等。I _around the world and leading a happy life.我梦想着环游世界，过上幸福的生活。He
10、 _it in his own way.他坚持要按照自己的方法做。Im _next time.我期待着你下一次的到来。dream of sailing insisted on doinglooking forward to your coming3在以下结构中，动词ing形式作介词的宾语，介词常省略。spend.(in)doing sth.have difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth.stop/prevent.(from)doing sth.waste time(in)doing sth.be busy(in)doing sth.have a good/hard t
11、ime(in)doing sth.There is no point(in)doing sth.花费做某事做某事有困难/麻烦阻止做某事浪费时间做某事忙于做某事高兴做某事/费了很大劲做某事做某事毫无意义He _every day，which has made him have little time to play with his child.他每天总是忙于工作，这使他很少有时间和孩子一起玩。_him such a good chance.给他提供这样一个好机会没有意义。is always busy working There is no point giving 4动词ing形式作主语、宾语
12、时的几个特殊情况(1)动词ing的复合结构名词（宾格）/名词s所有格形式代词（宾格）/形容词性物主代词 动词ing的复合结构的否定形式为：形容词性物主代词/代词(宾格)/名词/名词的所有格not doing.。His/Toms being late made the teacher very angry.Would you mind my/me closing the window?Would you mind Marys/Mary passing Tom the dictionary?动词ing(2)某些动词及动词短语后面既可以用不定式也可以用动词ing作宾语。go on doing sth
13、.继续做同一件事 go on to do sth.接着做另一件事 forget doing sth.忘记做过某事 forget to do sth.忘记要做某事 try doing sth.试着做某事 try to do sth.努力做某事 remember doing sth.记得做过某事 remember to do sth.记住要做某事regret doing sth.后悔做了某事regret to do sth.很遗憾要做某事 mean to do sth.打算/意欲做某事 mean doing sth.意味着做某事 stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事 stop doin
14、g sth.停止正在做的事情cant help to do sth.不能帮着去做某事cant help doing sth.禁不住做某事They stopped to have a look at the fantastic scenery.他们停下来，去看一看这美妙绝伦的风景。They stopped working and had a rest.他们停止工作，休息了一下。(3)用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词-ing形式。其结构如下：think useless consider no use 主语 find +it+no good +doing feel believe Do you c
15、onsider it any good trying again?你觉得再试会有用吗？I found it _about it.我发现争论这件事没有用。useless/no use arguing(4)在动词need，require，want，deserve后，用动词ing形式表示被动意义，即 need/require/want/deserve doing need/require/want/deserve to be done。These clothes need washing.These clothes need to be washed.这些衣服需要洗。The house_.The h
16、ouse_.这座房子需要修理。requires repairingrequires to be repaired(5)在(be)worth后面只能用动词ing形式来表示被动意义。The film is worth seeing a second time.这部电影值得再看一次。四、动词-ING形式作表语1 1动词ing形式(短语)作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为，用来说明主语的内容，与主语通常是同一概念，表语和主语常可互换位置。One of his weaknesses is telling lies.Telling lies is one of his weaknesses.他的缺点之一就是说
17、谎。His hobby is reading books in his spare time.Reading books in his spare time is his hobby.他的爱好是在空闲时间读书。2动词ing形式(短语)作表语，表示主语的某种性质和特征，这类词通常可以看作形容词。The trip is very exciting，and we have decided to have a similar one.这次旅行很是激动人心，我们已决定再进行一次类似的旅行。名师点津作表语的动词ing形式，许多是由能够表示人的某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有：moving，inte
18、resting，encouraging，exciting，inspiring，boring，surprising，puzzling，amusing，astonishing.这类词有“令人的”的含义，常修饰物。五、动词-INGING形式作定语1动词ing形式(短语)作定语，表示名词的属性、作用或用途，作“供用”讲，常置于被修饰的名词前。There is a swimming pool in our school.我们学校有一个游泳池。Students are not permitted to speak loud in the reading room.在阅览室里学生们不许大声喧哗。2动词ing
19、形式(短语)作定语，表示所修饰词的动作或状态，被修饰词与动词ing形式之间是主动关系，相当于一个定语从句。The boys gathering at the school gate are my classmates.The boys _are my classmates.聚集在校门口的那些男孩是我的同学。名师点津单个的动词ing形式作定语时，放在被修饰词前；动词ing形式短语作定语时，则放在被修饰词后。who are gathering at the school gate 六、动词-INGING形式作宾语补足语动词ing形式作宾语补足语时，表示正在进行的动作或经常存在的状态。动词ing形式
20、常作以下动词的宾语补足语。1动词ing位于感官动词后：feel，smell，listen to，hear，watch，see，notice，observe 等。I felt someone patting me on the shoulder.我感觉有人在拍我的肩膀。When he passed the swimming pool，he saw someone swimming in it.当他经过游泳池时，他看见有人在游泳。动词ing与动词不定式在感官动词后的意义在see，hear，watch等感官动词后，用动词ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行；用省略to的不定式作宾语补足语表示动作从
21、开始到结束的全过程。I heard Mary singing in the next room我听到玛丽正在隔壁唱歌。I heard Mary sing a song in the next room last night昨晚我听到玛丽在隔壁唱歌。(动作正在进行)(动作全过程)2动词ing位于使役动词后：have，keep，get，leave，set，make，send等。She couldnt have him getting away with telling lies.她不能容忍他撒了谎而不受惩罚。Please dont keep the little boy staying alone
22、.不要让这个男孩独自待着。3用于with复合结构中。I couldnt do my homework with the noise going on.由于噪音不断，我没法做家庭作业。With so many people looking at her，she feels nervous.这么多人看着她，她感到很紧张。七、动词-INGING形式作状语1作时间状语。Hearing the news，he couldnt help laughing.When he heard the news，he couldnt help laughing.一听到那个消息，他禁不住大笑起来。2作原因状语。Not
23、knowing her address，I had better telephone her to come over.As I dont know her address，I had better telephone her to come over.由于不知道她的地址，我还是打电话让她过来为好。3作条件状语。Working hard，youll surely succeed.If you work hard，youll surely succeed.如果努力工作，你就一定会成功。4作结果状语。The child slipped and fell，hitting his head again
24、st the door.The child slipped and fell，and hit his head against the door.那个男孩滑了一跤，头撞到了门上。名师点津动词ing形式作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面可以加only。I hurried to school，only to find it was Sunday.我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。5作让步状语。Having been told many times，he still didnt learn these rules by heart.A
25、lthough he had been told many times，he still didnt learn these rules by heart.尽管被告知了很多次，他还是没把这些规定记住。6作伴随状语。Morris lay on the grass，staring at the sky for a long time.Morris lay on the grass and stared at the sky for a long time.莫里斯躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。The boy sat in front of the farmhouse，cutting the bran
26、ches.The boy sat in front of the farmhouse，and cut the branches.那个男孩坐在农舍前砍树枝。7作方式状语。He came running back to tell me the news.他跑回来告诉我这个消息。名师点津动词ing形式作状语时，如果表示时间、原因、条件、让步时，那么相当于与之对应的状语从句，但是当表示结果、伴随及方式时，则可转化为并列分句。8动词ing形式作状语时的注意事项(1)动词ing形式的时态动词ing形式作状语时，要注意动词ing形式的时间性，是用动词ing形式的一般式(doing)，还是用完成式(havin
27、g done)。当动词ing形式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用动词ing形式的一般式。Walking in the street，I met an old friend of mine.我正在大街上行走时，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生)当动词-ing形式的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用动词-ing形式的完成式。Having finished the letter，he went to post it.他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先发生的，went是后发生的)(2)动词ing形式的语态使用动词ing形式的主动式还是被动
28、式，这主要取决于动词ing形式和句子主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是动词ing形式的逻辑主语。Having been shown around the factory，they were very happy.(动词ing形式的被动式)被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴。Having finished his homework，he went to bed.(动词ing形式的主动式)完成了作业后，他就上床睡觉了。(3)动词ing形式的否定式：notv.ing；not havingv.edNot knowing this，he didnt come.他不知道这件事，所以没来。Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting.因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。(4)动词ing形式作评注性状语有些动词ing形式在句中没有逻辑主语，它们往往作为句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如：generally speaking“一般来说”，judging by/from.“从判断”，taking everything into consideration“从全局考虑”。Judging from his behaviour，he must be mad.从他的行为来判断，他一定是疯了。
