1、The 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action1GAO GuangshengOffice of National Coordination Committee on Climate Change,National Development and Reform Commission of P.R.ChinaNov.15,2006Policies and Measures of China on Climate Change Mitigation under the Framework of Sustainab
2、le DevelopmentThe 2nd Workshop of Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative ActionThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action2Climate change is one of the key concerns of the international community.Climate change,both as an environmental issue and development issue,falls in the cate
3、gory of development in the final analysis;Tackle the challenges of climate change in joint efforts through dialogue and cooperation has become the consensus of international community;IntroductionThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action3Actively addressing climate change a
4、nd enhancing sustainable development are not only the requirements of implementing the UNFCCC,but also the requirements of carrying out the scientific concept of development in China;Advancing the sustainable development in full scale and effectively controlling GHG emissions are the key measures of
5、 China to carry out its basic national policies on resource-conserving and environmental protection and to ensure national security.IntroductionThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action41.Huge temperature differences between seasons/daysChinas climate is characterized by th
6、e distinct continental monsoon climate.Comparing with North U.S.and the Western Europe,the temperature difference in most regions in China is greater than that in the regions of the same latitude.In order to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature,more energy is required.The National Circumstances
7、 of ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action52.Increasing amount of economic loss caused by climate disastersThe National Circumstances of ChinaEconomic LossThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action63.Huge population&high employment pressureB
8、y the end of 2005,the total population in Mainland China was 1.31 billion,accounting for 22%of the world total;43%of the total population live in cities/towns,750 M people still live in villages;Every year,10 M new employment opportunities need to be created in cities/towns,and about 10 M people liv
9、ing in countryside move to cities/towns to find job.The National Circumstances of ChinaTotal Population(100 million)The 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action74.Low level of economic developmentThe GDP per capita of China in 2005 was USD 1,714(based on exchange rate of that
10、year),only of the world average;By the end of 2005,the annual per capita income of 23.65 million people living in villages was less than 683 RMB(USD 83).The National Circumstances of ChinaComparison of GDPs per Capita between China and the World average in 2004ChinaWorldThe 2nd Workshop under the Di
11、alogue on Long-term Cooperative Action85.Coal-dominated energy mixThe primary energy consumption in 2005 was about 1,563 million toe,among which 68.9%came from coal consumption;In 2005,coal accounted for 27.8%of the worlds primary energy consumption.The National Circumstances of ChinaThe 2nd Worksho
12、p under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action96.Low per capita energy consumptionIn 2005,the commercial energy consumption per capita was about 1.2 toe,equal to 2/3 of world average and of the OECD countries.The National Circumstances of ChinaComparison of per capita energy consumptions betwe
13、en China and the world average in 2004The 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action107.The CO2 emission per capita of China is lower than that of the world averageIn 2004,the CO2 emission per capita of China from fossil fuel utilization was 3.65 tons,equal to 87%of the world av
14、erage and 33%of the OECD countries.The National Circumstances of ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action111.Formulation and implementation of sustainable development strategy:The Government of China issued the sustainable development strategy of China in 1994-China A
15、genda 21;In 1996,the idea of sustainable development was taken as an important guiding principle as well as a strategic goal for social and economic development;In 2003,the Government of China formulated the Program of Action for Sustainable Development in China in the Early 21st Century.Efforts of
16、China to Mitigate Climate ChangeThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action122.Adoption of a series of policies/measures favorable to climate change mitigation:In January 1998,the Energy Conservation Law of China entered into force;In June 2003,the State Council issued the De
17、cision on Promoting the Development of Forestry;In February 2005,the National Peoples Congress reviewed and approved the Renewable Energy Law;In August 2006,the State Council issued the Decision on Strengthening Energy Conservation.Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate ChangeThe 2nd Workshop under th
18、e Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action13 3.Improve energy efficiency and energy conservation Energy use per 10K RMB Yuan GDP decreased from 1.88 toe in 1990 to 1 toe in 2005(2000 price)at the rate of 4.1%per annum.Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Changetoe/10,000 RMBThe 2nd Workshop under th
19、e Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action14In 15 years,the accumulated energy saving adds up to 560Mtoe,equal to 1.8bt CO2 emission reductions.Comparison of CO2 per unit GDP of China and the world Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate ChangeThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperativ
20、e Action15 4.Develop low carbon energy and renewable energy,improve energy structure：The percentage of coal in primary energy consumption dropped from 76.2%in 1990 to 68.9%in 2005;By 2005,RE utilization reached 116M toe(incl.large hydro),accounting for 7.5%of total consumption,equal to 380Mt CO2 emi
21、ssion reductions.Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate ChangeThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action16 4.Develop low carbon energy and renewable energy,improve energy structure：By 2005,hydropower installed capacity reached 117GW,accounting for 23%of the total;Household bio
22、gas over 17 M,annual biogas production 6.5bm3;Biomass power generation capacity 2GW;Grid connected wind power capacity 1.26GW;PV capacity 70MW,solar heater collector 85Mm2;Renewable CDM projects account for 90%of the total approved CDM projects.Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate ChangeThe 2nd Work
23、shop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action17 5.Carry out forestation and increase forest coverageForestation 54Mh,storage 1.5bm3,ranking No.1 in the world;Forest coverage from 13.92%in early 1990s to 18.21%in 2005;Estimated net sink 3 billion CO2 between 1980 and 2005.Efforts of China t
24、o Mitigate Climate ChangeThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action181.Principles:Addressing climate change within the framework of sustainable development;Equal importance of mitigation and adaptation;Integration of climate policy into other relevant policies;Reliance on te
25、chnological progress and innovation;Common but differentiated responsibilities;Active participation and broad cooperation.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action19 2.General objective:Considerable GHG emission red
26、uction;Enhancement of adaptation capacity;New progress on scientific research on climate change;Considerable improvement of public awareness;Further institution development.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action2
27、0 3.Main targets of sustainable development in China for the 11th Five-Year Plan periodEnergy intensity drop by around 20%;Total population:1.36 billion;Total cultivated land:120Mh;Total main pollutants emission drop by 10%;Forest coverage:20%.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in Ch
28、inaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action214.Promote 10 key energy conservation projectsRenovation of coal-fired industrial boilers;District CHP;Waste heat and pressure utilization;Oil conservation and switching;Motor system conservation;Energy system optimizationBuildin
29、g energy conservation;Green-lighting;Energy conservation in government agencies;Energy saving monitoring and technical service.Estimated energy saving:170Mtoe,equal to 550 Mt CO2 reduction.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Coo
30、perative Action225.Develop hydropower together with ecological protectionHydropower is a key measure towards a low carbon energy structure;Together with environmental protection and migration,develop and use hydropower resources in a rational manner;Accelerate the development of hydropower and small
31、 hydro based on local conditions.Estimated CO2 reduction 560Mt by the end of 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action236.Promote nuclear powerNuclear energy is a key element in national energy strategy;Guideli
32、ne:self-sufficient,international cooperation,technology introduction,domestic built;Common technology route and adoption of advanced technologies;Achievement of domestic development and production of large scale unit.Estimated GHG emission reduction:60Mt CO2 by 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate
33、Change Mitigation in ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action247.Optimize thermal power developmentDevelop 600+MW supercritical(ultra-supercritical)units;Start the IGCC power station project;Develop natural gas power generation;Acceleration of the elimination of small
34、 coal-fired power generators;Strengthen power grid construction.Estimated GHG emission reduction:110 Mt CO2 by 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action258.Vigorously promote coal-bed methane utilizationCoal-be
35、d methane investigation,development and utilization should be adopted as important instruments to expedite the structural optimization of coal industry,reduce coal mining accidents,improve resources utilization efficiency and prevent environmental pollution.Exempt or partly exempt coal bed methane p
36、rojects from utilization fees for prospecting and mining rights;Adopt preferential tax policies for coal bed methane projects;Encourage coal bed methane CDM projects.Estimated GHG emission reductions:210 Mt CO2 by 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under
37、 the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action269.Promote the development of bio-energyVigorously promote biomass energy development and utilization with key focus on biomass power generation,marsh gas,biomass briquette and biomass liquid fuel;Formulate economic policies and measures in favor of bio-
38、ethanol and other biomass fuels.Estimated GHG emission reduction:30 Mt CO2 by 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action2710.Actively support the development and utilization of wind,solar,geothermal and tidal en
39、ergy Together with the development and construction of large scale wind power plants,to:Actively develop photovoltaic and solar heating utilization;Actively promote the development and utilization of geothermal and tidal energy.Estimated GHG emission reductions:70 Mt CO2 by 2010.Policies and Measure
40、s on Climate Change Mitigation in ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action2811.Attach importance to the control of GHG emissions from agriculture sectorThrough the promotion of semi-dry rice cultivation technology,scientific irrigation,research and development of tech
41、nologies,to:Breed fine ruminant varieties;Improve management practices for intensive livestock operations;Further promote straw treatment technology;Enhance/refine the technologies for household-type biogas digesters;andControl the growth rate of methane emissions.Policies and Measures on Climate Ch
42、ange Mitigation in ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action2912.Strengthen carbon sinksThrough the continuous implementation of policies and measures and the Priority Programs of Ecological Conservation such as the conservation of natural forest resources,converting c
43、ultivated land back to forest or grassland,etc.to achieve a forest coverage rate of 20%and an increase in carbon sink by about 50 Mt CO2 compared with that in 2005 by the end of 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in ChinaThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperati
44、ve Action301.Effective implementation of Article 4.7 of the UNFCCC is key to improve the developing countries capacity to mitigate climate changeArticle 4.7 stipulates that“The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on
45、 the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology and will take fully into account that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the
46、developing country Parties.”Chinas Needs for International Cooperation on Climate ChangeThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action312.Concrete and effective international cooperation is a must to realize the aforementioned objectives and tasks:The main objectives of Chinas 1
47、1th five-year plan presented under the framework of sustainable development are very ambitious and arduous;To realize these objectives,not only Chinas own efforts,but also the support from international society on finance and advanced technologies are required.Chinas Needs for International Cooperat
48、ion on Climate ChangeThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action323.Major needs for mitigation technologiesAdvanced energy and manufacturing technologies;Environmental protection and comprehensive utilization of resources technologies;Highly efficient transportation technolog
49、ies;New material technologies;New building material technologies.Chinas Needs for International Cooperation on Climate ChangeThe 2nd Workshop under the Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action334.Major needs for capacity buildingBasic studies/research on climate change,analysis of mitigation policie
50、s,IT construction,CDM project management,etc.;Development of statistics system that meets the requirements of GHG inventory preparation;Necessary field measurement data to determine emission factors;QA/QC of GHG inventories;GHG emissions projection;Development of national GHG inventory database.Chin
