1、编辑课件1Figures of speech编辑课件2编辑课件3Words are either literal or figurativenLiteral 原意nWords used in their original meanings are used literally.nFigurative 比喻义nWords used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the readers or listeners mind are used figurative
2、ly.编辑课件4colourfulnIn“a colourful garden”the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers nin“a colourful life”or“a colourful career”the word is used in its figurative sense because neither life or career has any colour.编辑课件5The most common figures
3、 of speechnSimile 直喻nMetaphor 暗喻编辑课件6Whats the difference?nLiteraln“He ran quickly down the street.”nSimilen“He ran like a hare down the street.”nMetaphorn“He hared（如野兔般疾走奔跑）down the street.”编辑课件7similenSimile is a figure of speech in which two quite different things are compared as they seem simila
4、r in a way.nThis kind of comparison is normally introduced by“like”or“as”.编辑课件8编辑课件9I am hungry as a horse.You run like a rabbit.He is sneaky as a snake.She is happy as a clam.编辑课件10Example of similenThe mysterious object.nhas a face thats as round as the moonnhas hands like golden arrowsnis as tall
5、 as a tower blocknhas a voice like a gong（锣）nand is as famous as any pop star.nBig Ben编辑课件11Example of similenTime flies like an arrownFruit flies like a banana（果蝇爱香蕉）编辑课件12metaphornA figure of speech which consists in substituting for the name of a thing the name of an attribute（属性）of it or of some
6、thing closely related.nAn implied comparison between two objects that are generally different but share a recognizable similarity without the use of“like”or“as”.编辑课件13编辑课件14The girl was a fish in the water.The clown was a feather floating away.编辑课件15Platon“the greatest thing by far is to be a master
7、 of metaphor.It is the one thing that cannot be learnt from others,and it is also a sign of genius,since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception（直觉）of the similarity in dissimilars.”编辑课件16Example of metaphornLife is a yo-yo（哟哟球）.Its a series of ups and downs.编辑课件17Mixed metaphorsnOne danger
8、in using metaphors is the possibility of beginning with one comparison and ending with anothernThis is called a mixed metaphor（混合隐喻；多重隐喻）编辑课件18Example of mixed metaphorsn“We must solve the root problem,or the line will be drawn in the sand,and well be back in the soup again.”nRoot compares the probl
9、em to a plantnLine drawn in the sand means an uncrossable boundarynSoup is a food and means being in a mess编辑课件19Mixed metaphorsnShakespearenHamlet proposes“to take arms against a sea of troubles”（是起而反抗这数不清是起而反抗这数不清的忧伤）的忧伤）nThe Tall Guy(1989 film)n“Shes like a hungry leopard(豹)in full bloom.编辑课件20Ex
10、tended metaphornJ F Kennedyn“The energy,the faith,the devotion which we bring to this endeavour（努力，尝试）will light our country and all who serve it,and the glow（微弱稳定的光）from that fire can truly light the world.编辑课件21编辑课件22 The flowers danced in the wind.The Earth coughed and choked in all of the pollut
11、ion.The friendly gates welcomed us.编辑课件23Personification拟人nThis involves turning an object either inanimate（无生命的）or natural into a human or animal form,with human or animal actions and feelings.编辑课件24Example of personificationnMy car whines（哀鸣；惨叫）in pain as it climbs up steep（陡峭的）hills.nThe table gr
12、oaned（呻吟）under the weight of the food placed on it.编辑课件25Metonymy借代nThe substitution of a noun for another closely associated noun.nThe substituted noun derives（获得）its meaning in the context it is used by the association produced in the readers mind.编辑课件26Example of metonymynIn contemporary English
13、when we speak of a statement from the“White House”we understand that this is not a talking building,but an official communication with the authority of the President of the United States who lives in the White House.nThe pen is mightier（强而有力的）than the sword.编辑课件27Hyperbole夸张nHyperbole is a figure of
14、 speech which contains a deliberate exaggeration（故意夸大）n to coin（创造（新词语）a phrase,this is when writers go over the top with their use of language,suggesting that something is the strongest,the best,the greatest,which of course distorts（使变形；扭曲；使失真）the truth.编辑课件28Example of hyperbolenIm so hungry I cou
15、ld eat a horsenIve told you a thousand times,stop exaggerating.nIve not seen you for ages.nIts raining dogs and cats.编辑课件29understatement含蓄陈述nThe opposite of hyperbolenStating an idea in words that are less strong than anticipated（预期的）.nto make something appear smaller or less important than it real
16、ly is.编辑课件30Example of understatementnIt does seem to be raining a little.nTheres a few cars out today,arent there?编辑课件31euphemism委婉语nWords or phrases that substitute an agreeable or inoffensive term for a more direct one that might embarrass or suggest something unpleasant nProfane(非宗教的;世俗的)words a
17、nd expressions are generally taken from three areas:religion,toilets,and sex.编辑课件32religionnGod gosh/gollynJesus jeeznDevil Old Nick编辑课件33Toiletsnmens room/womens room nthe little boys room/the little girls room nrestroom nBathroomnWash my handsnthe head,(sailors terminology术语)nlatrine(common milita
18、ry term)编辑课件34sexnSleep with someonenShagnBonknExchanging bodily fluidsnGetting laid编辑课件35deathnPassed awaynPassed onnDepartednKicked the bucketnBought the farmnPushing up daisiesnSleeping with the fishes(掉水里淹死)编辑课件36ironynStating one thing while meaning the exact opposite.nor the person could be tr
19、ying to be rude,even though the words used are seemingly polite etc.编辑课件37Example of ironynYour friend turns up in ripped（撕裂的）jeans.With a smirk（傻笑；假笑）,you say,I see you have put on your best clothes!编辑课件38sarcasmnSarcasm is a form of irony that is widely used in English especially when people are b
20、eing humorous.nGenerally the sarcastic speaker or writer means the exact opposite of the word they use,often intending to be rude or to laugh at the person the words are addressed（针对）to.编辑课件39Example of sarcasmnI love being married.Its so great to find that one special person you want to annoy for t
21、he rest of your lifenId insult you,but youre not bright enough to notice.nNot all men are annoying.Some are dead.编辑课件40Synecdoche（提喻提喻：是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。提喻提喻又称举偶法。）nA figure by which a more comprehensive term is used for a less comprehensive or vice vers;as whole for pa
22、rt or part for whole,genus（类，种；属）for species or species for genus,etc.编辑课件41Example of synedochenAll hands were summoned to the quarter-deck(后甲板),nwhere hands is used to describe sailors.编辑课件42Antithesis（对比）nA direct contrast in which two sets of figures are set in opposition to one another.编辑课件43Ex
23、ample of antithesisn“And so,my fellow Americans,ask not,what your country can do for you.Ask what you can do for your country.”J F Kennedys Inaugural Address Winston Churchill,in which he challenges the Luftwaffe(the German air force):n“You do your worst-and we will do our best.”nTo err is human,to
24、forgive divine（神圣的；非凡的）.编辑课件44Parallelism（排比）nParallelism refers to the figure of speech that expresses relevant ideas in the same or similar grammatical structures.nIt helps make a sentence brief,smooth and coherent(连贯的)and give it rhythm,balance and force.编辑课件45Example of parallelismnTo have and t
25、o hold from this day forward,nfor better for worse,nfor richer for poorer,nin sickness and in health,nto love and to cherish,ntill death us do part.编辑课件46Example of parallelismnThe boy was sitting under a tree,singing a song and repairing his bicycle.nThe boy was sitting under a tree,nsinging a song
26、 nand repairing his bicycle.编辑课件47Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）nAncient Greek:Oxus=sharp Moros=dull nOxymoron=a sharp dullness or a foolish wise.n.a self contradicting phrase.编辑课件48oxymoronnA rhetorical figure by which contradictory or incongruous(不一致的)terms are conjoined(结合；连结)so as to give point to the statemen
27、t or expression;nan expression,in its superficial or literal meaning self-contradictory or absurd,but involving a point.n(Now often loosely(宽松地)or erroneously(错误地；)used as if merely=a contradiction in terms,an incongruous conjunction.)编辑课件49Example of oxymoronnPretty uglynCivil warnMobile homenDry i
28、cenWhite goldnOld newsnOriginal copynVoice mailnHalf nakednFinal draftnAlmost perfectnOpen secretnWorking holidaynMinor crisisnAct naturallynOnly choice编辑课件50编辑课件51Pun(双关语；俏皮话)nA play on wordsnthe humorous use of a word,or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings,in suc
29、h a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications;a play on words.编辑课件52Example of punnI do it for the pun of it.nSeven days without water makes one weak.nWhats wrong with this fish?Long time no sea.nWhat do lawyers do when they die?Lie still.nTry our sweet corn.You will smile from ear
30、to ear(笑得合不拢嘴).编辑课件53Example of punnOld photographers never die,they just have flash backs.nThat new mystery novel has a killer start to it.nI wondered why the baseball was getting bigger.Then it hit me.nHe wanted to fly a kite,but it was over his head.nThe hospital lab is recruiting.Theyre looking
31、for new blood.编辑课件54Clich（陈词滥调，老生常谈）nA clich is a hackneyed（陈腐的；平庸的）phrase or expression.nThe phrase may once have been fresh or striking（显著突出的）,but it has become tired through over-use.编辑课件55Example of clichnNo pain,no gainnEvery coin has two sidesnLast,but not least,avoid clichs like the plague（瘟疫
32、）瘟疫）.编辑课件56Paradox（自相矛盾，悖论）nParadox is a figure of speech in which a statement appears to be self-contradictory,but contains something of a truth.nParadox is used for emphasis or stylistic effect.编辑课件57Example of paradoxnThe child is father to the man.nCowards（懦夫）die many times before their death.编辑
33、课件58Zenos paradox(芝诺,希腊哲学家)nThe Tortoise challenged Achilles to a race,claiming that he would win as long as Achilles gave him a small head start（先行一点点).n Achilles laughed at this,for of course he was a mighty warrior and swift of foot,whereas the Tortoise was heavy and slow.编辑课件59Zenos paradoxn“How
34、 big a head start do you need?”he asked the Tortoise with a smile.n“Ten meters,”the latter replied.nAchilles laughed louder than ever.n“You will surely lose,my friend,in that case,”he told the Tortoise,“but let us race,if you wish it.”编辑课件60Zenos paradoxOn the contrary,”said the Tortoise,“I will win
35、,and I can prove it to you by a simple argument.”编辑课件61Zenos paradoxn“Go on then,”Achilles replied,with less confidence than he felt before.He knew he was the superior athlete,but he also knew the Tortoise had the sharper wits（智慧),and he had lost many a bewildering(使人困惑的)argument with him before thi
36、s.编辑课件62Zenos paradoxn“Suppose,”began the Tortoise,“that you give me a 10-meter head start.nWould you say that you could cover that 10 meters between us very quickly?”n“Very quickly,”Achilles affirmed(断言；肯定）.n“And in that time,how far should I have gone,do you think?”编辑课件63Zenos paradoxn“Perhaps a m
37、eter no more,”said Achilles after a moments thought.n“Very well,”replied the Tortoise,“so now there is a meter between us.And you would catch up that distance very quickly?”n“Very quickly indeed!”编辑课件64Zenos paradoxn“And yet,in that time I shall have gone a little way farther,so that now you must ca
38、tch that distance up,yes?”nYe-es,”said Achilles slowly.n“And while you are doing so,I shall have gone a little way farther,so that you must then catch up the new distance,”the Tortoise continued smoothly.编辑课件65Zenos paradoxnAchilles said nothing.n“And so you see,in each moment you must be catching u
39、p the distance between us,and yet I at the same time will be adding a new distance,however small,for you to catch up again.”n“Indeed,it must be so,”said Achilles wearily.编辑课件66Zenos paradoxn“And so you can never catch up,”the Tortoise concluded sympathetically.n“You are right,as always,”said Achille
40、s sadly n and conceded（让步）the race.编辑课件67Figures of speech to do with soundnSome figures of speech are chosen because of the sound they make.nSome poets or prose writers often choose a word to echo the meaning编辑课件68Alliteration（押头韵）nAlliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds（辅音字母）编辑课件69Examp
41、le of alliterationnAlso,avoid awkward or affected（做作，不自然）alliteration.编辑课件70Assonance（半谐音，押韵）nassonance is the repetition of vowel（sounds元音）.编辑课件71Example of assonance编辑课件72Onomatopoeia（拟声；声喻法）n(pronounced:onno-motto-pay-uh)nOnomatopoeia is a figure of speech in which the sound of a word echoes the
42、thing it describes.nIt is a form of symbolism in sound.编辑课件73Example of onomatopoeianHiss（嘘声）nSizzle（嘶嘶声）nCuckoo（杜鹃叫）nBuzz（嗡嗡声）nBeep（嘟嘟响）nding-dong（门铃声；争吵）nBang（发巨响；重击）编辑课件74编辑课件75 Stan the strong surfer saved several swimmers on Saturday.Tiny Tommy Thomson takes toy trucks to Timmys on Tuesday.Click here to read more alliterations.编辑课件76编辑课件77编辑课件78 Princess Kitty will kiss Timmy T.Tipperss lipsThe pain may drain Drake,but maybe the weight is fake.编辑课件79 Chug chug chug!Swish swish swishYeeeeee AhhhhhhhhGlippp Gluppp Gluppp编辑课件80编辑课件81 编辑课件82 编辑课件83 编辑课件84
