1、 概要写作 文本内容与结构解读 写作思路解读 写作思路微技能之策略 表达微技能之同义/近义词（组）替换篇 牛刀小试 参考范文欣赏体裁：主题：结构：1.文本内容与结构解读体裁：说明文主题：The relation between willpower and breakThe relation between willpower and break结构：Para 1Para 3&4&5Para 2Para 61.文本内容与结构解读阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。According to most people,after a long period of studying or
2、 working,we need to have a rest to refresh ourselves.However,that may not be the case.According to a recent report,you dont need the break as much as you may think that makes you feel less tired.Scientists have long assumed that willpoweris a limited resource,which is why you feel the need to have a
3、 rest,have a snack and then get back to a task when youre feeling better.They argued that the only way to restore willpower was by rest,food or entertainment.But psychologists have challenged this theory,saying they found that peoples beliefs in willpower determines how long and how well theyll be a
4、ble to work on a tough mental exercise.“If you think of weak willpower is all in your head.Willpower is something that is not really used up,you can go on and on.”said Prof.Veronica Job.The researchers designed four experiments to test students beliefs in willpower.After a tiring task,those,who beli
5、eved,or were led to believe that willpower is a limited resources,performed worse on standard concentration tests than those who thought of willpower as something they had more control over.They also found that leading up to final exam week,students who believed the limited resource theory ate junk
6、food 24 percentage more often than those who believed they had more control in resisting temptation(诱惑).Mr.Job said.“The theory that willpower is a limited resource is interesting.Belief in willpower as a non-limited resource makes people stronger in their ability to work through challenges.”The fin
7、dings could help people who are battling temptation.Willpower isnt driven by a biologically based process as much as we used to think.The belief in it is what influences your behavior.旧理论旧理论新的理论新的理论实验论证实验论证科学家言论科学家言论对比引出话题对比引出话题指导意义指导意义写作思路解读 Para.1 According to most people,after a long period of st
8、udying or working,we need to have a rest to refresh ourselves.However,that may not be the case.According to a recent report,you dont need the break as much as you may think that makes you feel less tired.主题句写作思路解读 Para.2:Scientists have long assumed that willpower is a limited resource,which is why
9、you feel the need to have a rest,have a snack and then get back to a task when youre feeling better.They argued that the only way to restore willpower was by rest,food or entertainment.关键词Willpower is considered limited and can only be restored by rest,food,and entertainment.Para.3:But psychologists
10、 have challenged this theory,saying weak willpower is all in your head.They found that peoples beliefs in willpower determines how long and how well theyll be able to work on a tough mental exercise.“If you think of willpower is something that is not really used up,you can go on and on.”said Prof.Ve
11、ronica Job.2.写作思路解读 主题句Willpower is determined by peoples belief in it.写作思路解读 Para 4:The researchers designed four experiments to test students beliefs in willpower.After a tiring task,those,who believed,or were led to believe that willpower is a limited resources,performed worse on standard concent
12、ration tests than those who thought of willpower as something they had more control over.They also found that leading up to final exam week,students who believed the limited resource theory ate junk food 24 percentage more often than those who believed they had more control in resisting temptation(诱
13、惑).对于实验的处理，只要求看 实验结果或者结论 People who believe willpower is not limited perform better.They have more power to resist temptation.写作思路解读Para 5：Mr.Job said.“The theory that willpower is a limited resource is interesting.Belief in willpower as a non-limited resource makes people stronger in their ability
14、to work through challenges.”引用的言论，属于补充性的信息，可以忽略写作思路解读Para 6.The findings could help people who are battling temptation.Willpower isnt driven by a biologically based process as much as we used to think.The belief in it is what influences your behavior.我们不难发现这就是上个实验中提到的 resist temptation和 people who b
15、elieve in willpower，所以把内在逻辑稍稍理一下，可以发现4、5、6三段的关系应该是：科学家提出观点并实验验证了。因此认为毅力是无限的想法有助于提高人们解决困难和抵制诱惑的能力。科学家一直认为意志力是有限的资源，需要通过食物、休息、和休闲来恢复。Para.2:(要点要点2)心理学家认为意志力是由信念决定的，并做了几组实验证明了。Para.3&4&5:(要点要点3)认为意志力是无限的想法将有助于提高人们解决困难和抵制诱惑的能力。Para.6:(要点要点4)根据最新的一份报告，休息也许并不想我们想的那么必要。Para.1:(要点要点1)要点要点 根据以上文字，我们就可以写出这么一段
16、概要根据以上文字，我们就可以写出这么一段概要:According to a recent report,having a rest after heavy work may not be so necessary as we believe.Scientists have long assumed that willpower is a limited resource,which can only be restored by food,rest and entertainment.Psychologists find that willpower is up to peoples own
17、belief in it and prove it by some experiments.The idea that willpower is endless helps people to better solve tough problems and resist temptation.3.写作思路微技能之要点衔接技巧1234 常见衔接词（连词和非谓语动词）附加附加in addition;as well as;besides;furthermore;also;moreover;not onlybut 顺序first(ly);second(ly);third(ly);initially;a
18、fterwards;earlier;later转折however;on the other hand;despite/in spite of;though/although;but;on the contrary;otherwise;yet;instead of;rather than;whereas;nevertheless;even though;compared with;in contrast/in sharp contrast;unlikely;while;conversely;different from肯定obviously;certainly;plainly;of course
19、;undoubtedly;apparently3.写作思路微技能之要点衔接整合技巧 Tom was criticized by his teacher.Tom decided to work hard.(将两个句子合并成一个句子)Criticized by his teacher,Tom decided to work hard.当相邻的两个句子主语一致时可以考虑，用非谓语动词的结构，在意思不变的基础上表达更加简洁。非谓语动词3.写作思路微技能之要点衔接整合技巧常见的有非谓语动词做状语和非谓语动词做定语。我们可以来看常见的有非谓语动词做状语和非谓语动词做定语。我们可以来看几个课本上的例子：几个
20、课本上的例子：“Along the way children dressed in long wool coats stopped to look at us.”Module 1 Unit 3 Travel Journal“It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels.”Module 2 Unit 1 In Search of Amber Room“Following Janes way of studying chimps,our group are all going to visit them in the forest.”M
21、odule 4 Unit 1 Women of Achievement“Born in 1930,Yuan Longping graduated from Southeast Agricultural College in 1953.”“Using his hybrid rice,farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before.”Module 4 Unit 2 Working the Land 非谓语动词3.写作思路微技能之要点衔接整合技巧According to a recent report,having a rest aft
22、er heavy work may not be so necessary as we believe.Scientists have long assumed that willpower is a limited resource,which can only be restored by food,rest and entertainment.Psychologists find that willpower is up to peoples own belief in it and prove it by some experiments.The idea that willpower
23、 is endless helps people to better solve tough problems and resist temptation.基于上面的概括，写好要点之后，我们会发现这段文字只是句子的简单的堆砌，行文僵硬。考试说明提供的“各档次的给分范围和要求”中，从最高档的“有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑”，到最低档的“缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯”，每一个分数档的第三条都对衔接提出了具体的要求。因此写概要的时候除了找主题句，关键词，还要关注要点之间的逻辑关系，以便我们在语言重组的时候适当的加入连词，使行文更加的流畅。一、运用运用以上要点概括策略，
24、概括一下段落的要点。以上要点概括策略，概括一下段落的要点。1.Are you sick of going to bed late and waking up tired?Then grab your hiking boots and a tent.A new study suggests that a couple of days of camping in the great outdoors can reset your circadian clock(生物钟)and help you get more sleep._5.牛刀小试According to a new study,outdo
25、or camping can reset your circadian clock and improving sleeping.2.The circadian clock,more commonly known as the body clock,is an internal system that tells our bodies when its time to go to sleep and when its time to wake up.Scientists track this clock by measuring the amount of melatonin(褪黑激素)cir
26、culating in a persons blood at any given time.In a healthy sleeper,melatonin levels rise a few hours before bedtime,stay high through the night,and then settle back down when its time to wake up._Regulated by melatonin,the circadian clock,an internal system,informs us of the sleeping time.3.Professo
27、r Kenneth Wright of the University of Colorado in the US wanted to see if our body clocks can be reset by a short stay in nature.His team recruited（招募）14 physically active volunteers in their 20s and 30s.Nine went on a weekend camping trip,while the other five stayed home.At the end of the weekend,t
28、he researchers reported that in just two days,the campers body clocks had shifted so that their melatonin levels began to rise more than an hour earlier than they did before they left on the trip.By contrast,the body clocks of the group that stayed home shifted even later over the course of the week
29、end.“This tells us we can reset our clocks fast.”Wright said_4.A few months ago nobody knew for sure what would happen inside Windsor Place,a nursing home,when it became home to a class of kindergartners.Never before had a Kansas school or nursing home tried this mixing the old and young in a way fo
30、r each to learn from the other._5.牛刀小试Wrights experiment proved that our clocks can be reset.The kids not only learned knowledge but also sympathy,kindness and patience.5.The kids have learned sympathy,kindness and how to be patient as they wait behind someone in a wheelchair or using a walker.At ho
31、me they talk about how the very young and old are alike and how Grandma or Grandpa lived when they were young.Theyve also become strong readers,progressing from the everyday praise and guidance of the seniors._6.Those who live at Windsor Place say they are the ones who have been given the gift.Maria
32、n Nelson has no grandchildren of her own.“These kids have filled a void(空虚感)in me,”the 87-year-old said._5.牛刀小试The kids not only learned knowledge but also sympathy,kindness and patience.The old recovered from void./The old live a fulfilling life.参考范文欣赏1Based on a recent report,having a rest to refr
33、esh yourself is not so essential as some people think.(要点1)Will-power,assumed to be a limited resource by some scientists,were thought to be only regained by rest,food as well as entertainment.(要点2)However,this theory has been challenged.Researchers,including Jobs,conducted experiments and made some
34、 new discoveries.(要点3)If you believe that willpower is limitless,you will be more powerful,which is a potential help to resist temptation.(要点4)1.沈从文的创作风格趋向浪漫主义，他要求小说的诗意效果，融写实、纪梦、象征于一体，语言格调古朴，句式简峭、主干突出，单纯而又厚实，朴讷而又传神，具有浓郁的地方色彩，凸现出乡村人性特有的风韵与神采。2.沈从文创作的小说主要有两类，一种是以湘西生活为题材，一种是以都市生活为题材，前者通过描写湘西人原始、自然的生命形式
35、，赞美人性美；后者通过都市生活的腐化堕落，揭示都市自然人性的丧失。3.从作者的描述看，作者的观察敏锐，记忆超强，对现象世界十分倾心，对大自然的声音、气味，社会上的人与事怀有浓厚的兴趣。他把大自然与社会生活称为一本“大书”，他从这本“大书”中学到了许多书本上没有的东西，他在自然和社会中倾心体验，尊重生命本真的做法，并非不爱学习，而是为了更好的学习。4.不少评论家觉得沈从文擅长写景，且晴朗明澈，但是缺少深度。也有评论家认为好就好在没有深度，因为没有深度的“看”风景，其实就不为一般的社会价值所局限，这样也就抛弃了自以为是的优越感和置身事外的位置，而是在宇宙万汇的动静之中“看”。5.一次眼光看风景万物
36、，多了一份包涵和宽容，看到的历史也就不是战争、王朝更迭之类的东西，而是千百年来凡夫俗子们的哀乐、努力和命运。它们代表了更为现实逼真的生存和价值。6.抒发的感情真诚感人，不写自己的品学兼优、勤奋用功，而是如实地展现自己的天生的野性，充满了阅读和学习“生活”这本大书所得到的欢欣鼓舞的生命体验，表现了对自然和生命无比好奇和热爱以及泰然面对一切残忍和苦难的生活观。7.学习了这篇传记让我们了解到了沈从文从小如何“读社会这本大书”，感受到他青春期的悲欢得失。由于传主生活经历的太多苦难，加上作者在回忆中不时融入淳厚的情感，让我们读来有某种沉重与辛酸，也让我们学生受到启发：对于强者，生活中的风霜雨雪也和阳光雨露一样，都从不同侧面或者以不同的方式滋润着我们的生命，现实中的曲折、坎坷、苦难可能拓展人的精神空间，让人能更加以阔大的心胸与坚强的意志，去感受生命，理解生活的意义。
