1、026-2020高中英语复习之阅读理解长难句理解高考阅读中长难句理解相当令人头疼，即使把一个句子中自己不认识的单词全都查出来，但到头来依旧不明所以。对待长难句步骤：划形 划分句子结构，根据标点、连接词、从句语法点等，将一个长长的句子，切成短短的几部分，以便第二步针对性攻破，同时要找到句子核心主干，清楚非主干部分的作用及多个组成部分互相之间的关系。体意 理解句意，根据划形得到的多个组成部分，针对性理解每个部分的含义，根据得到的信息，再把句子组合成一个整体来理解。长难句是很多人头疼的问题，一个句子中，明明单词都认识，但是句子太长，不知道在哪里断句，句子与句子之间的逻辑关系模糊不清，造成句子生涩难懂
2、。In his 1930 essay Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,John Keynes,a famous economist,wrote that human needs fall into two classes:absolute needs,which are independent of what other have,and relative needs,which make us feel superior to our fellows.看到此句，别说找句子主谓宾，在考场情急之下能把句子大意看懂就谢天谢地了。有时候，长难
3、句会出现特别难的句子，名词性从句套定语从句，倒装，强调，虚拟语气各种高级语法点罗列起来，令人着实头疼。而长难句又是高考阅读常出题的地方，众考生因句子看不懂而失分比比皆是。所以，要想攻克长难句，第一步就得从一个简单句如何被包装成长难句入手，逆向思维攻克它。理解障碍高中阶段我们学过定语从句，状语从句，非谓语动词。定语从句是放在名词或代词后的句子用来修饰限定该名词和代词；状语从句包括原因状语从句，条件状语从句，让步状语从句，结果状语从句等九种。非谓语动词包含to do，doing和done三种形式。那么这些修饰成分有哪些标识可以让学生们容易辨认出来呢？成分修饰被修饰名词或代词后面加了that,who
4、,which,when,where,why等关系代词或者关系副词引导的句子。例1：The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversions and truly engage complex ideas.分析：why I ask students to leave technology at the door是放在名词reason后的句子，故此句是定语从句。定语从
5、句标识状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。连接词有when，although，if，so that等例1：Even though we may feel in our business dealings or social relationships that we are listening well,what we are usually doing is listening selectively.分析：划线部分是一个由even though引导的让步状语从句，翻译为：虽然，但是。状语从句标识一个完整的句子
6、中或者单独一个句子中出现to do，doing，done。可作状语和定语。有逗号的句子非谓语作状语；没有逗号的两个句子中且放名词后的非谓语是作定语的。例1：To see policemen with guns in the airport for the first time was frightening-in Cyprus,theyre very relaxed-and I got pulled over by customs officers just for taking a woolen sweater with some metal-made buttons out of my c
7、ase in the arrivals hall.分析：划线部分是to do结构，且Cyprus后有逗号，故to do在此句中是作状语的。非谓语标识例2：A new review based on a research1 shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages,causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative(负面的)consequences of a decision.
8、2 分析：非谓语1放在没有逗号的两个句子中且放名词后故句子1是作定语的；非谓语2用逗号和前面句子隔开，故非谓语2是作状语的。有时候，长难句的包装并不只是以上三种成分中的单一成分进行包装，有时候会把以上三种包装方式综合在一个句子里，比如下面这句：例1：A new review based on a research1 shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages,2 causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the
9、 possible negative(负面的)consequences of a decision.3分析：句子1中based on research是非谓语动词做定语修饰review，句子2中that acute stress affects the way是shows的宾语从句，the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages是定语从句修饰the way，句子3中causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative(负面的)consequences of a
10、decision.是非谓语动词做结果状语。注意：高中阶段除了学习了定语从句和状语从句外，还学习了名词性从句，名词性从句不属于成分修饰，笔者把它归为成分。名词性从句是在句子中作主语，宾语，表语，同位语成分的句子。在分析长难句时，把名词性从句挑出来，分析是作哪一种成分的。方便更好地理解句子。所谓并列式，即一个句子中出现若干个并列的成分，如主语，谓语，宾语，定语，状语，补语等并列或者通过and，but和or连接起来的并列成分。并列式例1：In fact，when we say that all of us must be educated to fit us for life，it means th
11、at we must be educated in such a way that,1 firstly,each of us can do whatever work suited to his brains and ability and,2 secondly,that we can realize that all jobs are necessary to society，and3 that is very bad to be ashamed of ones work.分析：句子1,2和3是such.that.的结果状语的并列句。第一个that,firstly,放在such的后面构成su
12、chthat句式，如此以至于。第二个结果并列句在and，secondly，that,第三个结果并列句在and that。攻克方略：第一步：找出句子主干；第二步：找出并列的词，比如：and，but，or等词；第三步：看并列的是句子的什么成分分析即可。例1：In fact，when we say that all of us must be educated to fit us for life，it means that we must be educated in such a way that,1 firstly,each of us can do whatever work suited
13、to his brains and ability and,2 secondly,that we can realize that all jobs are necessary to society，and3 that is very bad to be ashamed of ones work.分析：句子1,2和3是such.that.的结果状语的并列句。第一个that,firstly,放在such的后面构成suchthat句式，如此以至于。第二个结果并列句在and，secondly，that,第三个结果并列句在and that。第一步：找出句子主干第二步：找出并列的词，比如：and，but
14、，or等词第三步：看并列的是句子的什么成分分析即可攻克方略 插入语的表现形式是用放在破折号之间，或者放在两个逗号之间。用插入语把句子主干成分隔开，旨在补充说明前面句子的某些成分（如前面的名词，动词），同时通过加长句子干扰考生理解句意。例1：I originally proposed this idea to my headmaster after learning that a former excellent student of mine had transferred out of a selective high school-one that often attracts the l
15、iterary-minded children of Manhattans upper classes-into a less competitive setting.分析：破折号中间的-one that often attracts the literary-minded children of Manhattans upper classes-是插入成分，补充说明前面的a selective high school.插入语 阅读时可跳过两个破折号或者逗号之间的成分，但一定要注意，破折号和逗号之间的成分如果是一个完整的主句则必须读。例如：In a company,employees do e
16、verything they can to get better pay and higher position,even at the cost of coworkers.这里逗号和逗号之间是完整的主句employees do everything they can to get better pay and higher position，必须读。攻克方略 英语中的特殊句式，使句子的顺序发生改变，如倒装句或强调句。倒装句中有一种情况是通过加助动词使句子变长，强调句是加了it is that/who使句子加长。只有辨别出它们，才能很好的理解句子。改变语序例1：Only with solid
17、measures against cheating,experts say,can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid-that students havent just searched the Internet to get the right answers.分析：这是由only+with 引导的半倒装，can Internet universities show是一个倒装句。还原成陈述句语序应为Internet can show。例2：Remember,when you were1 a k
18、id and you used to put your letters to Santa in those green and red boxes on Main Street?It was your dad who answered all those letters every year.It was your dad who是强调句，强调的是your dad。倒装句还原成正常陈述句语序；强调句则把it is/wasthat/who 去掉就可以了。如上面的例题1我们还原出正常语序即Only with solid measures against cheating,experts say,I
19、nternet universities can show that.例题2，我们去掉it waswho.去掉可简化为You dad answered all those letters every year.攻克方略 即三种从句（定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句）综合在一起的例子。例1：A.T-shirts,so-called because when you lay them out,1 they look like the letter T,are such a universal item of clothing that it is surprising to realize that
20、 no one wore them except as underwear until the second half of the 20th century.分析：because引导的原因状语从句中套了一个时间状语从句，that引导的结果状语从句中套了一个宾语从句。从句套从句从句套从句现象加大了句子理解的难度。从句类型多样，比如有定语从句，名词性从句中又包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句；状语从句中又有九种。所以，从句中套从句的现象很是普遍。例1：When international aid is given,steps must be taken to ensure(确保)tha
21、t1 the aid reaches the people 2 for whom it is intended.分析：1句是一个宾语从句，2句是定语从句。此是一个由宾语从句套定语从句的例子。例2：We traveled the way most people do:the fastest,shortest easiest road,especially 1 when I was alone with four noisy,restless kids 2 who hates confinement(限制)and have strong opinions about everything.1句是时
22、间状语从句；2句是定语从句。此句是一个由时间状语从句套定语从句的例子。(1).直接忽略修饰成分，直扑主谓宾（即只理解主谓宾意思即可）例1：One is left uneasy,for example,by the lengthy passage in his autobiography(自传)about how much he loved what were called nigger shows in his youth-mostly with white men performing in black-face-and his delight in getting his mother t
23、o laugh at them.分析：忽略修饰成分，直扑主谓宾One主语，is left by 谓语成分，the lengthy passage in his autobiography宾语。其他修饰成分 about how much he loved what were called nigger shows in his youth-mostly with white men performing in black-face-and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them.系状语成分，该句不考时可全部忽略不读。攻克长难句例2：A
24、 common sight is that of old Persian men sitting in the corner talking loudly about world topics,watching news events on TV,drinking a black tea known as Persian chai,and reading local Persian newspapers all the while trying to finish off their plates piled with food.分析：忽略修饰成分，直扑主谓宾A common sight 主语
25、，is 系动词，that of old Persian men表语从句，其他系定语和状语等修饰成分，忽略不读。故该句只读A common sight is that of old Persian men即可。第一步：先抓主谓宾，忽略修饰成分第二步:明确修饰成分，层层捋清定状补这些修饰成分是修饰哪一层的主谓宾。比如，如果修饰成分是一个定语从句，那么该定语从句是修饰哪个名词的？做哪个名词的定语？如果修饰成分是非谓语动词，那么该非谓语动词是作定语的还是作状语的？作定语又是修饰哪个名词？作状语是作目的状语、伴随状语、结果状语？攻克长难句三步走1.第三步：理解句子大意。例1：Tests on healt
26、hy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩)and pumping blood around their bodies,compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed.第一步：先抓主谓宾，忽略修饰成分句子的主干成分是：Tests found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fea
27、r.第二步：明确修饰成分，层层捋清定状补这些修饰成分是修饰哪一层的主谓宾定语从句when their hearts are contracting(收缩)and pumping blood around their bodies作moment的定语，修饰限定moment；非谓语动词compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed.作状语，逻辑主语是they（volunteers），志愿者是被比较的，所以compare用了被动。定语从句when the heartbeat is relaxed.修饰point。第三步：理解句子大意大意：关
28、于健康的志愿者的测试发现与他们心脏休息时相比较他们在心脏收缩和心脏往全身供血时更有可能有恐惧感。47.What is the finding of the study?A.Ones heart affects how he feels fear.B.fear is a result of ones relaxed heartbeat.C.fear has something to do with ones health.D.Ones fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.根据题干，可知，此题考的就是刚才分析的长难句。根据翻译的句意可知A是正确答案。例
29、2：P3:Maps and pictures of the Moon and Mars show the many craters(坑)caused by the violent impacts of large comets and asteroids,and one of these craters is the lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin,which is about 2,500 kilometers in diameter and over 12 kilometers deep and is the largest known impact crater
30、 in our Solar System.第一步：先抓主谓宾，忽略修饰成分Maps and pictures是主语，show是谓语，the many craters,and one of these craters is the lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin.第二步：明确修饰成分，层层捋清定状补这些修饰成分是修饰哪一层的主谓宾Of the Moon and Mars 是作为定语修饰maps and pictures.Caused by the violent impacts of large comets and asteroids是非谓语动词作定语修饰crate
31、rs；which is about 2,500 kilometers in diameter and over 12 kilometers deep and is the largest known impact crater in our Solar System是定语从句，用来补充说明the lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin的内容。第三步：理解大意。月球和火星的地图和图片显示由彗星和小行星激烈碰撞引起的很多坑和坑中的其中一个是月球南磁极艾特肯盆地。它直径大约是2500千米，深度是12千米，是太阳系中最大的已知的陨石坑。高考英语二轮复习实用课件：专题二十五高中英语复
32、习之阅读理解长难句理解ppt高考英语二轮复习实用课件：专题二十五高中英语复习之阅读理解长难句理解ppt63.Which of the following statements is true according the passage?A.Human runs a high risk of dying from an impact event caused by an asteroidB.Scientists have found effective ways to protect us from the asteroid impactsC.Sudbury crater in Ontario
33、is the largest known impact crater in our Solar SystemD.The asteroids and comets that hit the Earth probably brought water to our Earth此题的C选项中有crater一词，定位到刚才分析的句子。根据中文翻译可知：最大的已知的陨石坑是月球南磁极艾特肯盆地，而不是题干中的Sudbury crater in Ontario。故C选项是错误的。高考英语二轮复习实用课件：专题二十五高中英语复习之阅读理解长难句理解ppt高考英语二轮复习实用课件：专题二十五高中英语复习之阅读理
34、解长难句理解ppt长难句的4种包装形式1.成分修饰2.并列式3.插入语4.从句套从句破解长难句谜团的方法，不出题和出题2种情况不出题时，直接忽略修饰成分，直扑主谓宾而出题时运用 三步走解决达到长难句阅读三个标准1.没有一个单词不认识2.没有一个长难句不能说出它的修饰成分3.没有一个长难句的汉语翻译不能脱口而出小结高考英语二轮复习实用课件：专题二十五高中英语复习之阅读理解长难句理解ppt高考英语二轮复习实用课件：专题二十五高中英语复习之阅读理解长难句理解ppt高考英语二轮复习实用课件：专题二十五高中英语复习之阅读理解长难句理解ppt高考英语二轮复习实用课件：专题二十五高中英语复习之阅读理解长难句
35、理解ppt1.我热爱这种浑然天成的泥泞。泥泞诞生了跋涉者,它给忍辱负重者以光明和力量,给苦难者以和平和勇气。一个伟大的民族需要泥泞的磨砺和锻炼,它会使人的脊梁永远不弯,使人在艰难的跋涉中懂得土地的可爱、博大和不可丧失,懂得祖国之于人的真正含义。当我们爱脚下的泥泞时,说明我们已经拥抱了一种精神。2.只要不必希求太多向朋友、向爱情,尤其是向生活。是否记得?我们曾经多么专注地设计美妙的未来,我们是如何细致地描绘多彩的前途,然而,尽管我们是那样固执、那样虔诚、那样坚韧地等待,可生活却以我们全然没有料到的另一种面目呈现于面前。3.童年少年青年好像还是昨天的事儿,呀,时光真快,一生的一半儿已经烟飞云散。无
36、论如何,时光是无情的,青春不会因为你的期盼而凝滞,也不会因为你曾有的虚度而有半丝的缓慢。4.年老时,你对青春的期盼就只能依靠些许爽朗的情怀,时光告诉你,青春是一种年龄,亦是一种心境。只是,来日不多,你身处的境地已经很明白地告诉你:自己孩提时的理想是否成真,自己生命的质量显现了一种什么样的光色。5.好在身体依然健康,精力依然充沛,在中年,在老年,你仍会在自己的脸庞上刻下饱经风霜的印痕,时光仍会在你的履历中重重地绘下一幅图画。6.苹果落地是自古以来就有的现象,其现象背后也始终包含着万有引力的本质。但只有牛顿最先透过现象看到了本质。透过现象看本质,这需要背景知识的储备,更需要积极的持恒的思维状态。7.个性并非社会的敌人,而是社会的逻辑前提。社会是人之共性和个性的统一体;共性相约,个性相得;共性是社会的基础,个性是社会的灵魂。扼制个性便是扼制了社会之根本。8.创新是人的才能的最高表现形式,是促使人类社会不断前进的车轮。纵观历史,每一位取得卓越成就的人,无不是敢于创新的。敢于创新,是一种极为宝贵的精神,我们都应该学习。高考英语二轮复习实用课件：专题二十五高中英语复习之阅读理解长难句理解ppt高考英语二轮复习实用课件：专题二十五高中英语复习之阅读理解长难句理解ppt
