1、In this unit you will learn how to write a In this unit you will learn how to write a research proposal.research proposal.选题报告或开题报告是指选题者对所选研究内容的一种文字说明材料。通过它，选题者可以把自己对课题的认识理解程度和准备工作情况加以整理、概括，以便使具体的研究目标、步骤、方法、措施、进度、条件等得到更明确的表达。选题报告的基本要求：（1）叙述选题的背景、目的和现实意义。（2）叙述该选题的国内外研究现状和相关领域中已有的研究成果，有何研究进展，存在的问题及展望等
2、。（3）叙述选题研究内容的主要观点、研究方法（技术路线）、创新之处以及对该选题的趋势预测。Task Objective（4）最后列出作者所查阅的国内外参考文献，且所列文献必须是综述作者阅读过的材料，不允许将所列文献中引用而自己并未阅读的文献列入。每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal 的写作。它是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得资助/认可/支持/批准？好的proposal 是研究成功的一半。Read Sample 1 and answer
3、 the questions as briefly as possible.Task Preparation 1Research BackgroundResearch QuestionResearch PurposeResearch MethodsResearch BackgroundResearch QuestionResearch PurposeResearch MethodsSome university instructors complain thatincoming freshmen are inadequately prepared for the demands of coll
4、ege-level research tasks.This is probably due to a failure of communication between high school and college instructors and administrators.This research and its conclusions will seek to adequately prepare their students for the rigors of college courses.By isolating the skills in which students most
5、 need improvement,this project will assist high-school instructors and administrators to plan and teach more effective English courses.Read Sample 2 and answer the questions.Task Preparation 21.What is the background of the research?2.What was the problem stated in the research?3.What are the object
6、ives in the research?4.What are the research questions?5.What is the methodology used in the research?6.What is the conclusion of the research?1.What is the background of the research?2.What was the problem stated in the research?KeyThe introduction of the clear standards of leadershippromotes the c
7、ore values and maturity on their role and responsibility.With proper consulting,mentoring,training and measuring all the responsibilities,a leader cannot be perfect but an effective person who can lead the entire educational institution in better future.The educators also perceived that there is a n
8、eed of a leader who is not perfect but rather,effective.There is no such thing as a perfect leader because a leader cannot manage the entire facility alone.But they need an effective leader who can lead the people toward the changes and improvement.3.What are the objectives in the research?4.What ar
9、e the research questions?1)Leadership should establish a system where there is a presence of effective mechanism for reaching the educational aims.2)The leaders should participate to perform the high leadership and helping boost the school performance,supports and spread the leadership expertise.3)T
10、he broad policy crafted by the leaders should reflect on the reform of the education.1)What is an effective leadership?2)How does a person be qualified as an effective leader?3)What are the outcomes if there is an effective leadership?5.What is the methodology used in the research?6.What is the conc
11、lusion of the research?With the use of the questionnaires spread in the entire faculty and chosen students,the research will determine the right and effective leadership that they prefer.The values of key leaders play an important role in the health and effectiveness of anorganization.When this idea
12、 is transformed in education,there is no doubt that there will be an effective leadership in every school.The transformational leadership offerspromise and takes actions to bring ethics to be on his or her followers.Read Sample 3 and judge whether the statements Read Sample 3 and judge whether the s
13、tatements are true or false.are true or false.Task Preparation 31.Although harnessing natural gas is a new,highly valued,alternative energy source,it does not have tremendous consequences on the environment.()2.As can be seen in reviewing the research and articles that exist pertaining to the hydrau
14、lic fracturing industry,there is a goodconnection between the established viewpoints and scientific evidence and research.()3.After determining how significant the contamination is,action will then be taken to develop a GIS software to prevent the same quantities of hydraulic fracturing chemicals fr
15、om entering into the watershed.()4.These types of measurements and data collection will have to be collected from stream monitoring sites who rely on wildlife biologists and volunteers to collect this information.()5.The advantages of these methods are that our use of GIS will make us form accurate
16、images of potential routes of pollution.()FTTFF Practice these patterns and expressions often used in writing a research proposal.1.1研究的现状和存在的问题研究的现状和存在的问题:一般现在时、一一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时，如：般过去时、现在完成时，如：1)The proposed project is currently being carried out by seven students;three Ph.D.students from Informa
17、tion and Computer Science,two undergraduate students from Biological Sciences,one undergraduate student from Electrical Engineering,and myself from Chemical Engineering.A group meeting occasionally takes place,which provides an opportunity to exchange information among group members with different m
18、ajors.2)Students with disabilities are enrolling in postsecondary educational settings more often than ever before.3)However,measurement of strain on the surface of bone with high fidelity has been extremely difficult due to the lack of suitable tools.4)Stem cell research has a history of more than
19、twenty years,but the field has gained considerable attention recently due to the successful achievement in culturing and manipulating human stem cells in vitro.5)Many research groups around the world are attempting to demystify this differentiation process.6)The low liquidity in the market for gover
20、nment bonds and lack of efficient financial intermediation or investment banks has a negative impact on the development of Ukrainian stock exchange and on economic environment in general.7)None of these issues have been investigated within the Australian context.The need for a comprehensive investig
21、ation into the deregulation process and its possible outcomes becomes increasingly important as the liberal Government moves towards deregulation and the partial sale of Telstra.8)Despite the ongoing extensive research relating to reforms in the VET sector,there has been minimal qualitative research
22、 undertaken on these changes from the perspective of the VET practitioner.1.2研究问题或主要观点研究问题或主要观点:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时，如：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时，如：1)Despite current,enforced disability regulations and laws,several persistent barriers remain in the academic environment.2)With this data,new diagnostic assays and
23、 therapies can be developed to alter the fate of stem cells.This in turn may contribute to advances in the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of human diseases and illnesses such as heart disease,diabetes,and cancer which continue to deprive people of health,independence,and well-being.3)Finally,the
24、 cost structure of the Ukrainian government debt market is revealed on the basis of the empirical evaluation of the model that allows to develop appropriate policy recommendations.4)Interviews with current TAFEWA lecturers and the examination of contemporary official documents will be used to analyz
25、e the historical events and structures that have led to the current requirement regarding the possession of a qualification in education.Further interviews and document analysis will reveal the present functions and concerns of current TAFEWA lecturers.5)The main focus question of the study is:How d
26、id social constructions of gender and class impact on the type of education offered to girls in a private elite independent girls school from 1945 to 1990?6)Overall,our findings are in keeping with embodied approaches to language understanding and suggest that the language sensorimotor specificity o
27、f sentence constituents affects the extent to which the simulation is situated.7)We highlight that the most important limitation is constituted by the fact that some core defining properties of human language,at the phonetic,semantic and especially at the syntactic level,are not transparent to the b
28、odily senses and thus they cannot be the direct source of mirror neuron perceptual-motor matching.1.3文献综述：文献综述：一般现在时（多用），现在完成时，一般过去一般现在时（多用），现在完成时，一般过去时，如：时，如：1)Findings in the literature review identified three primary attitudes that students and faculty hold toward accommodation requests:negative,
29、indifferent,and positive.2)There are two strands of literature involved.The first one relates to the state of Ukrainian financial market and banking sector.The second one serves as theoretical background for the development of general equilibrium model with the primary and secondary market dealers a
30、nd financial market frictions.3)The political implications of deregulation in regard to telecommunications policy formation has been reported on in a number of other countries.4)There has been extensive research relating to reforms in the VET sector and the changing role of the VET practitioner.This
31、 research has addressed a wide variety of issues and provided a comprehensive body of knowledge.5)The topic for this study cuts across more than one substantive area in the review of the literature.However,its framework is premised on a strong thematic organization based on the social construction o
32、f gender and its impact on the type of education offered to girls from 1900 to 1990.6)The reviews and the more theoretical papers represent different positions,which however converge in situating the discussion of the language-action relationship in the context of the wider debate about cognitive em
33、bodiment.7)A broad overview of the literature provides a contextual understanding of the way the intersection of class and gender underpinned the social,psychological and physiological construction of gender.This,in turn,shaped the type of education offered to girls and boys in the Anglo-Australian
34、context.8)A brief review of the history of The National Council of Independent Schools Associations by Hansen&Hansen(1989)reveals not only its response to Federal educational policies but its shared notions of femininity that had their roots in socially ascribed gender roles.1.4 研究目的研究目的:一般现在时（多用），如
35、：一般现在时（多用），如：1)My aim is to identify and examine the variety of barriers and develop a workable communication solution that addresses the needs and goals of students,faculty,and administration.2)This project is to test one type of molecular communication systems designed by Dr.Nakano through compute
36、r simulations.3)The outcome of the proposed summer research is expected to help the researchers determine the best route for their research.The results will give the researchers an idea of what to expect when working in vivo.4)The focus of the proposed research is to develop a virtual world that con
37、tains autonomous agents that form relationships with each other and with people.5)Through this research we will ultimately develop an implantable device to provide high resolution mechanical data from live bone in real time.6)The goal of this research is to determine how mechanical forces can influe
38、nce stem cell differentiation and to quantify this relationship.7)By imposing compressive forces on dissected parts from this animal,we intend to determine whether mechanical compression will influence the hydras regeneration and thus stem cell differentiation.8)The proposed research is aimed at ide
39、ntifying the key pitfalls of Ukrainian investment banking structure that creates problems for the bond market liquidity and size and increases the cost of government debt.1.5 研究方法研究方法:一般现在时（多用），一般过去时，如：一般现在时（多用），一般过去时，如：1)While researching the handbook,informal meetings and discussions were held wit
40、h students with disabilities and faculty to identify the degree of common knowledge about various disabilities and the level of communication and interaction that currently was occurring.Information was also gathered from published medical literature as well as statistical data on physical,learning,
41、and psychological disabilities and specific academic accommodations for those disabilities already identified by DSC as the most commonly seen on campus.2)A tensile test,similar to that performed to verify silicone sealant adhesion,will be performed in which we monitor the electrical signal of the t
42、hin metal gauge until the gauge fails.3)By submerging the dissected tissue at various depths,different static fluid pressures will be applied to the tissue and thus different levels of compressive force.4)The issue is considered to be tackled under the pragmatism research philosophy which focuses on
43、 the research question(s),instead of some unambiguous doctrine,and thus provides adequate room for further investigation and development by combining for example both positivist and interpretivist research philosophies.5)Grounded theory methods of data collection and analysis are consistent with the
44、 principles of interpretivism and symbolic interactionism.The essence of grounded theory is to describe and understand,rather than evaluate and measure for accuracy.Grounded theory research methods will be used to discover the patterns which develop through interaction of perspectives and actions.6)
45、A combination of graphical display and statistical analysis methods will be used to address Research Question Three.To determine whether the multi-sensory intervention produces a significant effect on pupil engagement and understanding levels,two mixed design Multiple Analysis of Variances(MANOVA)wi
46、ll be performed.7)The broad methodological framework for this qualitative study is interpretivist which is compatible with both a historical as well as a post-modern framework for analysis.8)Document analysis is something that will happen concurrently with interviews as they will provide the basis f
47、or refining interview questions and possibly varying them across generations.1.6 研究的结论或建议研究的结论或建议:一般现在时（多用），一般将来一般现在时（多用），一般将来时，如：时，如：1)The paper changes the interactive behavior between students and faculty and creates a positive environment for students with disabilities and their teachers.2)Using
48、 micro-fabrication technology,we could both fabricate hundreds of gauges that could be placed in a 5mm square area and offer orders of magnitude higher resolution than currently attainable.3)In the future we intend to perform more qualitative and quantitative tests to assess the quality of the regen
49、erated animals.4)It is the authors belief that such a research might be able to provide useful insight into mostif not allmanagerial levels,concerning financial data usage as an advancement tool of both individuals and organizations performance(i.e.efficiency and effectiveness).5)The emergent theory
50、 will make a valuable contribution to the body of research in the VET sector that informs policy and practice.In particular it will make a contribution to research in VET by providing an opportunity for unknown issues to be introduced to the VET research agenda.6)The study outcomes are anticipated t
