1、结核病的诊断和治疗结核病的诊断和治疗 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school2结核病的发展史结核病的发展史l18世纪中叶随着工业革命的兴起,劳动力迅速集中于城市,增加了结核病的传染机会,当时伦敦结核病患者死亡率高达90010万。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school3结核病的发展史结核病的发展史l1869年法国的Villemin通过动物实验证明结核病为传染性疾病l1882年
2、科赫发现了结核菌,明确了结核菌是结核病的致病菌,为结核病的预防、诊断、治疗的进一步研究奠定了基础;when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school4结核病的发展史结核病的发展史l1944年发现链霉素l1951年发现异烟肼l1965年发现利福平l在联合化疗原则指导下,新发现结核病的治愈率达到95%。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school5目前形势:全球恶化目前形势:全球恶化l20世纪8
3、0年代中期以后,结核病出现了全球恶化趋势。世界卫生组织(WHO)于1993年宣布结核病处于“全球紧急状态”when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school6结核病再次流行的原因(一)结核病再次流行的原因(一)l人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染的流行l多重耐药结核分枝杆菌感染的增多l贫穷l人口增长l移民增加 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school7结核病再次流行的原因(二)结核病再次流行
4、的原因(二)l盲目乐观l政府忽视 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school8全球疫情全球疫情l全球约有三分之一的人(约20亿)曾受到结核分枝杆菌的感染l结核病的流行状况与经济水平大致相关,即结核病的高流行与国民生产总值(GDP)的低水平相对应l全球80以上的结核病集中在印度、中国、俄罗斯、南非、秘鲁等22个国家。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school9 when is you
5、r birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school10我国疫情我国疫情l据WHO 2008年全球结核病控制报告估计,2006年我国结核病发病人数为131万,占全球的14.3%,位居全球第二位,是全球22个结核病高负担国家之一。l2010年全国第五次结核病流行病学现场调查结果显示与2000年相比,全国肺结核患病率继续呈现下降趋势,15岁及以上人群肺结核的患病率由2000年的466/10万降至2010年的459/10万,when is your birthday can you play the guitar what
6、time do you go to school11我国疫情我国疫情l其中传染性肺结核患病率下降尤为明显,由2000年的169/10万下降到66/10万。l但是调查结果也反映出在我国防治领域存在的一些问题。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school12我国疫情我国疫情 一、是肺结核疫情地区间差异显著。西部地区传染性肺结核患病率约为中部地区的1.7倍和东部地区的2.4倍;农村地区患病率约为城镇地区的1.6倍。二、是肺结核患者耐多药率为6.8%,与其他国家相比仍十分严重。三、是肺结核患者中有
7、症状者就诊比例仅为47%,患者重视程度不够。四、是已经发现的患者规则服药率仅为59%,服药依从性有待提高。五、是公众结核病防治知识知晓率仅为57%。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school13结核病的病原学结核病的病原学(1)l结核分结核分枝枝杆菌(杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)是结核病的病原菌,在分类学)是结核病的病原菌,在分类学上属于原核生物界、厚壁菌门、放线菌纲、放上属于原核生物界、厚壁菌门、放线菌纲、放线菌目、分枝杆菌科、分枝杆菌属。线菌目、分枝杆
8、菌科、分枝杆菌属。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school14结核病的病原学结核病的病原学(2)l一般将结核分枝杆菌分为人型、牛型、非洲型一般将结核分枝杆菌分为人型、牛型、非洲型和鼠型四类。和鼠型四类。l人类肺结核的致病菌人类肺结核的致病菌90%以上为人型结核分枝以上为人型结核分枝杆菌。少数为牛型和非洲型分枝杆菌杆菌。少数为牛型和非洲型分枝杆菌 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to sc
9、hool15病原学病原学_生物学特性生物学特性(1)l1.多形性:典型的结核分枝杆菌是细长稍弯曲,两端圆形的杆菌,痰标本中的结核分枝杆菌可呈现为T、V、Y字形以及丝状、球状、棒状等多种形态。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school16病原学病原学_生物学特性生物学特性(1)l1.多形性:典型的结核分枝杆菌是细长稍弯曲,两端圆形的杆菌,痰标本中的结核分枝杆菌可呈现为T、V、Y字形以及丝状、球状、棒状等多种形态。when is your birthday can you play the
10、guitar what time do you go to school17病原学病原学_生物学特性生物学特性(2)l2.抗酸性:结核分枝杆菌耐酸染色呈红色,可抵抗盐酸酒精的脱色作用,故称为为抗酸杆菌。l一些非结核分枝杆菌也呈现抗酸性,二者的鉴别需要通过特殊的菌种鉴定方法。l一般细菌无抗酸性,因此抗酸染色是鉴别分枝杆菌和其他细菌的方法之一。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school18病原学病原学_生物学特性生物学特性(3)l3.生长缓慢:结核分枝杆菌的增代时间为1420小时。结核分枝杆
11、菌对营养有特殊要求,为需氧菌,但5%10%的CO2 能刺激其生长,适宜生长温度为37,培养时间耗时长,一般24周。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school19病原学病原学_生物学特性生物学特性(4)l4.抵抗力强:结核分枝杆菌对干燥、冷、酸、碱等抵抗力强。l湿热805分钟、951分钟或煮沸1005分钟可;l5%石炭酸或1.5%煤酚皂溶液需要24小时l70%酒精2分钟内l太阳光直射下痰中结核分枝杆菌经27小时即可被杀死,10W紫外线灯距照射物0.51m,照射30分钟具有明显杀菌作用。wh
12、en is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school20结核病的发生与发展结核病的发生与发展(1)l结核分枝杆菌肺泡巨噬细胞生长繁殖肺组织炎性病变称为原发病灶。l原发病灶中的结核分枝杆菌沿着肺内引流淋巴管到达肺门淋巴结,引起淋巴结肿大。原发病灶和肿大的气管支气管淋巴结合称为原发综合征或原发性结核。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school21结核病的发生与发展结核病的发生与发展(2)原发病灶结核
13、菌大部分被消灭 少量处于休眠持续休眠继发结核病 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school22结核病的病理(结核病的病理(1)l基本病理变化是炎性渗出、增生和干酪样坏死。l病理过程特点是破坏与修复常同时进行 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school23结核病的病理(结核病的病理(2)l渗出为主的病变,表现为局部中性粒细胞浸润,继之由巨噬细胞及淋巴细胞取代l主要出现在结核性炎症初期
14、阶段或病变恶化复发时lX线:云絮状 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school24结核病的病理(结核病的病理(3)l增生为主的病变表现为典型的结核结节,直径约为0.1mm,数个融合后肉眼能见到,由淋巴细胞、上皮样细胞、朗汉斯巨细胞以及成纤维细胞组成。l增生为主的病变发生在机体抵抗力较强、病变恢复阶段。lX线:密度高,纤维索条、结节、结核球 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school
15、25结核病的病理(结核病的病理(4)l干酪坏死病变镜检为红染无结构的颗粒状物,含脂质多,肉眼观察呈淡黄色,状似奶酪,故称干酪样坏死l干酪样坏死为主的病变多发生在结核分枝杆菌毒力强、感染菌量多、机体超敏反应增强、抵抗力低下的情况。lX线:大片实变、坏死形成空洞 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school26结核病的病理(结核病的病理(4)l干酪坏死病变镜检为红染无结构的颗粒状物,含脂质多,肉眼观察呈淡黄色,状似奶酪,故称干酪样坏死l干酪样坏死为主的病变多发生在结核分枝杆菌毒力强、感染菌量多
16、、机体超敏反应增强、抵抗力低下的情况。lX线:大片实变、坏死形成空洞 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school27 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school28 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school29 when is your birthday can you p
17、lay the guitar what time do you go to school30临床症状(临床症状(1)全身症状全身症状l发热为最常见症状,多为长期午后潮热,l倦怠乏力l盗汗l食欲减退和体重减轻等l育龄女性患者可以有月经不调。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school31临床症状(临床症状(2)呼吸系统症状呼吸系统症状l1咳嗽咳痰:是肺结核最常见症状。l2咯血:约1/31/2的患者有咯血。l3胸痛:结核累及胸膜时可表现胸痛,为胸 膜样胸痛。随呼吸运动和咳嗽加重。l4呼吸困难:
18、多见于干酪样肺炎和大量胸腔积液患者。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school32临床症状(临床症状(3)肺外结核症状肺外结核症状l结脑l结腹l肠结核l淋巴结核 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school33体征体征l慢性消耗病容,营养不良l贫血l肺部体征视病变性质和范围:结核性胸膜炎出现胸水时可出现胸腔积液的相应体征。l少数患者可以有类似风湿热样表现,多见于青少年女性,常累及四肢
19、大关节,在受累关节附近可见结节性红斑或环形红斑,间歇出现,称为结核性风湿热。l肺外结核的相应体征:结脑、结腹、肠结核.when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school34结核病的诊断结核病的诊断结核病的临床诊断结核病的临床诊断结核病影象学诊断结核病影象学诊断结核病的实验室检查结核病的实验室检查 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school35结核病的临床诊断结核病的临床诊断病史特点病史特点
20、临床表现临床表现体征体征 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school36下列情况警惕结核病存在下列情况警惕结核病存在-近期有结核病接触史、尤其是与排菌肺结核病近期有结核病接触史、尤其是与排菌肺结核病人密切接触者人密切接触者近期反复感冒迁延不愈者、或出现咳嗽两周以近期反复感冒迁延不愈者、或出现咳嗽两周以上及上及/或痰中带血以及咯血者。或痰中带血以及咯血者。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to
21、 school37警惕下列情况结核病存在警惕下列情况结核病存在-患有与结核病相关疾病、出现结核中毒症状者。患有与结核病相关疾病、出现结核中毒症状者。有肺外结核史、出现呼吸道症状者。有肺外结核史、出现呼吸道症状者。做过胃大部切除术、近期有迁延不愈的呼吸道做过胃大部切除术、近期有迁延不愈的呼吸道症状者。症状者。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school38警惕下列情况结核病存在警惕下列情况结核病存在-长期激素治疗或用免疫抑制剂长期激素治疗或用免疫抑制剂近期内生活不规律、过劳、精神创近期内生活
22、不规律、过劳、精神创伤、营养不良、妊娠、分娩伴持续伤、营养不良、妊娠、分娩伴持续呼吸道症状者。呼吸道症状者。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school39警惕下列情况结核病存在警惕下列情况结核病存在-(4 4)疱疹性结膜角膜炎疱疹性结膜角膜炎结节性红斑结节性红斑全身风湿性疼痛全身风湿性疼痛应警惕发生结核病。应警惕发生结核病。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school40结核病的结核
23、病的 发现发现健康体检发现健康体检发现自行就诊自行就诊相关科室转诊相关科室转诊 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school41肺结核的影象学诊断(肺结核的影象学诊断(1)X线诊断:胸片及胸透线诊断:胸片及胸透胸部胸部CT诊断诊断超声诊断超声诊断 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school42肺结核的影象学诊断(肺结核的影象学诊断(2)l病变好发于双肺上叶尖段、后段、下叶尖段及后基底
24、段,l结核病多呈慢性经过,因此经常渗出、增殖、硬结、钙化多种性质病变并存l病变进展、吸收缓慢l病变干酪液化经支气管排出后形成空洞病变,并伴有引流支气管像,病变沿支气管播散是结核病恶化的常见表现 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school43肺结核的影象学诊断(肺结核的影象学诊断(3)渗出病变:云絮状渗出病变:云絮状增殖病变:结节,斑点增殖病变:结节,斑点 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go t
25、o school44肺结核的影象学诊断(肺结核的影象学诊断(4)干酪病变:颗粒,结节,团块,大片实变干酪病变:颗粒,结节,团块,大片实变 直径直径5mm颗粒,颗粒,1cm结节结节 2-4cm结核球结核球 一个段,叶实变一个段,叶实变纤维条索,钙化灶纤维条索,钙化灶空洞空洞 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school45 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school46 when is
26、 your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school47肺结核的影象学诊断(肺结核的影象学诊断(5)原发性肺结核:原发综合征原发性肺结核:原发综合征 原发病灶原发病灶+引流淋巴管炎引流淋巴管炎+肿大肺门淋巴结肿大肺门淋巴结血播性肺结核:弥漫分布结节状阴影血播性肺结核:弥漫分布结节状阴影 急性急性 三均匀(大小,密度,分布)三均匀(大小,密度,分布)慢性慢性 三不均匀三不均匀 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to
27、school48肺结核的影象学诊断(肺结核的影象学诊断(6)继发性肺结核:继发性肺结核:浸润性浸润性 有可逆病变有可逆病变 纤维空洞纤维空洞基本无可逆病变基本无可逆病变 干酪肺炎干酪肺炎大片浓密的阴影大片浓密的阴影 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school49肺结核的影象学诊断(肺结核的影象学诊断(7)结核性胸膜炎:结核性胸膜炎:密度均匀一致,边界清楚密度均匀一致,边界清楚 典型形态:外高内低反抛物线典型形态:外高内低反抛物线 不典型:膈肌抬高,不典型:膈肌抬高,D D型,梭形型,梭形
28、 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school50 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school51 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school52 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go
29、 to school53 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school54 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school55 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school56 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what ti
30、me do you go to school57 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school58胸部CT诊断 CT检查在结核诊断中的作用:检查在结核诊断中的作用:发现胸部隐蔽部位病变发现胸部隐蔽部位病变 有利于发现胸片尚不能明确有利于发现胸片尚不能明确 的空洞。的空洞。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school59胸部CT诊断CT值测定有助于明确病灶的性质。值测定有助于明确病灶的性
31、质。CT引导下肺穿刺有助肺部疾病的鉴引导下肺穿刺有助肺部疾病的鉴别。别。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school60胸部CT诊断(3)渗出病变渗出病变 中央密度稍高、周边密中央密度稍高、周边密度略低的特点、且度略低的特点、且纵膈窗纵膈窗往往往往阴影阴影消失消失、CT值值1020Hu。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school61胸部CT诊断(4)干酪病变干酪病变 干酪性肺炎:密度
32、增高且不均匀、其内可有融解干酪性肺炎:密度增高且不均匀、其内可有融解区、钙化点、区、钙化点、CT值范围较大一般值范围较大一般2030Hu、低密度区可达低密度区可达-300H以下。以下。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school62胸部CT诊断(5)增殖病变增殖病变 点片状、纤维条索状阴影。显示密点片状、纤维条索状阴影。显示密度较高且不均匀、度较高且不均匀、CT值值1030Hu。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time
33、do you go to school63胸部CT诊断(6)结核球结核球 因形成纤维包膜、因形成纤维包膜、CT片可见周边密度稍高的片可见周边密度稍高的球形阴影、亦可见钙化灶沉积,中心可有溶解球形阴影、亦可见钙化灶沉积,中心可有溶解或空洞、或空洞、CT值值1090Hu。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school实验室诊断实验室诊断细菌学检查细菌学检查涂片涂片集菌集菌培养(药敏试验,菌种鉴定)培养(药敏试验,菌种鉴定)when is your birthday can you play th
34、e guitar what time do you go to school实验室诊断(实验室诊断(2)涂片或集菌判断标准:涂片或集菌判断标准:阴性()阴性()300个视野以上未发现抗酸杆菌个视野以上未发现抗酸杆菌可疑(可疑()300个视野内仅见个视野内仅见12条抗酸杆菌条抗酸杆菌阳性()阳性()100个视野内有个视野内有39条抗酸杆菌条抗酸杆菌 (+)平均平均10个视野内有个视野内有19条抗酸杆菌条抗酸杆菌 (+)平均每视野内有)平均每视野内有19条抗酸杆菌条抗酸杆菌 (+)每视野内抗酸杆菌)每视野内抗酸杆菌10条条 when is your birthday can you play th
35、e guitar what time do you go to school实验室诊断(实验室诊断(3)l结核菌培养及菌种鉴定快速培养:罗氏培养:菌种鉴定:药敏试验:when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school罗氏培养罗氏培养l优点:诊断的金标准 实验室条件要求低 成本低廉l缺点:耗时长,培养阳性,再做药敏,需8-12周 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school实验室诊断(实验室诊
36、断(5)PCR是一种特定的是一种特定的DNA片段体外扩增技术,片段体外扩增技术,即利用即利用DNA片段技术,检测结核菌片段技术,检测结核菌DNA的方的方法。法。特点:快速、敏感、特异特点:快速、敏感、特异 缺点:无法区分死菌,活菌。仍存在假阳性、缺点:无法区分死菌,活菌。仍存在假阳性、假阴性的现象假阴性的现象 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school实验室诊断(实验室诊断(7)腺苷脱氨酶腺苷脱氨酶(Adenosin Deaminase-ADA):结核病时结核病时T淋巴细胞受到刺激,淋巴
37、细胞受到刺激,向母细胞方向向母细胞方向转化转化ADA活性升高,故测定活性升高,故测定ADA活性对结核病的活性对结核病的诊断有重要意义,尤其是在浆膜腔积液中的诊断诊断有重要意义,尤其是在浆膜腔积液中的诊断价值更高。价值更高。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school实验室诊断(实验室诊断(8)ADA检测是诊断结核性胸,腹膜炎,鉴别是诊断结核性胸,腹膜炎,鉴别良、恶性胸腹水的有效方法。本所采用比色法良、恶性胸腹水的有效方法。本所采用比色法测定胸水测定胸水ADA,显示胸水,显示胸水ADA45u
38、/L提示为提示为结核性,且结核性胸水与血清结核性,且结核性胸水与血清ADA比值大于比值大于1。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school结核菌素试验(结核菌素试验(1)l纯蛋白衍生物(纯结核菌素):从结核菌培养液中提取结核蛋白,制成纯蛋白衍生物即PPD(Purified Protein Derirative,PPD)。l选择左侧前臂屈侧中上部1/3处,0.1ml(5IU)皮内注射,4872小时观察和记录结果。手指轻触硬结边缘,测量硬结的横径和纵径,得出平均直径(横径+纵径)/2,而不是测
39、量红晕直径,硬结为特异性变态反应,而红晕为非特异性反应。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school结核菌素试验(结核菌素试验(2)l硬结直径4mm为阴性l59mm为弱阳性l1019mm为阳性,l20mm或虽20mm但局部出现水泡和淋巴管炎为强阳性反应。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school结核菌素试验(结核菌素试验(2)流行病学流行病学调查调查 结核病的诊断和鉴别诊断结核病的诊
40、断和鉴别诊断 健康儿童,健康儿童,3岁以下者为接种卡介苗可做结核菌素试验岁以下者为接种卡介苗可做结核菌素试验 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school结核菌素试验(结核菌素试验(3)阳性的意义阳性的意义结核菌素强阳性伴有肺部病灶时,则支持结核结核菌素强阳性伴有肺部病灶时,则支持结核病的诊断,但胸部病的诊断,但胸部X线正常者表示对结核菌感线正常者表示对结核菌感染反应强烈,可予以结核病预防化疗。染反应强烈,可予以结核病预防化疗。when is your birthday can you p
41、lay the guitar what time do you go to school结核菌素试验(结核菌素试验(4)阳性的意义阳性的意义结核菌素试验呈一般阳性反应仅表示有结核菌结核菌素试验呈一般阳性反应仅表示有结核菌感染勿需治疗。感染勿需治疗。对结核菌素试验新近阳性者,应视为结核菌新对结核菌素试验新近阳性者,应视为结核菌新感染者。感染者。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school结核菌素试验(结核菌素试验(5)阴性的意义阴性的意义未感染结核菌未感染结核菌结核菌素皮试液失效结核菌素皮试
42、液失效结核菌感染结核菌感染4-8周内,变态反应尚未形成周内,变态反应尚未形成急性传染病,病情危重急性传染病,病情危重免疫功能低下疾病或正在应用免疫抑制剂免疫功能低下疾病或正在应用免疫抑制剂 结节病,肿瘤,老人反应结节病,肿瘤,老人反应 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school实验室诊断(实验室诊断(6)l抗结核抗体 一般是以结核菌菌体特异性蛋白作为抗原,检测其特异性抗体的存在而对结核病做出诊断,特点是简便快速,但受患者免疫状态等因素的限制,其敏感性及特异性均未达到理想水平 when i
43、s your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school结核血清诊断试剂所用的抗原结核血清诊断试剂所用的抗原Mycobacterial sonicates 分枝杆菌超声波降解标本Extracted glycolipids萃取的醣脂类Purified protein derivative 纯化蛋白衍生物Antigen 5(38 kDa antigen)38 kDa蛋白抗原,或抗原5A60 antigen 抗原A6045/47-kDa antigen complex 45/47 kDa 抗原Antigen Kp90
44、抗原 Kp9030 kDa antigen 30 kDa 蛋白抗原P32 antigen P32 抗原Cord factor(trehalose dimycolate)绳索因子Lipoarabinomannan 磷脂阿拉伯甘露聚糖 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to schooll 基本原理 机体感染结核杆菌以后,存在于血液中的特异性淋巴细胞会在再次接触结核杆菌特异性抗原时,产生和分泌IFN-。通过定量检测释放的IFN-的水平或计数可以有效释放IFN-的细胞,可以对结核杆菌的感染情况做出判断。
45、l 基于全血的IGRA技术QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube(QFT-IT,澳大利亚Cellesis)l 基于外周血单核细胞的IGRA技术T-SPOT.TB(英国Oxford Immunotec)干扰素释放分析(IGRA)技术 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school内窥镜检查内窥镜检查-纤维支气管镜(纤维支气管镜(1)X线检查有可疑支气管结核或支气管阻塞征象,线检查有可疑支气管结核或支气管阻塞征象,有助于发现支气管内膜结核和肉芽肿,并可直有助于发现支气管内膜结核和
46、肉芽肿,并可直接确定支气管内膜结核的部位,性质和严重程接确定支气管内膜结核的部位,性质和严重程度及有否淋巴结支气管瘘,食道气管瘘。度及有否淋巴结支气管瘘,食道气管瘘。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school内窥镜内窥镜-纤维支气管镜(纤维支气管镜(2)帮助帮助X胸部线检查无异常发现而痰菌阳性者寻胸部线检查无异常发现而痰菌阳性者寻找结核病灶,留取各种标本进行组织学、细菌找结核病灶,留取各种标本进行组织学、细菌学检查,寻找咯血原因和出血部位。学检查,寻找咯血原因和出血部位。镜下对支气管内膜
47、结核的溃疡、肉芽肿瘘孔镜下对支气管内膜结核的溃疡、肉芽肿瘘孔直接用药直接用药 when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school when is your birthday can you pla
48、y the guitar what time do you go to school when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school内窥镜内窥镜-胸腔镜胸腔镜 直接观察胸膜腔病变和诊断胸膜疾病。可查直接观察胸膜腔病变和诊断胸膜疾病。可查明复发性自发性气胸及或结核性脓胸的病因,明复发性自发性气胸及或结核性脓胸的病因,观察肺,胸膜破口的部位,范围,选择治疗的观察肺,胸膜破口的部位,范围,选择治疗的方法,确定引流管最佳部位,有助于胸膜腔病方法,确定引流管最佳部位,有助于胸膜腔病变诊断和治疗。变诊断
49、和治疗。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school活体组织检查活体组织检查 淋巴结的穿刺或活检,肺活检和胸膜活淋巴结的穿刺或活检,肺活检和胸膜活检进行病理检查均有助于结核病及疑难病检进行病理检查均有助于结核病及疑难病例的诊断。例的诊断。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school菌阴肺结核的诊断菌阴肺结核的诊断l中华医学会结核病学会制定了诊断菌阴肺结核的8条依据:典型肺结核临床症状和
50、胸部X线表现。抗结核治疗有效。临床可排除其它非结核性肺部疾患。PPD(5IU)强阳性;血清抗结核抗体阳性。痰结核菌PCR+探针检测呈阳性。肺外组织病理证实结核病变。BALF检出抗酸分枝杆菌。支气管或肺部组织病理证实结核病变。具备中的3项或中的任何1项可确诊。when is your birthday can you play the guitar what time do you go to school典型肺结核临床症状和胸部典型肺结核临床症状和胸部X线表现线表现l胸部X线表现l多发生在上叶尖后段、下叶背段、后基底段l病变可局限也可多肺段侵犯l多形态表现,可同时呈现渗出、增殖、纤维、干酪和钙