1、高中英语语法复习专题英语句子概论什么是句子?句子句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位。句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位。句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写,结尾要有,结尾要有?!I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!英语句子概论英语句子的英语句子的基本成分基本成分有七种:有七种:_和和_.主语主语(subject)、谓语谓语(predicate)、表语表语(predicative)、宾语宾语(object)、定语定语(attribute)、状
2、语状语(adverbial)补语补语(complement)(名词)(代词)(不定式)(动名词)主语主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。由由名词,代词,数词,不定式,动名词,名词,代词,数词,不定式,动名词,短语或句子短语或句子充当,通常位于句首。充当,通常位于句首。The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
3、It is necessary to master a foreign language.(主语从句)(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)谓语谓语(Predicate)谓语说明主语做什么,或以什么状谓语说明主语做什么,或以什么状态或特征存在。由态或特征存在。由简单动词简单动词或者或者动动词短语词短语构成。构成。They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.表语表语(Predicative)表语说明主语表语说明主语“是什么是什么”或者或者
4、“怎么样怎么样”。由由名词名词,形容词形容词,数词数词,副词副词,介词短语介词短语,不定式不定式,动名词动名词,短语短语,或者,或者从句从句充当充当。表语位于表语位于系动词系动词后面后面,构词,构词“系表结构系表结构”。I am a teacher.She feels happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.He went mad.Seeing is believing.系动词系动词1)(be)2)(keep,remain,stay,stand)3)(seem,appear,look)4)(feel,smell,sound,taste)5)(b
5、ecome,come,grow,turn,go,get)6)(prove,turn out)宾语宾语(Object)宾语是动作、行为的对象。宾语是动作、行为的对象。由由名词名词,代词代词,短语短语,不定式不定式,动名词动名词,从句从句等充等充当。它和及物动词一起说明主语当。它和及物动词一起说明主语“做了什么做了什么”。She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good boy.宾语补足语宾语补足语(Compl
6、ement)在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语宾语补足语才能表达完整的意才能表达完整的意思。思。它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用。它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用。它可以由它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词和过去分词现在分词和过去分词充当。充当。If you let me go,Ill make you king.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived
7、.Make yourself at home.I heard my name called.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 He asked her to study hard.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.定语定语(Attribute)定语用来修饰名词或代词。可由定语用来修饰名词或代词。可由形容词,代词,形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,或相当于形容词的词数词,名词,介词短语,或相当于形容词的词或短语,和从句或短语
8、,和从句充当。充当。The black bike is mine.Whats your name?I have 5 books.The sleeping boy is lovely.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is Jack.状语状语(Adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明方式、修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。通常由通常由副词,介词短语副词,介词短语和和从句从句充当。充当。He did it carefu
9、lly.He studied very hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名,代,数,不定名,代,数,不定式,动名词,短语式,动名词,短语或句子或句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说明主语做什么,是什么或怎说明主语做什么,是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词
10、组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作表示动作、行为的对象行为的对象同主语同主语Both of us like English.表语表语说明主语说明主语“是什么是什么”或或“怎怎样样”,与系动词连用与系动词连用,“系表系表结构结构”同主语同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形,代,数,名形,代,数,名,介词短语或句子介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语状语修饰动词,形容词,副词,表
11、修饰动词,形容词,副词,表示动作发生的时间,地点,原示动作发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,方式,结果等因,目的,方式,结果等副词,介词短语或副词,介词短语或句句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样形容词,名词,介形容词,名词,介词短语等词短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础,宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数,动词作谓不可无!主语谓语是基础,宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数,动词作谓不可无!当两个指同一事物的句子成
12、分放在当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时同等位置时,一个句子成分一个句子成分用来说明和解释用来说明和解释另一个句子成分另一个句子成分,这个句子成分就叫做它的这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。同位语。We students should study hard.(students是是we的同位语的同位语,都是指同一批都是指同一批“学生学生”)We all are students.(all是是we的同位语的同位语,都指同样的都指同样的“我们我们”)同位语同位语 与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。独立成分。感叹词感叹词:oh,hello,aha,
13、ah,等。等。肯定词肯定词:yes否定词否定词:no称呼语称呼语:称呼人的用语。称呼人的用语。插入语插入语:一些句中插入的一些句中插入的To be honest,I think(believe,suppose)等。等。如如:The story,I think,has never come to the end.我相信我相信,这个故事还远没结束这个故事还远没结束.独立成分独立成分英语句子的种类英语句子的种类使用目的使用目的陈述句陈述句疑问句疑问句 感叹句感叹句祈使句祈使句英语句子的种类英语句子的种类句子结构句子结构简单句简单句(simple sentence)并列句并列句(compound se
14、ntence)复合句复合句(complex sentence)简单句简单句 (simple sentence)简单句简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和 一个谓语(或并列谓语)。一个谓语(或并列谓语)。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.They walked,talked and laughed.简单句的简单句的五种基本句型五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。基本句型基本句型 一
15、一1.Time 2.The sun 3.The man4.Everybodyflies.rises.cooked.laughed此句型中动词是此句型中动词是不及物动词不及物动词,能表达完整意思。能表达完整意思。主语可有修饰语主语可有修饰语-定语,谓语可有修饰语定语,谓语可有修饰语-状语,状语,如,如,The red sun rises in the east.基本句型基本句型 二二1.He 2.The dinner3.The weather4.Everything 5.His faceis smellsbecame looksturnstall and strong.good.warmer.d
16、ifferent.red.此句型中谓语动词都不能单独表达一个完整的意思,此句型中谓语动词都不能单独表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语,才能表达必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫完整的意思。这类动词叫连系动词连系动词。基本句型基本句型 三三(及物动词)(及物动词)(宾语宾语)1.Who 2.She 3.I 4.I5.Iknows laugh at want dont knowenjoythe answer?her.to have a cup of tea.what to do.living here.此句型中的谓语动词是此句型中的谓语动词是
17、及物动词及物动词或或及物动词词组及物动词词组,必,必须跟一个宾语,才能使意思完整。须跟一个宾语,才能使意思完整。基本句型基本句型 四四(及物)(及物)I(多指人)(多指人)(多指物)(多指物)1.I 2.Heshowedboughthimme my pictures.a beautiful skirt.此句型中的谓语动词必须有此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语两个宾语才能表达完整才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者(多的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者(多指物),另一个是动作的间接承受者(多指人)。指物),另一个是动作的间接承受者(多指人)。若要先说出直接宾语,后说间接宾语
18、,则要借助介若要先说出直接宾语,后说间接宾语,则要借助介词词to 或或for。He bought me a beautiful skirt.He bought a beautiful skirt for me.用用to侧重指动作的方向,表示侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着朝着,向着,对着某人某人。bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write等。等。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者,侧重指动作的受益者,表示表示为了某人,替某人为了某人,替某人。buy,call,cook,choose,dra
19、w,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。等。eg.He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.基本句型基本句型 五五(及物)(及物)(宾语)(宾语)(宾补)(宾补)1.We 2.They 3.We 4.I keep call asked saw the table supper him them clean.dinner.to come back soon.getting on the bus.此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外,还需跟一此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外,还需跟
20、一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。注意:注意:用用 it it 做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,是英语常用句型。宾语补足语的后面,是英语常用句型。即即 主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾语真正宾语。如,。如,I found it very pleasant to be with your family.常用于此句型的动词有常用于此句型的动词有:think,believe,consider,suppose,find,feel,make使用使用it当形式宾语翻译下面的句子当形式宾语翻译下面的句子1.他
21、感到很难跟你交谈。他感到很难跟你交谈。2.我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。1.He felt it very difficult to talk with you.2.I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.判断下列句子属于何种句式判断下列句子属于何种句式Exercises:Exercises:1.They work hard.主主 +谓谓 2.The flower is dead.主主+系系+表表 3.Plants need water.主主+谓谓+宾宾 4.He gives me
22、 some seeds.主主+谓谓+直宾直宾+间间宾宾 5.We should keep the plants in the shade.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补 6.Many animals live in trees.主主 +谓谓更正下列句子的错误更正下列句子的错误Exercises:Exercises:1.He came the room.2.The music sounds.3.I have seen.4.He gave a pen me.5.The boss made the boy to work hard.6.My father bought a book to me.1.He
23、 came into the room.2.The music sounds wonderful.3.I have seen the film.4.He gave a pen to me.5.The boss made the boy work hard.6.My father bought a book for me.Exercises:Exercises:翻译下列句子并分析句子结构:翻译下列句子并分析句子结构:1.1.我经常在早晨读英语。我经常在早晨读英语。2.2.玛丽是个聪明的学生。玛丽是个聪明的学生。3.3.我的老师给我一封信。我的老师给我一封信。4.4.我母亲经常叫我努力学习。我母亲
24、经常叫我努力学习。5.5.我们叫我们的老师王先生。我们叫我们的老师王先生。6.6.他正在房里做家庭作业。他正在房里做家庭作业。1.I often read English in the morning.2.Mary is a clever student.3.My teacher gave me a letter.4.My mother often asks me to study hard.5.We call our teacher Mr.Wang.6.He is doing his homework in the room.主主 +谓谓 +宾宾主主 +系系 +表表 主主 +谓谓 +双宾双宾
25、 主主+谓谓 +宾宾 +宾补宾补主主+谓谓 +宾宾 +宾补宾补主主 +谓谓 +宾宾英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。子结构的基础。简单句的扩展成分简单句的扩展成分简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语(如简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语(如定语定语)来扩展,)来扩展,及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语(如及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语(如状语状语)连用)连用进行扩展。进行扩展。I bought a ra
26、in coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He worked like a mad man in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.英语句子的种类英语句子的种类句子结构句子结构简单句简单句(simple sentence)并列句并列句(compound sentence)复合句复合句(complex sentence)并列句并列句并列句并列句是由是由and,but,or,for等等并列连
27、词并列连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简单句连把两个或两个以上意义有关的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。在一起而构成的句子。其其结构结构为为:简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句。简单句。Jim finished his homework and he went to bed.We fished all day;however,we didnt catch a thing.We fished all day,but(we)didnt catch a thing.Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。He was tired,so
28、 he went to bed.1.He was tired.He went to bed.2.The child hid behind his mothers skirt.He was afraid of the dog.3.He made a promise.He didnt keep it.He made a promise,but He didnt keep it.The child hid behind his mothers skirt,for he was afraid of the dog.复合句复合句 =主句主句+从句从句主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子(indepe
29、ndent sentence),它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用,不能独立存在主句连用,不能独立存在.Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.I think that Screen City has the most comfortable seats.复合句复合句名词性从句(主,宾,表,同)名词性从句(主,宾,表,同)形容词性从句(定语从句)形容词性从句(定语从句)副词性从句副词性从句(状语从句)(状语从句)判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合
30、句:1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3.There is a chair in this room.4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.简单句简单句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句 简单句简单句 5.He is in Class One and I a
31、m in Class Two.6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.8.What he said at the meeting is very important.9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句 简单句简单句 掌握语法,学好英语。掌握语法,学好英语。