1、Norhayati Binti Daud马来西亚国家估价协会马来西亚国家估价协会(INSPEN)地产服务部地产服务部(JPPH)马来西亚财政局马来西亚财政局电子邮箱电子邮箱:norhayatiinspen.gov.my网址网址:www.inspen.gov.myWhat is Education?什么是教育？What is property education?什么是地产教育？Malaysian aspiration towards education马来西亚对教育的期望The employability skill required by employer雇主要求的可用性技能雇主要求的可用性
2、技能Why measure the expectation of industry and the graduates readiness&capabilities?为什么要衡量行业的期望和毕业生的准备状态及能力？Contribution of this study本研究的贡献Objectives目标Methodology方法Findings调查结果Industry expectation行业期望Graduate Readiness and capabilities毕业生的准备状态和能力技巧。Conclusion结论Recommendation建议什么是教育？教育是以充实知识和开发技能为目的的
3、系统的培训和指导（牛津，1998）。教育是培养或者讲授的过程。什么是地产教育？地产教育是一个引导并维持富有成效的房地产事业的项目，尤其以培养和训练学生房地产评估必要原则、地产管理和房地产代理为目的。马来西亚的地产教育在马来西亚，有四所大学开设了地产课程。表1：马来西亚开设地产课程的公立地方大学编号编号大学项目/课程1房地产管理学士2地产管理（进修课程）理学学士3房地产管理学士4土地管理和开发理学学士地产理学学士马来西亚地产教育(内容)地产是一项专业课程，必须满足以下机构的要求：估价师及房地产经纪局(BOVEA)，马来西亚测量师协会(ISM)，国际认证，例如：皇家特许测量师学会(RICS)。马来
4、西亚对教育的期望马来西亚致力于培养素质人力资本。第九个马来西亚计划（2006-2010），其国家使命的第二点是培养本国知识、创造力和革新的能力以及“第一等思想”的本质。政府旨在保证从学前到高等教育以及职业院校的国家教育体系的全面提升。实施教育体系的变革，培养出在国际舞台上具有竞争力的年轻一代。马来西亚对教育的期望（内容）马来西亚资格架构(MQF)已发展为作为所有国家资格的统一体系和基准点国家教育框架“我的头脑15”计划问题Teichler(1998),可应用的知识非常少在大学学到的知识不完全符合工作中所需要的。雇主要求的可用性技能雇主要求的可用性技能来源:采用自http:/www.kent.a
5、c.uk/careers/sk/skillsmap.htm上页翻译：上页翻译：雇主要求的可用性技能雇主要求的可用性技能黄色部分：黄色部分：skill map 技能分布图professionalism 专业化 communicating 交流 problem solving问题解决 team working 团队合作organizing&planning 组织和规划managing your own learning/performance 构建自己的学习/绩效蓝色部分：蓝色部分：working on your own initiative to improve the way things a
6、re done 发挥主动性，改善做事的方法 attention to quality 注重质量 creativity/lateral thinking 创造力/横向思维 data handling 数据处理 analyzing 分析 investigating/researching 调研 time management 时间管理 decision-making 决策 leading 领导 co-operating 合作 speaking 讲话 writing 写作白色部分：白色部分：Numeracy 计算能力 collecting data 收集收据 classifying/synthesi
7、zing 分类/综合 identifying/evaluating options 鉴别/评估选项 summarizing data 总结数据IT skills 信息技术技能 prioritizing 可区分优先次序 working to deadlines 工作至最后期限 responding positively and flexibly to changing situations 对情况变化反应积极而灵活 action planning 行动计划setting objectives设立目标 delegating 授权 motivating others 激励他人 Persuading/
8、influencing 说服和影响 negotiating 协商 being assertive 自信 presenting a positive personal image 展现积极的个人形象 giving/accepting constructive criticism 提出/接受建设性的批评 presenting 表现 listening skills 倾听技能 telephone skills 打电话的技能 report writing 报告写作summarizing 总结 self reliance 自信 enthusiasm to make things happen and a
9、chieve goals 发现事物并达成目标的热情 accepting responsibility 接受责任 learning new skills as required 学习要求的新技能为什么要衡量行业的期望和毕业生的准备状态及能力？现在这个问题可以说成在大学获得的知识是否符合行业的期望。随着雇主期望值的增加，经济和地产行业的发展，对于专业人士、大学和附属马来西亚高等教育部的资格机构需求的认识不断增加，这提高了地产教育的标准。在这里差距的大小是关键因素，因为大的差距意味着行业和学生之间的差异比较大，反之亦然。这将使马来西亚的地产教育背景“健康”。进一步的改善用以策划地产教育教学大纲的改变
10、，符合达到国家发展素质人力资本的期望。本研究的贡献就业毕业生的提高和准备本研究成果将变成大学的参考工具，使课程编者能选择适合的课程设计方法并回顾教学大纲。目标1.识别行业对毕业生技能的期待2.识别就业毕业生的准备状态和能力3.识别地产业的行业期望和就业毕业生的准备状态和能力之间的差距方法第一阶段：文献综述第二阶段：问卷调查（试行）第三阶段：问卷调查调查结果使用工具的有效性和可靠性编号因素项目标号克隆巴赫系数1房地产教育260.9962交流技能60.9983工作技能90.9984专业特点、技能和态度121.005技术技巧和应用110.9976计算机技能和应用30.9987基本工作任务的重要性10
11、0.999编号因素项目编号克隆巴赫系数1充分的教育准备260.9972适用的教育准备260.9973交流技能60.9904工作技能90.8945专业特点、技能和态度120.9986技术技巧和应用110.9977计算机技能和应用30.9878执行基本工作任务的可信度100.998表2:用于雇主调查的问卷的可靠性表3:用于就业毕业生调查的问卷的可靠性对毕业生技能的行业期望很好的交流/人际关系和协作技能，尤其是以英语。表达技能精通、完美的技术知识需要开发可信度分析和解决问题的能力基本知识，对于地产市场的认识和理解。毕业生的准备状态和能力技巧。毕业生之间可信度的不同（经验和风险）理论知识足够，但缺乏软
12、技巧。正确的态度。地产行业的行业期望和就业毕业生的准备状态和能力之间的差距行业期望这些科目足够吗？0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.00Property ValuationProperty LawProperty FinanceProperty ManagementProperty MaintenanceProperty DevelopmentProperty InvestmentProperty marketing analysisProjects managementFacility managementLand EconomicsBuil
13、ding Technology&ServicesEnvironmental studiesTechnology managementReal Estate Agency&MarketingLand SurveyingTown PlanningStatistical analysisAccounting PrinciplesProperty Information Technology/Technical/Report WritingMathematics for managementIndustrial Training/Practical workThesis/DissertationsLa
14、nguageProfessional Practice/CommunicatioExpectationPerception上页翻译这些科目足够吗？Property valuation 地产评估 Professional practice/communication skill 专业实习/交流技能 language 语言 Thesis/dissertations 论文/学术论文 Industrial training/practical work 行业培训/实习工作 Mathematics for management 管理数学 Technical/report writing 技术/报告写作
15、property information technology/computer skill 地产信息技术/计算机技能Accounting principles 会计学原理 statistical analysis 统计分析 town planning 城市规划 land surveying 土地测量Real estate agency&marketing 房地产代理和营销 technology management 技术管理Property law 地产法 property finance 地产财务 property management地产管理 property maintenance 地
16、产维护 property development地产开发 property investment 地产投资property marketing analysis 地产营销分析 projects management 项目管理facility management 设施管理 land economics 土地经济学 building technology&services 建筑技术和服务 environmental studies 环境研究Expectation 期望Perception 感知交流技能足够吗?3.403.603.804.004.204.404.604.80Oral communi
17、cation skillsWritten communication skillsPublic speaking and presentatioThinking skillsListening skillsFluency in EnglishExpectationPerception上页翻译交流技能足够吗?Expectation 期望Perception 感知Oral communication skills 口语交流技能Fluency in English 流利的英语 listening skill 听力技能Written communication skills 书面交流技能 public
18、 speaking and presentation skills 公众演讲和表达技巧 thinking skills 思维技巧其他软技巧？3.603.703.803.904.004.104.204.304.404.504.604.70Leadership&managing your own learning/performanceTeams working&co-operatingEnthusiasm to make things happen and achieve goalsOrganizing and PlanningProblem solving,identifying/evalua
19、ting optionsNegotiation skillsNetworking/Professional interpersonal relationshipAttention to qualityTime-management&working to deadlinesExpectationPerception上页翻译其他软技巧？Leadership&managing your own learning performance 领导能力以及构建自己的学习绩效Time-management&working to deadlines 时间管理和工作至最后期限Attention to qualit
20、y 注重质量Networking/professional interpersonal relationship 人际关系网/专业人际关系Negotiation skills 谈判技巧Team working&co-operating 团队工作及合作Enthusiasm to make things happen and achieve goals 发现事物并达成目标的热情Organizing and planning 组织和规划Problem solving,identifying/evaluating options 问题解决，鉴别/评估选项 Expectation 期望Perceptio
21、n 感知专业特点、技能和态度3.203.403.603.804.004.204.40Traits overallConfidence in your ability to perforBeing dependable,punctual andPresenting a positive personal imageMotivating others/Persuading&Responding positively and flexibly tDecision-making&AcceptingSetting objectivesWorking on your own initiatives toC
22、reativity/lateral thinkingLearning new skills as requiredAbility to work with persons fromExpectationPerception上页翻译 专业特点、性能和态度Traits overall 总体特征Ability to work with persons from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds 与不同种族、不同文化背景的人共事的能力Learning new skills as required 学习要求的新技能Creativity/lateral thi
23、nking 创造力/横向思维Working on your own initiatives to improve the way things are done 发挥主动性，改善做事的方法Setting objectives 设立目标Decision-making&accepting responsibility 决策以及接受责任Confidence in your ability to perform&self reliance 对自己完成任务的能力有信心，自信Being dependable,punctual and prioritising 可靠、守时并且可区分优先次序Presentin
24、g a positive personal image 展现积极的个人形象Motivating others/persuading influencing/delegating 激励他人/说服和影响/授权Responding positively and flexibly to changing situation 对情况变化反应积极而灵活Expectation 期望Perception 感知技术技巧和应用0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.50Overall technical knowledgeAbility to apply knowledge o
25、nAbility to data handling andProfessional Practice and guidelinAbility to translate legal mattersAble to apply the experience gaineAbility to carry out Property/FacilitReal Estate Agency&MarketingResearch and DevelopmentKnowledge on Building TechnologInvestment,Finance&AccountingExpectationPerceptio
26、n上页翻译技术技巧和应用Overall technical knowledge 全面的技术知识Investment,finance&accounting matters 投资、财务和会计事务Knowledge on building technology and building maintenance 建筑技术和建筑维护知识Research and development 研发Real estate agency&marketing 房地产代理和影响 Ability to carry out property/facility/project management执行地产/设施/项目管理的能
27、力Ability to apply knowledge on property valuation principles/methodology 应用地产评估原则/方法知识的能力Ability to data handling and analyzing 数据处理和分析的能力Professional practice and guideline from Malaysian valuation standards 专业实习和马来西亚评估标准的指导方针Ability to translate legal matters pertaining to property valuation 解释有关地
28、产评估的法律问题的能力Able to apply the experience gained during industrial training/practical work 能应用在专业训练/实习工作期间获得的经验Expectation 期望Perception 感知计算机应用技能3.703.803.904.004.104.204.304.404.50Overall knowledge of computBasic Computer SkillsTechnical computer skills toExpectationPerception上页翻译 计算机应用技能Overall know
29、ledge of computer application 全面的计算机应用知识Technical computer skills to carry out property valuation 实施地产评估的技术方面的计算机技能Basic computer skills 基础计算机技能Expectation 期望Perception 感知工作技能0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.50Communicate effectively with clientGather information and analyzeGoing out for proper
30、ty inspectionIdentify the common buildingValue the capital value of a propertyValue the highest and best use of aWrite a valuation report according tReport writing on future propertyExtract information from sales andConstruct a discounted cash flowExpectationPerception上页翻译 工作技能Communicate effectivel
31、y with clients and other property professionals 同客户以及其他地产专业人士进行有效的交流Construct a discounted cash flow 建立一个贴现现金流Extract information from sales and purchase agreements 从买卖协议中提取信息Report writing on future property market trends 关于地产市场趋势的报告写作Write a valuation report according to Malaysian Valuation Standa
32、rd 根据马来西亚评估标准写一个评估报告Value the highest and best use of a property 评估地产的最高和最佳使用Gather information and analyze property data 收集信息并分析地产数据Going out for property inspection 外出进行地产视察Identify the common building materials 识别普通的建筑原料Value the capital value of a property 评估地产的资本价值Expectation 期望Perception 感知总体技
33、能3.23.43.63.844.24.44.6Communication skillsWorkplace skillsProfessional traits,skills andTechnical skills and applicationComputer Skills and ApplicationExpectaionPerception上页翻译总体技能Communication skills 交流技能Computer skills and application 计算机技能和应用Workplace skills 工作技能Technical skills and application 技
34、术技能和应用Professional traits,skills and attitudes 专业特点、技能和态度Expectation 期望Perception 感知毕业生的准备状态和能力Are the subjects sufficient?0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.50Property ValuationProperty LawProperty FinanceProperty ManagementProperty MaintenanceProperty DevelopmentProperty InvestmentProperty mark
35、eting analysisProjects managementFacility managementLand EconomicsBuilding Technology&ServicesEnvironmental studiesTechnology managementReal Estate Agency&MarketingLand SurveyingTown PlanningStatistical analysisAccounting PrinciplesProperty Information Technology/Computer SkillsTechnical/Report Writ
36、ingMathematics for managementIndustrial Training/Practical workThesis/DissertationsLanguageProfessional Practice/Communication skill系列2系列1ExpectationPerception上页翻译这些科目足够了吗？Property valuation 地产评估 Professional practice/communication skill 专业实习/交流技能 language 语言 Thesis/dissertations 论文/学术论文 Industrial
37、training/practical work 行业培训/实习工作 Mathematics for management 管理数学 Technical/report writing 技术/报告写作 property information technology/computer skill 地产信息技术/计算机技能Accounting principles 会计学原理 statistical analysis 统计分析 town planning 城市规划 land surveying 土地测量Real estate agency&marketing 房地产代理和营销 technology m
38、anagement 技术管理Property law 地产法 property finance 地产财务 property management地产管理 property maintenance 地产维护 property development地产开发 property investment 地产投资property marketing analysis 地产营销分析 projects management 项目管理facility management 设施管理 land economics 土地经济学 building technology&services 建筑技术和服务 enviro
39、nmental studies 环境研究Expectation 期望Perception 感知这些科目适用吗？0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.50Property ValuationProperty LawProperty FinanceProperty ManagementProperty MaintenanceProperty DevelopmentProperty InvestmentProperty marketing analysisProjects managementFacility managementLand EconomicsBu
40、ilding Technology&ServicesEnvironmental studiesTechnology managementReal Estate Agency&MarketingLand SurveyingTown PlanningStatistical analysisAccounting PrinciplesProperty Information Technology/ComputTechnical/Report WritingMathematics for managementIndustrial Training/Practical workThesis/Dissert
41、ationsLanguageProfessional Practice/Communication skill系列2系列1ExpectationPerception上页翻译这些科目适用吗？Property valuation 地产评估 Professional practice/communication skill 专业实习/交流技能 language 语言 Thesis/dissertations 论文/学术论文 Industrial training/practical work 行业培训/实习工作 Mathematics for management 管理数学 Technical/re
42、port writing 技术/报告写作 property information technology/computer skill 地产信息技术/计算机技能Accounting principles 会计学原理 statistical analysis 统计分析 town planning 城市规划 land surveying 土地测量Real estate agency&marketing 房地产代理和营销 technology management 技术管理Property law 地产法 property finance 地产财务 property management地产管理 p
43、roperty maintenance 地产维护 property development地产开发 property investment 地产投资property marketing analysis 地产营销分析 projects management 项目管理facility management 设施管理 land economics 土地经济学 building technology&services 建筑技术和服务 environmental studies 环境研究Expectation 期望Perception 感知这些技能足够吗？3.653.703.753.803.853.9
44、03.954.00Oral communication skillsWritten communication skillsPublic speaking and presentation skillsThinking skillsListening skillsFluency in English系列2系列1ExpectationPerception上页翻译这些技能足够吗？Oral communication skills 口语交流技能Fluency in English 流利的英语 listening skill 听力技能Written communication skills 书面交流技
45、能 public speaking and presentation skills 公众演讲和表达技巧 thinking skills 思维技巧Expectation 期望Perception 感知软技巧？3.303.403.503.603.703.803.904.004.10Leadership&managing your ownTeams working&co-operatingEnthusiasm to make things happenOrganizing and PlanningProblem solving,identifying/Negotiation skillsNetwor
46、king/ProfessionalAttention to qualityTime-management&working to系列2系列1ExpectationPerception上页翻译 软技巧？Leadership&managing your own learning performance 领导能力以及构建自己的学习绩效Time-management&working to deadlines 时间管理和工作至最后期限Attention to quality 注重质量Networking/professional interpersonal relationship 人际关系网/专业人际关
47、系Negotiation skills 谈判技巧Team working&co-operating 团队工作及合作Enthusiasm to make things happen and achieve goals 发现事物并达成目标的热情Organizing and planning 组织和规划Problem solving,identifying/evaluating options 问题解决，鉴别/评估选项 Expectation 期望Perception 感知专业特点、技能和态度3.303.403.503.603.703.803.904.004.10Traits overallConf
48、idence in your ability toBeing dependable,punctual andPresenting a positive personalMotivating others/Persuading&Responding positively and flexiblDecision-making&AcceptingSetting objectivesWorking on your own initiatives tCreativity/lateral thinkingLearning new skills as requiredAbility to work with
49、 persons from系列2系列1ExpectationPerception上页翻译专业特点、技能和态度Traits overall 总体特征Ability to work with persons from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds 与不同种族、不同文化背景的人共事的能力Learning new skills as required 学习要求的新技能Creativity/lateral thinking 创造力/横向思维Working on your own initiatives to improve the way things
50、are done 发挥主动性，改善做事的方法Setting objectives 设立目标Decision-making&accepting responsibility 决策以及接受责任Confidence in your ability to perform&self reliance 对自己完成任务的能力有信心，自信Being dependable,punctual and prioritising 可靠、守时并且可区分优先次序Presenting a positive personal image 展现积极的个人形象Motivating others/persuading influe
