1、 The isolation of the rural world,because of distance and the lack of transport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.本句是一个比较典型的英语句子,看起来似乎很长,实际上是个简单句,只有一个主语the isolation of the rural world,一个谓语is compounded。全句共有9个名词,用5个介词连接起来,而动词只有一个。句子首先指出,农村社会处于一种与外界社会隔绝的状态,然后用介词短语说出原因:远
2、离城市,交通工具缺乏,通讯工具不足。由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。抽象名词有的译成动词,有的译成形容词,全句用了四个逗号,一个句号。这样就可以一层层、一点点地把事情交代清楚,整句语气从容不迫,符合汉语的叙事方法。如果按照译文的结构来组织一句英语句子,那就是下面的样子:Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities,the r
3、ural world is isolated.This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.这样的英语句子,结构显得过于松散了,变成汉式英语而非典型地道的英语句子了。英汉句子的差异:形合与意合这种差异在翻译中给译者带来一定的障碍。将一个重形合的语篇译成重意合的语篇,最常见的错误就是将形合的特点迁移(transfer)到重意合的语言中。翻译中译者面临的困难很多,但句型结构的迁移是最大的障碍。现在不少译者的译文充斥着英语的句法结构,甚至还美其名曰“忠实于原文”,这种观念实在
4、有害。为什么会这样呢?英汉语言句法差异悬殊,这和英语是屈折语(inflectional language),而汉语是非屈折语有关。英语的语言形态丰富,被称为屈折语言或有标记的语言(如用词根或词尾变化区别词类,名词的数和格,动词的时态等)。英语词与词之间的关系常由一个客观的词来表示,不象汉语要由读者自己来体会。If he does not come,I will not go.I will not go unless he comes.这句中两个动作之间的关系由一个连接词if/until明确表示出来,不可能有误解。同样表达这个意思,汉语就完全可以不用任何表示关系的连接词:他不来我不走。这个例子充
5、分说明英语客观性强,汉语主观性强。难怪王力先生说:汉语是“人治”的语言,而印欧语系的语言是“法治的”。好好学习,天天向上 Good good study,day day up.“You dont know,who know!Work hard and make progress everyday.If you dont know,who knows?就句子结构而言,英汉语言最主要的差异在于英语重形合,汉语重意合。英语形合:句子中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。汉语意合:词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表
6、达。One Quotation:学者范仲英说过:学者范仲英说过:“一般来说,英语长句较多,而且一般来说,英语长句较多,而且结构比较复杂,往往从句里含有从句,短语中又有短结构比较复杂,往往从句里含有从句,短语中又有短语。宛如一棵大树,有树干,有树杈,有树枝。语。宛如一棵大树,有树干,有树杈,有树枝。”“汉语句子一般简洁明快,很少长句。恰似一根春竹,汉语句子一般简洁明快,很少长句。恰似一根春竹,一节之后又生一节,中间掐断无伤大雅。一节之后又生一节,中间掐断无伤大雅。”英语:一棵参天大树(学者范仲英说过:“一般来说,英语长句较多,而且结构比较复杂,往往从句里含有从句,短语中又有短语。宛如一棵大树,有
7、树干,有树杈,有树枝。”)一串葡萄,一串珍珠,一树荔枝形合语言主要靠语言本身的语法手段;英语句子结构紧凑严密 As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter Branches and sub-branches:Adverbials and attri
8、butesTrunk line:S+V+(O)具体说来,在英语句子结构中,主干结构,即主谓机制突出,名词,尤其是抽象名词用得多,介词也用得多,表达复杂思想时,往往开门见山,然后借助英语特有词汇关系代词,进行空间搭架,把各个子句有机地结合起来,构成一串葡萄似的句子,主干可能很短,上面却结着累累果实。西方人注重逻辑分析,惯于“由一到多”的思维方式;句子结构一主语谓语为核心,统摄到各种短语和从句,由主到次,递相叠加,结构复杂,形成树杈形句式结构。英语的结构性就很明显,如:It is a curious fact,of which I can think of no satisfactory expl
9、anation,that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.(Aldous Huxley,The Country)有一个奇怪的现实我百思不得其解,那就是显然欧洲人
10、普遍有着对乡村生活极大的热情和对自然景观有着极大的热爱,但这些欧洲城市糟糕的天气却给这种对诗情画意的追求带来了极大的不便。汉语:一根竹子,一盘珠子,一江波涛意合主要靠句子的内部逻辑关系;汉语句子结构简练明快 而汉语结构松散(凝聚力不强),流水句是其典型的句型。一个小句接一个小句,很多地方可断可连,像流水一样延绵不断。表现在语义上,流水句中小句与小句间的语义联系比较松散,不用连接词仍行文流畅。在句子内容上,流水句的信息量没有语法形式上的限制,弹性很大,一句接着一句,恰似流水,可以无限制地扩展下去。汉语以达意为主,就是把意思相关的词语凑在一起,表达一个完整的意思,中间很少用关联词语。句子结构以动词
11、为中心,以时间顺序为逻辑顺序,横向铺叙,层层推进,归纳总结,形成“流水句”的句式结构。“流水句”指在叙述事实的过程和动作先后的句子里,可以包含两三个、甚至十个八个句子,句子之间可断可连,可多可少,多不厌其烦,少不嫌其略,一切以达意为目的。小句子之间没有连接词,完全靠意合形成句子。从前这里有一个渔村,村里住着十户人家,这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地 为生,生活艰苦,但很安宁。开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的,得了绝症后,想开了,抽吧,拣好的买,想抽就抽。他决定去拉车,就拉车去了。赁了辆破车,他先练练腿。第一天没拉着什么钱。第二天的生意不错,可是躺了两天,他的脚脖子肿得像两条瓠子似的,再也抬不起来。(骆驼祥子)
12、原来这婆娘自从药死武大,哪那里肯带孝,每日只是浓妆艳抹,和西门庆作一处取乐。听得武松叫声“武二归来了”,慌忙去面盆里洗落了脂粉,剥去了首饰钗环,蓬松挽了个髻,脱去了红裙绣袄,旋穿上孝群孝衫,便从楼上哽哽咽咽假哭下来。(11个小句,没有关联词,主语)武松沉吟了半晌,便出门去,径投县里来;开了锁,去房里换了一身素净衣服,便叫士兵打了一条麻绦,系在腰里;身边藏了一把尖长柄短背厚刃薄的解腕刀,取了些银两带在身边。(9个分句,一个主语)译成英语:Wu Song was silent for several minutes.Then he left and returned to his quarter.
13、He unlocked the door,went in,and changed into clean sober garments.He had a soldier make a hempen rope which he tied around his waist and concealed on his person a thick-backed and sharp-edged knife.He took some silver and went out,instructing the soldier to lock the door behind him.(断四句,第一人称,he 代替,
14、连接词andthen,定语从句,分词短语,表达原文层层递进,由主到次)英汉两种语言一个重形合,一个重意合的特点使两种语言各有千秋。由于英语重形合,句法结构严谨,所以表意十分精确,而汉语重意合,句法结构松散,所以就使得词在表达意思上担子更重一些,申小龙:“一个个语词好象一个基本核子,可以随意碰撞,只要凑在一起,就能意合,不搞形式主义。”汉语因此显得很灵活,诗歌中很明显(但不仅仅局限于诗歌),如:“鸡声茅店月,人迹板桥霜”+天净沙实在简洁,鸡声、茅店、月之间的关系,人迹、板桥、霜之间的关系,不必作者用词语挑明,读者自毁解读,甚至不去解读更有美感。树 一棵树 一棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 校园里一棵
15、枝繁叶茂的大树 海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 临港新城海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 This is the cat.This is the cat that killed the rat.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the ho
16、use that was built by Jack.ChineseChineseChinese:left-extending,heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言狮子型语言EnglishEnglishEnglish:right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言孔雀型语言 姑娘 北京姑娘 漂亮的北京姑娘 年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 正看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 正面带笑容看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘girlsBeijing girlspretty
17、 Beijing girlsyoung and pretty Beijing girlstwo young and pretty Beijing girlstwo young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figuretwo young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figure who are looking at ustwo young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figure who are looking at us,smiling英语造句常用各种
18、形式手段连接词语、分句或从句,注重显性接应,注重句子形式,注重结构完整,注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式不仅数量大,种类多,而且用得十分频繁。1.关系词和连接词 2.介词 3.其他关系词:关系代词,关系副词,连接代词,连接副词,如who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how等,用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。连接词:并列连词,从属连词,如and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,(n)either(n)or,if,because,(al)though,when,while,as,s
19、ince,until,sothat,unless,lest,等,用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词,汉语则少用甚至不用这类词。All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.过了些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。When I try to understand what it is
20、 that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes,of which one goes much deeper than the other.为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中的幸福呢?我认为原因有二,两者之间又有深浅之分。It has been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those who would close their youth,and some of
21、them their lives,before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天,美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当日的青年已经失去了青春,有的丧失了生命。有待改进。那是一个金秋时节,动人的秋色为年轻人送行。等到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,这些年轻人将已不再年轻,有的甚至会献出了生命。介词包括 简单介词(如with,to,in,of,about,between,through)、合成介词(如inside,onto,upon,within,without,th
22、roughout)和 成语介词(如according to,along with,apart from,because of,in front of,on behalf of,with regard to)。据有人统计,英语各类介词共约286个。介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一,是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。英语造句几乎离不开介词,汉语则常常不用或省略介词:The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。He had a disconcerting
23、habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall with MR.Strong in the chair.这是一次精心组织起来的会议,市政厅里济济一堂,热情洋溢,主持会议的是斯特朗先生。Change of information,if any,concerning the contents of this sec
24、tion will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.本节内容如有更改,均见本书末附录。如形态变化形式,包括:词缀变化,动词、名词代词、形容词和副词的形态变化(如性、数、格、时、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等)保持前后关系一致(grammatical concord语法一致:谓语动词必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致and notional concord概念一致:指谓语动词的单数或复数要取决于主语所表达的概念,而不取决于表面的语法标记。如family的复数形式为famlies,但family本身有复数的概念,可以表示家庭的成员。如M
25、y family are well.(我家里人都好),广泛使用代词以保持前后呼应的关系,以及使用it和there作替补词起连接作用,等等。英语常常综合运用上述的关系词、连接词、介词以及其他连接手段,把各种成分连接起来,构筑成长短句子,表达一定的语法关系和逻辑关系。如:He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factorie
26、s for sixteen hours a day.他吹嘘说,任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由,而他却出卖穷人家的六岁的孩子到工厂干活,每天十六小时,受尽鞭打责骂。They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma耻辱/瑕疵 that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.他们恐怕免不了在有
27、生之年要蒙受不洁之名,人们会说他们贸然采取行动,使最高级会议遭到搁浅,而且,可以设想,还可能挑起了一场核战争。Could any spectacle,for instance,be more grimly可怕 whimsical荒谬 than that of gunners using science to shatter mens bodies while,close at hand,surgeons use it to restore them?一边是炮手用科学毁坏了人体,一边是外科医生用科学使其恢复健康,还有什么情景比这更加荒谬绝伦?There is nothing more disap
28、pointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee,the lightness of the cake,or the attractiveness of the house,which may be her chief interest and pr
29、ide.(Western Manners)最令女主人失望的是,她花了许多心神或费用来招待客人,可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意,却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡,松软的糕点,或房间内讲究的陈设,而这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。Even in its blasted condition,with boards and sackings in most of the windows,with its thick dust and its bare room,with its cracked plaster and its damaged roofs,the hotel had
30、 been a new world,a breadth and dignity,full of adventure possibilities.(Betrayed Spring)这家旅馆,尽管被炸坏了,窗户大多钉上了木板,并堆上了沙包,到处是厚厚的尘土,房间空空荡荡,墙上的石灰也裂了,屋顶也坏了,可总是一个宽阔庄严的新天地,值得去探索。汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段,注重隐性连贯,注重逻辑事理顺序,注重功能、意义,注重以神统形。汉语的形合手段比英语少得多:没有英语所常用的那些关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词;介词数量少,大约只有30个,而且大多是从动词“借”来的。王力指出,汉语“所谓欧
31、化的介词当中,其实有大部分不是真的介词,只是靠着西文的反映,就显得它们有介词性罢了。”汉语一些介词,如“在”、“向”、“进”、“到”、“沿”、“过”、“从”、为”、“给”、“用”、“拿”、“依”等,原均为动词。介词和连词常常可以省略,甚至不用,尤其是口语,用了反而显得多余。汉语没有词的形态变化,没有“it”和“there”这类替补词,代词也用得较少。总之,“尽量省去一切不必要的形式装置”,重意合而不重形合,词语之间的关系常在不言之中,语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行间。汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段:1.语序2.反复、排比、对偶、对照等3.紧缩句4.四字格汉语的许多主从复句,虽然不用关联词,形式
32、类似并列复句,但分句含义却有主有次。如果翻成并列的英文句子,势必罗嗦乏味,如前例:由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。抽象名词有的译成动词,有的译成形容词,全句用了四个逗号,一个句号。这样就可以一层层、一点点地把事情交代清楚,整句语气从容不迫,符合汉语的叙事方法。如果按照译文的结构来组织一句英语句子,那就是下面的样子:Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities,the rural world is isolated.Th
33、is isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.这样的英语句子,结构显得过于松散了,变成汉式英语而非典型地道的英语句子了。The isolation of the rural world,because of distance and the lack of transport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.本句是一个比较典型的英语句子,看起来似乎很长,实际上是个简单句,只有一
34、个主语the isolation of the rural world,一个谓语is compounded。全句共有9个名词,用5个介词连接起来,而动词只有一个。句子首先指出,农村社会处于一种与外界社会隔绝的状态,然后用介词短语说出原因:远离城市,交通工具缺乏,通讯工具不足。由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。从句若前置,一般有“因为”、“如果”、“虽然”、“即使”等含义。据统计,汉语中三分之二的因果句不到必要时,不用关联词。先“因”后“果”,几乎不用“因为”,属常态;先“果”后“因”,大多用“因为”,属变态。如:(因为)她不老实,我
35、不能信任她 Because she is not honest,I cant trust her.我不能信任她,因为她不老实。I cant trust her,because she is not honest.人(若)不犯我,我(则)不犯人。We will not attack unless we are atacked.说是说了,没有结果。(我虽然说了,但是没有结果。)Ive made proposals,but they proved futile.打肿脸充胖子,吃亏是自己。If you get beyond your depth,you will suffer.人到事中迷,就怕没人提。
36、When a man is lost in a labyrinth,what he needs badly is a hint.抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解。Once the principal contradiction is grasped,all problems can be readily solved.这些句式词句整齐匀称,往往不用关联词:不知苦中苦,哪知甜中甜?If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall,how can you know the sweetness of honey?聪明一世,糊涂一时。Smart as
37、 a rule,but this time a fool.吃苦在前,享乐在后.Be the first to bear hardships and/but the last to enjoy comforts.不怕慢,只怕站。Its better to move ahead slowly than just to make time.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆.As you sow,so will you reap.他不来,我不去(。如果他不来,我就不去。)If he doesnt come here,I will not go there.东边闪电出日头,西边闪电必有雨,南边闪电天气热,北边闪电有雷
38、雨。If it lightens in the east,it will be sunny;if it lightens in the west,it will be rainy;if it lightens in the south,it will be sultry;if it lightens in the north,it will be stormy.这类意合句式是由复句紧缩而成的。“所谓紧,就是紧凑,是取消各分句之间的语音停顿,让它们紧紧地挨在一起;所谓缩,就是压缩,是略去原来分句的一些词语,让它们简约一些”。这类句式简明紧凑,分句之间的语法关系和逻辑联系往往是隐含的:上梁不正下梁
39、歪。If the upper beam is not straight,the lower ones will go aslant.When those above behave unworthily,those below will do the same.有饭大家吃(。如果有饭的话,那就让大家吃吧)Let everybody share the food if there is any.狼披羊皮还是狼。A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheeps clothing.狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。However sly a fox may b
40、e,it is no match for a good hunter.问遍千家成行家。Learn from numerous advisers,and youll become a master.不到黄河心不死。Until all is over,ambition never dies.四字格四字格是汉语里广为运用的语言形式。吕叔湘指出,“2+2”的四音节是现代汉语里的一种重要的节奏倾向。四音节的优势特别表现在现代汉语里存在着大量四音节熟语即四字格这一事实上。”四字格往往历经锤炼,言简意赅,常常是意合法的佳作:不进则退 He who does not advance falls backwar
41、d./Move forward or you will fall behind.酒醉智昏 When wine is in,wit is out.玩火自焚 Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.欲盖弥彰 The more one tries to hide,the more he is exposed.远交近攻 Befriend those far away while attacking those nearby.物极必反 Once a certain limits is reached,a change in the opposite dir
42、ections is inevitable.王力指出,“西洋语的结构好象连环,虽则环与环都联络起来,毕竟有联络的痕迹;中国语的结构好象无缝天衣,只是一块一块的硬凑,凑起来还不让它有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性的;中国语法是软的,富于弹性的。惟其是硬的,所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求,如每一个clause里必须有一个主语;惟其是软的,所以中国语法只以达意为主,如初系的目的位可兼次系的主语,又如相关的两件事可以硬凑在一起,不用任何的connective word。英语注重形合,注重结构、形式,常常借助各种连接手段,因而比较严谨;汉语注重意合,注重功能、意义,常常不用或少用连接手段,因而比较简洁。英
43、译汉时,往往要先分析句子的结构、形式,才能确定句子的功能、意义;汉译英时,往往要先分析句子的功能、意义,才能确定句子的结构、形式。如:A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external forces.没有外力作用,运动的物体就连续作匀速直线运动。从其交友知其为人。Tell me whom you associate with and Ill tell you who you are.我过去所受的那些委屈和刺激,比起他来,也只是小巫见大
44、巫,算不得什么。(李六如:六十年的变迁)What little pain and adversity Ive experienced so far are simply nothing compared with what hes gone through.我们约他做攻守同盟,本想彼此提携,有福同享,有祸同当,不料他倒先来沾我们的光了。(茅盾:子夜)When we got him to go in with us it was on the understanding that we sink or swim together,but now it turns out that he was
45、only out to sponge on us!Man proposes,God disposes.谋事在人,成事在天。No pains,no gains.A successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities.(定语从句表达状语从句意义Bertrand Russell)如果老年人对个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣,并参加适当的活动,他们的晚年是最容易过得好的。The best shortcut would still take
46、five hours.(简单句表复合句内容)(即使)抄近路也要五小时。理论认识层面:翻译就是重构(restructuring)Nida:To preserve the content of the message the form must be changed.If all languages differ in form(and this is the essence of their being different languages),then qute naturally the form must be altered if one is to preserve the conte
47、nt.实践指导意义:翻译成功的关键之一,就是要实现句子结构之间的转换。汉译英时,要把汉语的线性序列,转换成英语的空间结构,这能在很大程度上避免所谓的Chinglish。英译汉时,要把英语的空间结构,转换成汉语的线性结构,这能在很大程度上避免所谓的“欧化”句子。英语的空间结构,实际上是一种“修饰”结构,也就是“主从”结构;汉语的线性序列,实际上是一种“并列”结构,亦即每个子句都是“主谓”结构(含隐性主谓结构)。英译汉,打破原文结构,由立体变扁平 汉译英,变扁平结构为立体结构 汉译英步骤:1.找出句子的重心,用主谓形式将它表示出来,作为句子的“树干”,2.把汉语中其他的“主谓结构”变为英语中的“主
48、从结构”,即变成分词、动名词、不定式、介词结构、从句等,作为句子的枝桠附属在句子的主干上;3.可见性:既然把英语的句子结构比喻为一串葡萄、枝桠,就说明很多情况下这个树干是在中间的,他的左右两边都有枝杈,达到左右对称。这种对称只是一种近似。山西省是中国古代文明的发祥地之一,有悠久的历史。1.Shanxi is one of homes of ancient civilization in China.It has a long history.and has a.2.one of the cradles of ancient civilization in China,Shanxi has a
49、long history.3.With a long history,Shanxi is one of birthplaces of ancient civilization in China.诺丁山嘉年华每年八月在伦敦的诺丁山举行,为期三天(包括一个周末和银行假日)。1.The Notting Hill Carnival is held each August on the streets of Notting Hill,London,lasting three days(Sundau and the folowing bak holiday).2.Held ewach August on
50、the strrets of the Notting Hill,London,Notting Hill Carnival lasts three days(.).3.An annual event which takes place on the streets of Notting Hill,London,each August,the Notting Hill Carnival lasts three days(Sunday and the following bank holiday).“不坚持,就会失败。”If you dont hold on,you will fail.One wi