1、书名：模具设计与制造专业英语 第2版 ISBN：978-7-111-08537-9作者：王晓江出版社：机械工业出版社本书配有电子课件模具设计与制造专业英语 第2版 ppt 课件Unit one Lesson2 Heat Treatment of Tool Steelsw教学目标及要求教学目标及要求 1.1.掌握课文中有关热处理方面的专业词汇和专业术语；掌握课文中有关热处理方面的专业词汇和专业术语；2.2.结合热处理的相关专业知识阅读课文，提高翻译能力。结合热处理的相关专业知识阅读课文，提高翻译能力。w重点重点 1.1.有关热处理的专业词汇和专业术语；有关热处理的专业词汇和专业术语；2.2.翻译
2、课文：热处理的原理翻译课文：热处理的原理;热处理的类型热处理的类型;热处理的步骤。热处理的步骤。u难句分析及翻译的基础知识难句分析及翻译的基础知识 PartPart（）翻译的基础知识简介翻译的基础知识简介 二、翻译的标准二、翻译的标准模具设计与制造专业英语 第2版 ppt 课件w教学思路设计教学思路设计 时间分配（共时间分配（共100min100min）：）：1.1.讲解课文中的专业词汇和术语；讲解课文中的专业词汇和术语；2.2.讲解课后生词、大声朗读；讲解课后生词、大声朗读；3.3.翻译课文，注意穿插相关专业知识；翻译课文，注意穿插相关专业知识；4.4.分析难点句型，讲解相关翻译基础知识；分
3、析难点句型，讲解相关翻译基础知识；5.5.学生答疑。学生答疑。模具设计与制造专业英语 第2版 ppt 课件ContentswBackground KnowledgewNew Words and PhrasedwText AnalysiswQuestionswGlossary of TermswLanguage Points&Translating TechniqueswReading Materials wSummary wReferences模具设计与制造专业英语 第2版 ppt 课件The Principles of Heat TreatmentwHeat treatment consis
4、ts of Heating-Up and Cooling-Heat treatment consists of Heating-Up and Cooling-Down process.Down process.wH e a t i n g u p t h e s t e e l w i l l c h a n g e t h e H e a t i n g u p t h e s t e e l w i l l c h a n g e t h e microstructure to Austenite.microstructure to Austenite.wCooling down the
5、steel at different cooling rates Cooling down the steel at different cooling rates will change the microstructure from Austenite to will change the microstructure from Austenite to different structures correspondingly.different structures correspondingly.wChange in Microstructures result in change i
6、n Change in Microstructures result in change in mechanical properties.mechanical properties.Background Knowledge模具设计与制造专业英语 第2版 ppt 课件wBy heat treatment,we can change the mechanical By heat treatment,we can change the mechanical properties of moulds and machine components to our properties of moulds
7、 and machine components to our desired state.desired state.wFor example,to harden the mould will increase For example,to harden the mould will increase strength and wear resistance resulting in longer strength and wear resistance resulting in longer mould life.mould life.wTo anneal a hard steel bar
8、will soften it to a To anneal a hard steel bar will soften it to a state good for machining.state good for machining.wTo normalize a steel bar will toughen it to a state To normalize a steel bar will toughen it to a state good for impact.good for impact.模具设计与制造专业英语 第2版 ppt 课件New Words and Expression
9、suTerms：1.Heat treating 1.Heat treating 热处理热处理 normalize normalize 正火正火 spheroidiz spheroidiz 球化处理球化处理 anneal anneal 退火退火 harden harden 淬火淬火 temper temper 回火回火 case harden case harden 表面淬火表面淬火 stress relieving stress relieving 应力消除热处理应力消除热处理 carburize carburize 渗碳渗碳 quench-hardening quench-hardening
10、 淬火硬化淬火硬化模具设计与制造专业英语 第2版 ppt 课件New Words and ExpressionsuTerms：2.Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram 2.Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram 铁碳平衡相图铁碳平衡相图 ferrite ferrite 铁素体铁素体 austenite austenite 奥氏体奥氏体 pearlite pearlite 珠光体珠光体 carbide carbide 碳化物碳化物 bainite bainite 贝氏体贝氏体 martensite martensite 马氏体马氏体 liquid
11、 liquid 液态液态 delta-iron -delta-iron -铁铁 alpha-iron -alpha-iron -铁铁 gamma-iron -gamma-iron -铁铁模具设计与制造专业英语 第2版 ppt 课件Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram Time-temperature transformation(TTT)diagrams A Continuous cooling transformation(CCT)curve compared to TTT diagram亚微观的；普通显微镜亚微观的；普通显微镜下看不出来的下看不出来的Temperi
12、ngwDuring During temperingtempering,martensite undergoes a,martensite undergoes a transformation process from that of carbon transformation process from that of carbon atoms supersaturated in iron to a structure atoms supersaturated in iron to a structure termed tempered martensite which consists of
13、 termed tempered martensite which consists of highly dispersed highly dispersed submicroscopicsubmicroscopic carbide carbide particles in a ferrite matrix.The extent of particles in a ferrite matrix.The extent of increase in ductility hence toughness and the increase in ductility hence toughness and
14、 the corresponding reduction in hardness and corresponding reduction in hardness and strength is a function of tempering strength is a function of tempering temperature and timetemperature and time.回火；调和回火；调和AnnealingwIf a steel bar is cooled slowly in a furnace from a If a steel bar is cooled slowl
15、y in a furnace from a temperature above its upper critical temperature to temperature above its upper critical temperature to a temperature below the lower critical temperature,a temperature below the lower critical temperature,the structure of the steel will become ferrite and the structure of the
16、steel will become ferrite and cementite again.This steel consists of a somewhat cementite again.This steel consists of a somewhat coarser grain structure that is low in strength,coarser grain structure that is low in strength,high in ductile and soft.This process of heat high in ductile and soft.Thi
17、s process of heat treatment is called treatment is called AnnealingAnnealing.退火，缓冷，韧化退火，缓冷，韧化正火正火NormalizingwHowever,instead of cooling in furnace as described However,instead of cooling in furnace as described above,the steel is taken out from the furnace and above,the steel is taken out from the f
18、urnace and cooled in still air,it is termed cooled in still air,it is termed NormalizingNormalizing.A.A normalized steel bar possesses higher strength and normalized steel bar possesses higher strength and toughness than its annealed toughness than its annealed counterpartcounterpart.对应物，配对物对应物，配对物Q
19、uench-HardeningwIf a steel bar is rapidly cooled from its upper If a steel bar is rapidly cooled from its upper critical temperature by plunging it into a coolant critical temperature by plunging it into a coolant such as water or oil(termed quenching),the effect such as water or oil(termed quenchin
20、g),the effect is to transform the austenite into a structure is to transform the austenite into a structure called martensite.Martensite is a very hard,but called martensite.Martensite is a very hard,but brittle constituent of steel.brittle constituent of steel.wFor steels having a carbon content le
21、ss than 0.8%,a For steels having a carbon content less than 0.8%,a temperature at between 30 deg C to 50 deg C above temperature at between 30 deg C to 50 deg C above the upper critical temperature(723 deg C)is used the upper critical temperature(723 deg C)is used for quenching and the resulting str
22、ucture comprises for quenching and the resulting structure comprises martensite and ferrite.martensite and ferrite.The Heat Treatment ProcesswBasically,Heat Treatment just consists of heating Basically,Heat Treatment just consists of heating up and cooling down process.These process can be up and co
23、oling down process.These process can be further divided into four steps.further divided into four steps.One Step1 Construction of Time-Temperature-Transformation Construction of Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram(TTT)and Continuous Cooling Transformations Diagram(TTT)and Continuous Cooling Tran
24、sformations Diagram(CCT)Diagram(CCT)TTT Diagrams-can be quite useful in determining TTT Diagrams-can be quite useful in determining the kinetics of transformation and the nature of the the kinetics of transformation and the nature of the products.The curve shows the time required to products.The cur
25、ve shows the time required to complete the transformation at that plete the transformation at that temperature.One Step2wCCT Diagrams-Although the TTT diagrams can provide CCT Diagrams-Although the TTT diagrams can provide useful information about the structures obtained useful information about the
26、 structures obtained through non-equilibrium thermal processing,they are through non-equilibrium thermal processing,they are not rigorously applicable to engineering not rigorously applicable to engineering applications because the assumptions of applications because the assumptions of instantaneous
27、 cooling from elevated temperature is instantaneous cooling from elevated temperature is far more realistic,and a diagram showing the far more realistic,and a diagram showing the results of continuous cooling at various rates would results of continuous cooling at various rates would be far more use
28、ful.be far more useful.Two StepswThe second step is a heating operation designed to The second step is a heating operation designed to produce an elevated temperature homogeneous single-produce an elevated temperature homogeneous single-phase solid solution.The heating should not exceed phase solid
29、solution.The heating should not exceed the eutectic temperature or there might be melting the eutectic temperature or there might be melting if a cored structure were present.if a cored structure were present.Three And Four StepswAfter soaking to assure a uniform chemistry single After soaking to as
30、sure a uniform chemistry single phase,the alloy is cooled.The cooling rate of the phase,the alloy is cooled.The cooling rate of the alloy depends on the property of metal required.alloy depends on the property of metal required.wThe heat treated material is then left for diffusion.The heat treated m
31、aterial is then left for diffusion.Diffusion is necessary to convert the unstable Diffusion is necessary to convert the unstable supersaturated solution into the stable structure.supersaturated solution into the stable structure.Surface HardeningwFor many engineering purposes it is desirable for For
32、 many engineering purposes it is desirable for parts to have a hard surface to resist wear and parts to have a hard surface to resist wear and abrasion and the inner portion remains soft and abrasion and the inner portion remains soft and tough to sustain impact loading.tough to sustain impact loadi
33、ng.wThis depth of the hardened surface is normally from This depth of the hardened surface is normally from 0.0001 mm to a few mm depending on applications.0.0001 mm to a few mm depending on applications.These properties can be obtained by surface These properties can be obtained by surface hardenin
34、g which is generally divided into the hardening which is generally divided into the following three types:following three types:Gas carburizing wNitriding Method Principle of Induction Hardening QuestionswWhat process is used to remove the internal What process is used to remove the internal stresse
35、s created during a hardening operation?stresses created during a hardening operation?wWhat heat treating process makes the metallic What heat treating process makes the metallic carbides in a metal form into small rounded carbides in a metal form into small rounded globules?globules?wWhat are the ma
36、in purposes of heat treating?What are the main purposes of heat treating?wHow many heat treating processes are involved How many heat treating processes are involved in ferrous materials?in ferrous materials?Glossary of Terms1 1Hardenability Hardenability 淬透性淬透性2 2hardenability curve hardenability c
37、urve 淬透性曲线淬透性曲线3 3hardening capacity hardening capacity 淬硬性（硬化能力）淬硬性（硬化能力）4 4hardness profile hardness profile 硬度分布（硬度梯度）硬度分布（硬度梯度）5 5heat treatment procedure heat treatment procedure 热处理规范热处理规范6 6heat treatment installation heat treatment installation 热处理设备热处理设备7 7heat treatment furnace heat treatm
38、ent furnace 热处理炉热处理炉8 8heat treatment cycle heat treatment cycle 热处理工艺周期热处理工艺周期9 9heat time heat time 加热时间加热时间1010 heat system heat system 加热系统加热系统1111 heating up time heating up time 升温时间升温时间1212 heating curve heating curve 加热曲线加热曲线 1313high temperature carburizing high temperature carburizing 高温渗碳
39、高温渗碳1414high temperature tempering high temperature tempering 高温回火高温回火1515isothermal transformation isothermal transformation 等温转变等温转变1616isothermal annealing isothermal annealing 等温退火等温退火1717interrupted ageing treatment interrupted ageing treatment 分级时效处理分级时效处理1818local heat treatment local heat tr
40、eatment 局部热处理局部热处理1919overheated structure overheated structure 过热组织过热组织2020pack carburizing pack carburizing 固体渗碳固体渗碳2121oxynitrocarburizing oxynitrocarburizing 氧氮碳共渗氧氮碳共渗2222partial annealing partial annealing 不完全退火不完全退火2323spheroidized structure spheroidized structure 球化组织球化组织2424recrystallizatio
41、n temperature recrystallization temperature 再结晶温度再结晶温度uExample 1:This combination of heating and controlled cooling This combination of heating and controlled cooling determines not only the nature and distribution of determines not only the nature and distribution of the microconstituents,which in
42、turn determine the the microconstituents,which in turn determine the properties,but also the grain size.properties,but also the grain size.（在热处理过程中），加热与冷却控制相结合的方法不（在热处理过程中），加热与冷却控制相结合的方法不仅决定着材料中微观组织的分布和性质（进而决定了该材仅决定着材料中微观组织的分布和性质（进而决定了该材料的性能），而且也决定了材料内部晶粒的大小。料的性能），而且也决定了材料内部晶粒的大小。句中第一个句中第一个andand连接的
43、是连接的是heatingheating和和controlled coolingcontrolled cooling，第二个第二个andand连接的是连接的是naturenature和和distributiondistribution，而，而which in which in turn determine the propertiesturn determine the properties为非限定性定语从句为非限定性定语从句,修修饰饰the nature and distributionthe nature and distribution。Language Points&Translatin
44、g TechniqueswExample 2:With most of the mediumWith most of the mediumcarbon forging steels,carbon forging steels,alloyed and unalloyed,normalizing is highly alloyed and unalloyed,normalizing is highly recommended after forging and before machining to recommended after forging and before machining to
45、 produce more homogeneous structures,and in most produce more homogeneous structures,and in most cases,improved machinability.cases,improved machinability.对于大多数中碳锻钢来说，不管它是否合金化，在锻对于大多数中碳锻钢来说，不管它是否合金化，在锻造后或加工前通常推荐采用正火处理工艺，这样有利于形造后或加工前通常推荐采用正火处理工艺，这样有利于形成更均匀的组织，并且在大多数情况下可改善材料的切削成更均匀的组织，并且在大多数情况下可改善材料的切
46、削加工性能。加工性能。句首的介词句首的介词withwith短语意为短语意为“对对来说来说”；in most in most casescases可译为可译为“在大多数情况下在大多数情况下”。二、翻译的标准二、翻译的标准w翻译的任务在于准确而完整地介绍原文的思想内容，使读者翻译的任务在于准确而完整地介绍原文的思想内容，使读者对原文的思想内容有正确的理解。然而，怎样才算是准确、对原文的思想内容有正确的理解。然而，怎样才算是准确、完整的翻译呢？要解决这个问题，就需要有一个共同的翻译完整的翻译呢？要解决这个问题，就需要有一个共同的翻译标准。标准。w谈到翻译标准，不免要提到严复的谈到翻译标准，不免要提到
47、严复的“信、达、雅信、达、雅”。严复在。严复在他的一部译著的前言中提出了他的一部译著的前言中提出了“信、达、雅信、达、雅”。“信信”就是就是忠实原文，忠实原文，“达达”就是表达清楚，就是表达清楚，“雅雅”即是文字文雅。后即是文字文雅。后来，鲁迅先生在此基础上又提出了来，鲁迅先生在此基础上又提出了“信信”和和“顺顺”这两条标这两条标准。准。“信信”和和“顺顺”，即，即“忠实忠实”、“通顺通顺”，今天已成为，今天已成为公认的两条标准了。公认的两条标准了。Example 3:w“忠实忠实”是指译文的思想内容必须忠实于原文，这一标准对是指译文的思想内容必须忠实于原文，这一标准对科技英语尤为重要，因为科
48、技作品的任务在于准确而系统地科技英语尤为重要，因为科技作品的任务在于准确而系统地论述科学技术问题，它要求高度的准确性，特别是对术语、论述科学技术问题，它要求高度的准确性，特别是对术语、定义、定理和结论的翻译更应重视。定义、定理和结论的翻译更应重视。w然而，忠实原文并不是形式上保持原文，而是内容上保持原然而，忠实原文并不是形式上保持原文，而是内容上保持原文。翻译时切忌逐字死译，这样会有损原意。请看例句：文。翻译时切忌逐字死译，这样会有损原意。请看例句：wA roughing cut is usually to be followed by a A roughing cut is usually
49、to be followed by a fishing cut.fishing cut.w粗切削通常要被精切削跟随。粗切削通常要被精切削跟随。w译文的毛病在于虽然词类或句子成分都与原文一致，保持了译文的毛病在于虽然词类或句子成分都与原文一致，保持了原文的形式，但却失去了原文的精神。若译成原文的形式，但却失去了原文的精神。若译成“粗切之后，粗切之后，通常还要精切通常还要精切”才算忠实原文。才算忠实原文。w翻译的第二条标准是翻译的第二条标准是“通顺通顺”。“通顺通顺”是指译文的语言形是指译文的语言形式必须符合汉语规范，翻译时要按照汉语的语法规律和习惯式必须符合汉语规范，翻译时要按照汉语的语法规律和
50、习惯来遣词造句，做到通顺易懂。但要指出，来遣词造句，做到通顺易懂。但要指出，“通顺通顺”是在是在“忠忠实实”的前提下，任何的前提下，任何“顺而不信顺而不信”都是不行的，属于乱译。都是不行的，属于乱译。w看下面一个例子：看下面一个例子：wThe foundation of the machine should not be The foundation of the machine should not be constructed at a place of conspicuous temperature constructed at a place of conspicuous temper
