1、一、简单句与并列句的概念一、简单句与并列句的概念1.简单句：简单句：只有一个主语（包括并列主语）和一个谓语部分（包括并列谓语）的句子叫简单句。如：He often reads English in the morning.（只有一个主语he 和一个谓语read）Tom and Mike are American boys.(只有一套并列主语Tom and Mike 和一个谓语are)2.并列句（并列句（Compound Sentences）：）：把两个或更多的本来可以独立的句子连在一起，成为一个较长的句子，这种句子就叫并列句。如下表：分分 类类例例 句句简简单单句句主主+谓谓I study h
2、ard.主主+谓谓+状状Im studying in Panyu Middle School.主主+谓谓+宾宾We ate a big birthday cake together.主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾He bought me a new MP5.主主+系系+表表It was my birthday.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补It made me very happy.并并列列句句表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,not onlybut also,neithernor,then等连接。1.My name is Tom,and my brothers name is Jack.2.No
3、t only is he interested in biology,but also his children begin to show interest in it.祈使句，and/or+主谓结构名词短语，and+主谓结构1.Hurry up,or youll miss the train.2.Study hard,and youll succeed.3.Another five minutes,and Ill make it.表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while（而）,when（这时）等1.I was doing my homework when
4、 my father came into my room.2.I have a new MP5 while my brother hasnt.表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,therefore等He is sad,so we play the MP5 together.Leaves are turning yellow,for its now autumn.I think,therefore I exist.我思，故我在。【强化练习】I 单项选择单项选择 1.She had just finished her homework _ her mother asked her to pra
5、ctice playing the piano yesterday.（2009年福建）A.when B.while C.after D.since 时间状语从句，when 表示“此时，正在那时”。2.John plays basketball well,_ his favorite sport is badminton.（2009年北京）A.so B.or C.yet D.for 并列句，yet 表示转折。A C 3.-I wonder how much you charge for your services.-The first two are free _ the third costs
6、$30.(2009年安徽)A.while B.until C.when D.before此句为并列句，表示意思上的转折，意为“而”4.The artist was born poor,_ poor he remained all his life.（2009年重庆）A.and B.or C.but D.so此句为并列句，表示意思上的递进。A A 5.He found it increasingly difficult to read,_ his eyesight was beginning to fail.（2008年山东）A.though B.for C.but D.so此句为并列句，后面是
7、对前面阅读困难的原因的解释，故选for。6.It is often said that the joy of traveling is _ in arriving at your destination _ in the journey itself.（2008年江苏）A.不填；but B.不填；or C.not;orD.not;but此句为并列句，表示转折关系，意思是“不是,而是”。B D 7.I cannot tell whether the book is worth reading,_ I havent read it myself.(2008年四川)A.but B.so C.or D
8、.for此句为并列句，后句是对前句的解释，故用for。8.I thought wed be late for the concert,_ we ended up getting there ahead of time.（2008年湖南）A.but B.or C.so D.for此句为并列句，表示转折关系，故选but。D A 9.Stand over there _ youll be able to see the oil painting better.（2008年全国卷II）A.but B.till C.and D.or此句为并列句的另一种形式，即：“祈使句+陈述句”，故选and。10.In
9、 some places women are expected to earn money _ men work at home and raise their children.（2008年四川）A.but B.while C.because D.though此句为并列句，表示对比，用while 连接。C B II基本句型翻译基本句型翻译1.在过去的十年中我们家乡发生了巨大的变化。_2.因特网有助于交很多朋友。_3.我希望教外国人汉语和传播中国文化。_4.任何人都应该对他的家庭、老师和同学诚实。_5.这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。_Great changes have taken pla
10、ce in my home town in the past ten years.The Internet helps(to)make many friends.I hope to teach foreigners Chinese and spread Chinese culture.Anyone should be honest to his families,teachers and classmates.This term I have written three letters to my parents.谓语动词的数要与主语一致，与表语无关谓语动词的数要与主语一致，与表语无关语语 用
11、用one,each,none等等+of+复数名词作主语时复数名词作主语时法法 由由every,some,and,so等构成的复合不定代词在等构成的复合不定代词在 句中作主语时句中作主语时一一 Each用作代词在句中作主语时用作代词在句中作主语时致致 不定式、动名词作主语时不定式、动名词作主语时 在主语后如有在主语后如有with,except,together with等连接等连接+时时意意 主语指有生命的集体名词主语指有生命的集体名词义义 主语指无生命的集合体主语指无生命的集合体一一 主语形式为复数而意义却为单数主语形式为复数而意义却为单数致致 表示时间、长度、价格、质量等的短语表示时间、长度
12、、价格、质量等的短语 作主语时作主语时 主语有定语从句修饰时主语有定语从句修饰时邻近邻近 由由or,either or,neither nor,not only but also连接的并列主语连接的并列主语原则原则 在在there be句型中，如有并列的两个名词作句型中，如有并列的两个名词作 主语时主语时 so引导的倒装句引导的倒装句倒装句倒装句 neither引导的倒装句引导的倒装句 there be 或或here be结构引导的倒装句结构引导的倒装句主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式时，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语是复数形式时，谓语动词也采用复数形式。1.当and或bo
13、th and连接名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：+Tom and Mike are good friends.汤姆和迈克是好朋友。+Both Lucy and Lily are students.露西和莉莉都是学生。2.不定代词either,neither,each one,the other,another,anybody,anyone,anything,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,nobody,no one,nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：+Is there anything wr
14、ong with your bike?你的自行车有什么毛病吗？+Everyone is ready for the sports meeting.大家都为运动会做好了准备。3.由each,each and,each,every and,every作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如:+Each boy and each girl was given a new book.给了每一个男孩和每一个女孩一本新书。4.主语后接有with,along with,together with,as well as,no less than,more than,including,besides,like,exc
15、ept,but等词或短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。如：+Mr.Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing.格林先生将和他的夫人及两个女儿一块儿来北京。5.“a number of+名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of+名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：+A number of trees are cut down.许多树木被砍倒了。+The number of students in our class is 32.我们班学生人数为32.6.“a lot o
16、f(lots of,plenty of,a pile of,piles of,most of)+名词”和“分数或百分数+名词”等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于名词，如果是不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果是可数名词复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：+Lots of people have been there.很多人去过那儿。7.由“a pair(a kind,a series)+of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“pairs(kinds)+of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：+A pair of gloves is lying on the table.一副
17、手套放在桌子上。+Fifteen pairs of shoes are made each day.每天能制作15双鞋。8.某些只有复数形式的名词（如clothes,trousers,shorts,pants,shoes,gloves）作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：+My shoes were worn out.我的鞋子穿坏了。9.不定式或v.-ing形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：+Reading is learning.意义一致又叫概念一致，即谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式要看主语所表达的概念。1.由and连接的两个名词作主语，如果是指同一概念（即and后面无冠词），则谓语动词用
18、单数形式。如：+The teacher and writer is coming to give us a report next week.那位老师兼作家下周要给我们作报告。+The singer the dancer has been invited to the party.那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家被邀请参加了聚会。2.表示金钱、价格、时间、长度等复数名词、词组作主语时，一般看做一个整体，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：+Three years is a long time.三年是一段很长的时间。3.集体名词（如family,team,crowd,company,class,group,govern
19、ment）如果表示整体概念，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示集体中的成员，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：+His family is going to move.他家要搬了。4.people,police,cattle等集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：+The police are helping a girl find her mother.警察正在帮助女孩找妈妈。5.算式中表示加法和乘法时，谓语动词可用单数形式，也可用复数形式，但减法和除法必须用单数形式。如：+What is/are three times three?3乘以3是多少？6.one and a half的后面要接复数名词
20、，作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。如：+One and a half cakes is a good meal for the monkey.一个班蛋糕对猴子来说是一顿美味。有时谓语动词的形式与主语并不一致，而是与靠近它的名词一致，这种原则叫做邻近原则，又叫就近原则，邻近原则则多用在不甚严肃的文体中。1.由either or,neither nor,not only but(also),not but或or连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与较近的主语在数上保持一致。如：+Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my u
21、ncle.+不但我父母而且我都盼望看到我叔叔。2.There be 和Here be这两个句式中的be动词常与最近的主语在数上保持一致。如：+There is a table with three legs in Toms room.在汤姆的房间中有一张三条腿的桌子。1.so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语 如：so do I Neither+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语 如：neither do I(1)这两种结构常用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用于后面的人或物，意思是“某人（物）也是这样”。这种结构中的助动词/be动词/情态动词在形式上与前句的谓语保持一致，而其单复数形式则由后句的主
22、语决定。如：+Lucy is a good student,so is Lily.露西是好学生，莉莉也是好学生。(2)这两种结构的不同点是：+“so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语”依附于肯定句，表示前边的肯定情况也适合后边的人，意为“也”+“neither+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语”依附于否定句，表示前边的否定情况也适合后边的人，意为“也不”。如：+Tom watched TV last night,so did Ann.汤姆昨晚看电视了，安也看了。+Mary didnt watch TV last night,neither did Jim.玛丽昨晚没有看电视，吉姆也没看。2.T
23、here be 句型+There be 句型是表示“存在”的一个句型，是一个主语在be动词后面的倒装句。如：+There is a tree in front of the building.大楼前有一棵树。3.副词开头引起的倒装句+在以here,there,out,in,down,away等表示方位的副词开头的句子中，如果主语是名词，要用倒装句。因此，谓语动词的形式由位于倒装句句尾的主语决定。如：+There goes the bell.铃响了。+Here are some flowers.这里有一些花。+注意注意：如果主语是人称代词，就不必倒装。如：+Here you are.Here i
24、t is.一、并列连词一、并列连词and连接并列主语的几种情况连接并列主语的几种情况1.两个或多个单数名词、不可数名词或代词并列共同作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：+Tom and Jim are going to Beijing tomorrow.汤姆和吉姆明天将要去北京。2.当and连接的两个名词指同一人或物（即and 后无冠词）时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：+The worker and writer is coming tomorrow.那位工人作家明天将要过来。+3.当and连接的两个单数名词前都有every,each或no修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：+Each boy and
25、 each girl is going to take part in the sports meeting next week.【例1】The teacher and singer _ to visit our school.A.is coming B.are coming C.have come D.coming Tom with other boys _ to go and _ a game.A.want;watch B.wants;watches C.wants;watch D.want;to watchAC二、二、either of,neither of,both of,neithe
26、r nor,either or,both and连接主语时，谓语动词连接主语时，谓语动词的单、复数形式的单、复数形式谓语动词谓语动词用用单数单数形式形式谓语动词谓语动词用用复数复数形式形式就近原则形式就近原则形式either ofboth ofeitherorneither ofboth andneither nor【例2】Neither you nor I _ a student.A.is B.are C.am D.wereBoth of my parents _ teachers.A.is B.are C.am D.wascB三、三、“a number of/many/a few+名词名词
27、”作主语时，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of/a little/much+名词名词”作主语时，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。谓语动词用单数形式。+【例3】The number of people invited _ fifty,but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.A.were;was B.was;was C.was;were D.were;werec四、四、“one of+名词复数名词复数+单数谓语动词单数谓语动词”表表示示“其中之一其中之一”。谓语动词用单数形式。谓语动词用单数形
28、式【例4】One of the women _ from America.A.is B.are C.has D.beingA五、五、“so+助动词助动词/be动词动词/情态动词情态动词+主语主语”与与“so+主语主语+助动词助动词/be动词动词/情态动词情态动词”结构结构+在倒装句中，“so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语”表示“某人（物）也是这样”；+“so+主语+助动词/be动词/情态动词”表示“某人（物）确实如此”，是对第一句话的进一步肯定，前后两句的主语是同一个人（物）。如：+-Tom is an American.汤姆是一个美国人。+-So he is.的确如此。【例5】I lik
29、ed to play basketball when I was young._.A.So he was B.So was he C.So did he D.So he didHi,Mary.Were going to help Grandma Li with her housework this Saturday afternoon.-_.A.Nor am we B.So we are C.Nor will I D.So I willCB六、复数形式单数意义的词作主语六、复数形式单数意义的词作主语形式为复数而意义却为单数的词，如news,works(工厂)，或是以-ics结尾的学科名词，如p
30、hysics,politics,mathematics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。七、七、what从句作主语从句作主语What从句作主语，如果表示的是单数意义，则谓语动词用单数形式，如果表示的是复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：+What he wanted to know was why they didnt tell him.他想要知道的是他们为什么不告诉他。+What he left me are some old books.他留给我的是一些旧书。八、八、“the+姓氏名词复数姓氏名词复数”作主语作主语“the+姓氏名词复数”表示“一家”或“夫妇”，当它在句中作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。如：+The Blacks enjoy working in China.布莱克夫妇喜欢在中国工作。
