1、法律翻译法律翻译 -译国译民翻译公司译国译民翻译公司专心翻译 做到极致 翻译什么最难？一定有人会大声说：“法律！”的确，在法律英语中，冗长的叙述和古英语和拉丁语频频出现，要理解它已经很不容易。要想把法律英语翻译得严谨、缜密、滴水不漏，更是“蜀道难，难于上青天”啊。请先看一下法律条文中比比皆是的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”的翻译。只是这4个词，现在的法律文献中的表述就已经相当混乱，而相关的工具书也没有一个统一的说法。一般意义上而言，在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有：article,section,subsection,paragraph,subparagraph,item,cla
2、use,rule,regulation,provision,以及stipulation等等。根据美国法律词典（A Dictionary of the Law.Clapp,2000:36），Article:subdivision of a written instrument;particularly a.a subdivision of a statute or constitution,usually subdivided into sections.b.one of the items or clauses in a contract,treaty,or other agreement.从
3、此书对article的释义来看，article是宪法、制定法、或合同中“单独的，显著的部分”。所以，将之译为我国法律条文中的“条”是合适的。例如：专心翻译 做到极致 Any Member availing itself of the possibilities provided in Article 6 of the Berne Convention(1971)or paragraph 1(b)of Article 16 of the Rome Convention shall make a notification as foreseen in those provisions to the
4、 Council for TRIPS.参考译文 任何利用伯尔尼公约第6条或罗马公约第16条第1款（b）项规定的可能性的成员，均应按这些条款中所预想的那样，向TRIPS理事会做出通知。专心翻译 做到极致 Subparagraph 1(b)and 1(c)of Article XXIII of GATT 1994 shall not apply to the settlement of disputes under this Agreement for a period of five years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agree
5、ment.参考译文 自WTO协定生效之日起5年内，GATT 1994第23条第1款（b）项和（c）项不得适用于本协定项下的争端解决。专心翻译 做到极致 另外，clause一词可将其译为泛指意义上的“条款”。例如，新英汉词典（1985：208）中对 clause 这个词的解释就是“条款”，“款项”。比如，clause of devolution 译为“义务承担条款”。专心翻译 做到极致以下是一篇完整的采购合同框架，读者可体会一下合同翻译的用词，注意翻译的准确性。Purchase Contract Contract No.(合同编号):_Date(签订日期)_ Signed at(签订地点)_ T
6、he Buyer(买方)：_ Address(地址)：_ The Seller(卖方)：_ Address(地址)：_The Seller and the Buyer agree to conclude this Contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below:买卖双方同意按照下列条款签订本合同：专心翻译 做到极致 1.Name,Specifications and Quality of Commodity（货物名称、规格和质量）：2.Quantity（数量）：_,_ more or less allowed(允许的溢短装)3
7、.Unit Price（单价）：4.Total Amount（总值）：5.Terms of Delivery(交货条件)FOB/CFR/CIF 6.Country of Origin and Manufacturers(原产地国与制造商):专心翻译 做到极致 7.Packing（包装及标准）：The packing of the goods shall be preventive from dampness,rust,moisture,erosion and shock,and shall be suitable for ocean transportation/multiple transp
8、ortation.The Seller shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing.The measurement,gross weight,net weight and the cautions such as“Do not stack up side down”,“Keep away from moisture”,“Handle with care”shall be stenciled on the surface of eac
9、h package with fadeless pigment.货物应具有防潮、防锈蚀、防震并适合于远洋运输的包装，由于货物包装不良而造成的货物残损、灭失应由卖方负责。卖方应在每个包装箱上用不褪色的颜色标明尺码、包装箱号码、毛重、净重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心轻放”等标记。专心翻译 做到极致 8.Shipping Marks（唛头）：9.Time of Shipment(装运期限）：10.Port of Loading（装运口岸）：11.Port of Destination（目的口岸）：12.Insurance（保险）：Insurance shall be covered by the
10、 _ for 110%of the invoice value against _ Risks and _ Additional Risks.由按发票金额110%投保险和附加险。专心翻译 做到极致 13.Terms of Payment（付款条件）：(1)Letter of Credit:The Buyer shall,days prior to the time of shipment/after this Contract comes into effect,open an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Seller.The Le
11、tter of Credit shall expire days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated.信用证方式：买方应在装运期前/合同生效后日，开出以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的议付信用证，信用证在装船完毕后日内到期。专心翻译 做到极致 (2)Documents against payment:After shipment,the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange on the Buyer and deliver the documents through
12、Sellers bank and _ Bank to the Buyer against payment,i.e D/P.The Buyer shall effect the payment immediately upon the first presentation of the bill(s)of exchange.付款交单：货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，按即期付款交单（D/P）方式，通过卖方银行及银行向买方转交单证，换取货物。译国译民翻译 400 160 5880专心翻译 做到极致 14.Documents Required（单据）：The Seller shall
13、 present the following documents required to the bank for negotiation/collection:卖方应将下列单据提交银行议付/托收：(1)Full set of clean on board Ocean/Combined Transportation/Land Bills of Lading and blank endorsed marked freight prepaid/to collect;标明通知收货人/受货代理人的全套清洁的、已装船的、空白抬头、空白背书并注明运费已付/到付的海运/联运/陆运提单;(2)Signed c
14、ommercial invoice in _copies indicating Contract No.,L/C No.(Terms of L/C)and shipping marks;标有合同编号、信用证号（信用证支付条件下）及装运唛头的商业发票一式份；专心翻译 做到极致 (3)Documents against Acceptance:After shipment,the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange,payable_ days after the Seller delivers the document through Sellers
15、 bank and _Bank to the Buyer against acceptance (D/A _ days).The Buyer shall make the payment on date of the bill of exchange.承兑交单：货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，付款期限为后日，按即期承兑交单(D/A日)方式，通过卖方银行及银行，经买方承兑后，向买方转交单证，买方在汇票期限到期时支付货款。专心翻译 做到极致(4)Cash on delivery(COD):The Buyer shall pay to the Seller total amount
16、 within _ days after the receipt of the goods(This clause is not applied to the Terms of FOB,CFR,CIF).货到付款：买方在收到货物后天内将全部货款支付卖方（不适用于FOB、CRF、CIF术语）。专心翻译 做到极致 (3)Packing list/weight memo in _ copies issued by；由出具的装箱或重量单一式份；(4)Certificate of Quality in _ copies issued by；由出具的质量证明书一式份；(5)Certificate of Q
17、uantity in _ copies issued by；由出具的数量证明书一式份；专心翻译 做到极致(6)Insurance policy/certificate in _ copies(Terms of CIF)；保险单正本一式份(CIF 交货条件)；(7)Certificate of Origin in _ copies issued by；签发的产地证一式份；(8)The Seller shall,within _ hours after shipment effected,send by courier each copy of the above-mentioned docume
18、nts No.装运通知(Shipping advice):卖方应在交运后_小时内以特快专递方式邮寄给买方上述第项单据副本一式一套。专心翻译 做到极致15.Terms of Shipment（装运条款）：(1)FOB交货方式 The Seller shall,30 days before the shipment date specified in the Contract,advise the Buyer by _ of the Contract N o.,c o m m o d i t y,q u a n t i t y,amount,packages,gross weight,measur
19、ement,and the date of s h i p m e n t i n o r d e r t h a t t h e B u y e r c a n charter a vessel/book shipping space.In the event of the Sellers failure to effect loading when the vessel arrives duly at the loading port,all expenses including dead freight and/or demurrage charges thus incurred sha
20、ll be for the Sellers account.专心翻译 做到极致 (2)CIF或CFR交货方式 The Seller shall ship the goods duly within the shipping duration from the port of loading to the port of destination.Under CFR terms,the Seller shall advise the Buyer by _ of the Contract No.,commodity,invoice value and the date of dispatch two
21、 days before the shipment for the Buyer to arrange insurance in time.卖方须按时在装运期限内将货物由装运港装船至目的港。在CFR术语下，卖方应在装船前2天以方式通知买方合同号、品名、发票价值及开船日期，以便买方安排保险。专心翻译 做到极致 卖方应在合同规定的装运日期前30天，以方式通知买方合同号、品名、数量、金额、包装件、毛重、尺码及装运港可装日期，以便买方安排租船/订舱。装运船只按期到达装运港后，如卖方不能按时装船，发生的空船费或滞期费由卖方负担。在货物越过船舷并脱离吊钩以前一切费用和风险由卖方负担。专心翻译 做到极致 16
22、.Shipping Advice（装运通知）：The Seller shall,immediately upon the completion of the loading of the goods,advise the Buyer of the Contract No.,names of commodity,loading quantity,invoice values,gross weight,name of vessel and shipment date by _ within _hours.一旦装载完毕，卖方应在小时内以方式通知买方合同编号、品名、已发运数量、发票总金额、毛重、船名/
23、车/机号及启程日期等。专心翻译 做到极致 17.Quality Guarantee（质量保证）：The Seller shall guarantee that the commodity must be in conformity with the quantity,specifications and quantity specified in this Contract and Letter of Quality Guarantee.The guarantee period shall be _ months after the arrival of the goods at the po
24、rt of destination,and during the period the Seller shall be responsible for the damage due to the defects in designing and manufacturing of the manufacturer.货物品质规格必须符合本合同及质量保证书之规定，品质保证期为货到目的港个月内。在保证期限内，因制造厂商在设计制造过程中的缺陷造成的货物损害应由卖方负责赔偿。专心翻译 做到极致 (2)The manufacturers shall,before delivery,make a precis
25、e and comprehensive inspection of the goods with regard to its quality,specifications,performance and quantity/weight,and issue inspection certificates certifying the technical data and conclusion of the inspection.After arrival of the goods at the port of destination,the Buyer shall apply to China
26、Commodity Inspection Bureau(hereinafter referred to as CCIB)for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the goods.If damages of the goods are found,or the specifications and/or quantity are not in conformity with the stipulations in this Contract,except when the responsi
27、bilities lies with Insurance Company or Shipping Company,the Buyer shall,within _ days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,claim against the Seller,or reject the goods according to the inspection certificate issued by CCIB.In case of damage of the goods incurred due to the design o
28、r manufacture defects and/or in case the quality and performance are not in conformity with the Contract,the Buyer shall,during the guarantee period,request CCIB to make a survey.专心翻译 做到极致 18.检验（Inspection）（以下两项任选一项）：（1）The Seller shall have the goods inspected by _ days before the shipment and have
29、 the Inspection Certificate issued by _.The Buyer may have the goods re-inspected by _ after the goods arrival at the destination.卖方须在装运前日委托检验机构对本合同之货物进行检验并出具检验证书，货到目的港后，由买方委托检验机构进行检验。专心翻译 做到极致 19.Claim(索赔):The buyer shall make a claim against the Seller(including replacement of the goods)by the fur
30、ther inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the Seller.The claims mentioned above shall be regarded as being accepted if the Seller fail to reply within _days after the Seller received the Buyers claim.买方凭其委托的检验机构出具的检验证明书向卖方提出索赔（包括换货），由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负担。若卖方收到上述
31、索赔后_天未予答复，则认为卖方已接受买方索赔。专心翻译 做到极致 20.Late Delivery and Penalty(迟交货与罚款):Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract,with the exception of Force Majeure causes specified in Clause 21 of this Contract,the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on the condition that
32、the Seller agrees to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.The rate of penalty is charged at_%For every _ days,odd days less than _days should be counted as _ days.But the penalty,however,shall not exceed_%of the total value of the goods involved
33、 in the delayed delivery.In case the Seller fail to make delivery _ days later than the time of shipment stipulated in the Contract,the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract and the Seller,in spite of the cancellation,shall nevertheless pay the aforesaid penalty to the Buyer without dela
34、y.The buyer shall have the right to lodge a claim against the Seller for the losses sustained if any.专心翻译 做到极致 21.Force Majeure(不可抗力)：The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure,which might occur during the process of manufacturing
35、or in the course of loading or transit.The Seller shall advise the Buyer immediately of the occurrence mentioned above and within_ days thereafter the Seller shall send a notice by courier to the Buyer for theiracceptance of a certificate of the accident issued by the local chamber of commerce under
36、 whose jurisdiction the accident occurs as evidence thereof.Under such circumstances the Seller,however,are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods.In case the accident lasts for more than _ days the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contr
37、act.专心翻译 做到极致 除合同第21条不可抗力原因外，如卖方不能按合同规定的时间交货，买方应同意在卖方支付罚款的条件下延期交货。罚款可由议付银行在议付货款时扣除，罚款率按每天收%，不足天时以天计算。但罚款不得超过迟交货物总价的_%。如卖方延期交货超过合同规定天时，买方有权撤销合同，此时，卖方仍应不迟延地按上述规定向买方支付罚款。买方有权对因此遭受的其他损失向卖方提出索赔。专心翻译 做到极致 发货前，制造厂应对货物的质量、规格、性能和数量/重量作精密全面的检验，出具检验证明书，并说明检验的技术数据和结论。货到目的港后，买方将申请中国商品检验局(以下简称商检局)对货物的规格和数量/重量进行检验
38、，如发现货物残损或规格、数量与合同规定不符，除保险公司或轮船公司的责任外，买方得在货物到达目的港后日内凭商检局出具的检验证书向卖方索赔或拒收该货。在保证期内，如货物由于设计或制造上的缺陷而发生损坏或品质和性能与合同规定不符时，买方将委托中国商检局进行检验。专心翻译 做到极致 22.Arbitration(争议的解决):Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation.In case no settlement is reached,t
39、he dispute shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission(CIETAC),Shenzhen Commission for arbitration in accordance with its rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.专心翻译 做到极致 凡在制造或装船运输过程中，因
40、不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时，卖方不负责任。在发生上述情况时，卖方应立即通知买方，并在天内，给买方特快专递一份由当地民间商会签发的事故证明书。在此情况下，卖方仍有责任采取一切必要措施加快交货。如事故延续天以上，买方有权撤销合同。专心翻译 做到极致 凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的任何争议应协商解决。若协商不成，应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会，按照申请仲裁时该会现行有效的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方均有约束力。专心翻译 做到极致 23.Notices（通知):All notice shall be written in and served to both parti
41、es by fax/email/courier according to the following addresses.If any changes of the addresses occur,one party shall inform the other party of the change of address within days after the change.所有通知用文写成，并按照如下地址用传真/电子邮件/快件送达给各方。如果地址有变更，一方应在变更后日内书面通知另一方。专心翻译 做到极致 24.The terms FOB,CFR,CIF in the Contract
42、 are based on INCOTERMS 2000 of the International Chamber of Commerce.本合同使用的FOB、CFR、CIF术语系根据国际商会2000年国际贸易术语解释通则。25.Additional clause(附加条款)：Conflicts between Contract clause hereabove and this additional clause,if any,it is subject to this additional clause.本合同上述条款与本附加条款抵触时，以本附加条款为准。专心翻译 做到极致 26.This
43、 Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English,each of which shall be deemed equally authentic.This Contract is in copies,effective since being signed/sealed by both parties.本合同用中英文两种文字写成，两种文字具有同等效力。本合同共 份，自双方代表签字（盖章）之日起生效。专心翻译 做到极致 Representative of the Buyer 买方代表（签字）：(Author
44、ized signature):Representative of the Seller 卖方代表（签字）：(Authorized signature):专心翻译 做到极致13.1 法律英语的特点法律英语的特点 法律语言有其自身的特点，用词精准，制作客观陈述，不带主观色彩。所用词语，无论是名词还是动词，都非人们日常使用的口语体，非常正式，体现出了法律文本的严肃性和缜密性。法律英语特别强调三性：即表达的准确性、简明性和明晰性。如下例：The option period shall be the period of 10 days starting from the 30th day after
45、the execution of this Agreement.参考译文 选择期为本合同执行之日30天后的10天。专心翻译 做到极致 This convention shall not affect,or be incompatible with,the application of any international convention or national law relating to the regulation and control of transport operations.参考译文本公约不得影响任何有关运输业务管理的国际公约或国家法律的适用，也不得与之相冲突。专心翻译
46、做到极致 另外，法律英语在句法方面，长句、复杂句比较多，把错综复杂的信息通过各种连接有逻辑地安排在一个句子当中；为了准确完整地表达一个法律概念和法律事实，排除错误的可能性，条件句、定语从句的使用频率非常高。在翻译复杂的长句时，要先简化句子的结构，剔除定语、状语等修饰语，寻找主谓宾，抓住中心意思。如下例：专心翻译 做到极致 Every person who,himself,is exercising ordinary care,has a right to assume that every other person will perform his duty and obey the law;
47、and in the absence of reasonable cause for thinking otherwise,it is not negligence for such a person to fail to anticipate an accident which can be occasioned only by a violation of law or duty by anther person.参考译文 每个以适当谨慎行事的个人都有权假定他人将会履行职责并遵守法律；在没有其他理由做出不同判断之时，该个人未能预见他人仅在违犯法律或职责的情况下方可导致事故发生的，不构成疏忽
48、责任。专心翻译 做到极致 我们可以看出，上例中修饰主语的定语从句非常之长，并且有定语后置、分隔现象，而且从句之中又套从句，句式结构非常复杂。但这种句式的复杂性使得其条文逻辑脉络清楚明白，主从分明，又使得表述风格严谨、庄重。再如：If the Respondent applies to the court for it to consider the Respondents financial position after the divorce,the decree nisi cannot be made absolute unless the court is satisfied that
49、the Petitioner had made or will make proper financial provision for the Respondent,or else that the Petitioner should not be required to make any financial provision for the Respondent.专心翻译 做到极致 参考译文 倘答辩人提出申请，要求法庭考虑其离婚后的经济状况，则法庭非认为呈请人已经提供或将会提供予答辩人妥善的经济援助，或（因任何理由）呈请人无需为答辩人提供任何经济援助，否则不可将暂准离婚令正式确定为最终离婚
50、令。这整段话句式冗长，但把全句的修饰成分剔除后，我们可以找到主句：The decree nisi cannot be made absolute.围绕这个中心意思，这句话的翻译也就不难了。专心翻译 做到极致 我们在翻译法律英语时，不仅要清楚具体地表达出法律英语原有的意思和宗旨，还要注意我国法律术语的选择。另外，由于中英法律文化的重大差异和法律文书的特殊性，要在理解原文的基础上重写中文的表述方式，在中文的表达中同样要注意逻辑清晰，用语庄重。在尽量避免含有感情色彩的词语出现的同时，要注意符合汉语的表达习惯。例如：The borrower shall not do or cause or suffe
