1、形容词和副词形容词和副词 形容词和副词的比较级及最高级，是对动词和名词进行两者或是三者以上比较时而进行的一种语法对比形式。在专业四级考试中，经常会出现一些需要考生特别注意的形容词和副词的特殊结构。一、形容词一、形容词 1形容词常用来修饰，描述名词或代词，多用作定语、表语或补语。e.g.the former(late)husband an intimate friend He made his father angry.2-ly后缀和形容词 后缀-ly常在形容词之后构成副词，但有些以-ly后缀结尾的词却是形容词，看似副词，容易混用。这类派生词有两类：1)名词+ly=形容词 e.g.brother
2、ly,earthly,friendly,lovely等。2）形容词+ly=形容词 e.g.lively,lonely,deadly，likely等。【注】有些形容词本身就带ly,如：silly,ugly,daily,chilly等，容易误用为副词。?所以不是凡是以-ly结尾的词就是副词，少部分形容词也以-ly结尾?lively 活泼的 friendly 友好的?manly 男子气的 fatherly 慈父般的?lovely 可爱的 ugly 丑陋的?lonely 孤独的 deadly 致命的?deathly 死一般的 monthly 每月一次的?earthly 世俗的 costly 昂贵的?l
3、owly 卑贱的 likely 很可能的?kindly 和蔼的 timely 及时的?silly 愚蠢的 3只作表语的形容词只作表语的形容词 英语中有些形容词不能放在名词前面作定语，只能用作表语（或后置定语）一般称作表语形容词。这类形容词有两类：第一类是表示健康状况的词，如well，ill。第二类是由前缀a-构成的形容词，如：afraid,alert,alike,alive,alone,aloof,ashamed,asleep,awake,aware,等。例如：He is well/a healthy man.()He is a well man.()She is ill/sick.()She
4、 is a sick person.()She is an ill person.()He is the only alive man in the village after the earthquake.()He is the only man alive in the village after the earthquake.()【注】1)上述只作表语用的的形容词中，除well,ill外，大多不能同very 连用，而必须用very much.e.g.I am very much afraid of that-too high a reputation would be a burden
5、for me.2）第二类形容词词都不能作前置定语，但当它们本身带有副词修饰时，又可作前置定语。e.g.a really alive student a somewhat afraid boy 4只能作后置定语的形容词只能作后置定语的形容词 1)形容词修饰由some-，any-，every-，no-等和-body/one/thing等组合的复合不定代词时，须后置。e.g.something new anybody present 2)某些以-able和-ible结尾的形容词作定语时常常后置。e.g.imaginable/possible/available等。这些词作后置定语修饰名词时，名词前常
6、可以有形容词最高级或only等限定词作为前置定语。e.g.We had the greatest difficulty imaginable.Children need the best education possible.Ill send you all the periodicals available.3)由前缀a-构成的形容词，即上文提到的表语形容词(afloat/alike/alive/alone 等)，须后置修饰名词。e.g.The house ablaze was next door to him.The boat afloat was not seen by the enem
7、y.4）在一些头衔或固定词组里，形容词需跟在名词之后。这类词组有：Attorney General 首席检察官,司法部长 body politic 全体公民 Poet Laureate桂冠诗人 time immemorial 史前时期 the president elect 当选而尚未就任的总统 5只能作前置定语的形容词只能作前置定语的形容词 1）词尾为-most的形容词，如 topmost，foremost,endmost e.g.Every profession produces its own topmost master.He is considered the foremost Br
8、itish artist of this century.2）词尾为-en 的过去分词形容词，如drunken，spoken,written e.g.Drunken days have all their tomorrows.They built a robot capable of understanding spoken commands.3）以物质名词+en构成的形容词，如earthen，golden，wooden,woolen e.g.earthen banks a wooden spoon a golden crown 4）一些以er结尾的形容词，如 former,latter,in
9、ner,outer,minor,upper,utter,elder等 e.g.Heart disease dogged his latter years.【注【注】形容词enough修饰名词时既可放在名词前，也可位于名词后。e.g.There was just enough room for two cars.There will be time enough to tell you when we meet.但enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时，应当后置。e.g.We should wait patiently before he was old enough to shave.6 分词转
10、化来的形容词 一些形容词是由现在分词和过去分词转化而来的。它们既可充当名词修饰语，又可充当主语补语（表语）和宾语补语；可以被very或too所修饰，也可以有比较级和最高级。这类形容词化了的现在分词和过去分词用作名词修饰语时，仍保留一定的动词含义。一般说来，由及物动词的现在分词转化来的形容词往往带有主动含义；而由及物动词的过去分词转化来的形容词往往带有被动含义。e.g.He found him to be a very promising young man.During the wedding,the emcee told us an absorbing account of their ma
11、rriage.Im rather alarmed that youre planning to leave the company.Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.7 形容词的顺序 单个形容词一般位于所修饰的名词之前，形容词词组一般位于所修饰语之后。特定种类的形容词或特定情况下的形容词作定语时要后置。1)前置修饰语的排列顺序 英语中当不同种类的形容词用来修饰同一名词时，其排列顺序大致如下：a.可以置于冠词前的形容词（all/both/such）b.冠词、指示形容词、所有格形容词、不定形容词(a
12、/an/the/this/those/your/his/our/any/some)c.基数词(one/two/three);序数词(first/second/third)d.表示性质、状态、质量的形容词(good/ugly/sweet/useful)e.表示大小、长短、形状的形容词(big/long/small/square/round)f.表示年龄、新旧、温度的形容词(young/new/old/cold/hot)g.表示颜色的形容词(red/white/black)h.表示国籍、产地、区域的形容词(Chinese/American/British)i.表示材料、用作形容词的名词(iron/
13、silk/stone/fuel)j.动名词、分词(floating/hand-made)OPSHACOM 限冠形龄色国材（县官下令杀国材）这些高大年轻的美国警察 these tall young American policemen 美丽的古老欧洲大教堂城市 the beautiful old European cathedral cities 所有十个年轻力壮的中国男学生 all the ten strong young Chinese boy students 头三幢既漂亮又宽敞的陈旧英式红石头农场房子 the first three fine big old red English st
14、one plantation houses?李白是中国古代的一位著名诗人。?Li Bai was a famous ancient Chinese poet.?这张红色的，中国式的旧木桌是我的奶奶的，它又大又漂亮。?This beautiful big old red Chinese wooden desk was my grandmothers.形容词比较级修饰语形容词比较级修饰语?常用的副词修饰语常用的副词修饰语?many,much,far,a little,a bit,slightly,a great deal,a lot,somewhat,rather,completely,etc.?
15、This essay is not good,but that one is hardly better.?much more happy?当数词用在比较结构中，其顺序通常当数词用在比较结构中，其顺序通常为为“数词比较级数词比较级than”.?My watch is ten minutes faster than yours.?Weve sunk 20 more wells this year than we did last year.?It was one-fourth cheaper than the market price.?The new method was over ten t
16、imes more efficient than the traditional one.没有等级的形容词?inferior to,superior to,senior to?She is senior to everyone else in the company.?His composition is far superior to mine.?绝对形容词无比较级或最高级绝对形容词无比较级或最高级?absolute,unique,infinite,round,right,wrong,correct,perfect?Geoffrey Chaucer occupies a unique pla
17、ce in English literature.结构“of a+noun”的比较级?be of a+noun=be adj.?比较级：be more/less of a+noun?He is more of a doctor.?He is as of an athlete as she.基本的比较结构基本的比较结构?1.as+adj./adv.(原级)as 分句?John behaves as politely as Bob(does).?否定形式：not as/so.as;less.than?该结构的变体：该结构的变体：?The girl was as brilliant as she w
18、as beautiful.?This swimming pool is as wide as it is long.?He is not so wise as he is witty.?He was as base and unworthy as his father had been upright and honorable.?He took as much butter as he needed.?She has written as many essays as her brother(has).?George is as efficient a worker as Jack.?I c
19、ant drink as sweet coffee as this.?I dont smoke as expensive cigarettes as these.?2.adj./adv.(比较级)than-分句?否定形式：not as/so.as;less.than?more/less/fewer+名词 than-分句?She has written more essays than he.?There are fewer visitors today than yesterday.?其它变体：其它变体：?My brother has a larger house than mine.?The
20、re are men more intelligent than John.?John is more efficient a worker than Jack.特殊比较结构特殊比较结构?1.more.than 和less.than 的翻译方法?The present crisis is much more a political than an economic crisis.?He was less hurt than frightened.?2.not so.as 和 not so much.as?It wasnt so much his appearance I liked as hi
21、s personality.?3.not more/-er than 与与 no more/-er than?John is not better than Tom.?John is no better than Tom.?e.g.no richer than,no bigger than,no later than?I have not taken more than six courses this semester.?I have taken no more than six courses this semester.?4.the more.the more?The older I g
22、et,the happier I am.?The more you argue with him,the less notice he takes.?The sooner this is done,the better.?The higher the temperature,the faster the liquid evaporates.?5.the same.as?She looks just the same as before.?I got the same feeling as you did.?6.否定比较级最高级否定比较级最高级?Nothing in my life shook
23、me so deeply as my first visit to China.?It cant be worse.?7.比较级中的省略现象?than 从句和as从句大致相同，可以省去谓语或表语，保留主语；?He is taller than I.?也可以省去主语和谓语，保留宾语。?I love him more than her.?Its more pleasant traveling by day than by night.(?)?比较从句可以省去主语（或将比较从句可以省去主语（或将than看看作代词作主语用），保留谓语部分。（多用于正式文体）?Dont eat more than is
24、 good for you.?There may be more importance in it than would seem.?省去宾语：?The box is bigger than I wanted.?有时在比较省略结构中，than 之后可用动词不定式。用动词不定式。?I cant do better than to give you an idea of how I did it.?There was nothing he desired more than to see the matter ended.?但有些固定短语中than后要加不带to的不定式。?I would rath
25、er stay than go.?Sooner than yield he resolved to die.Practice?Do you know Tims brother?He is _ than Tim.?A.much more sportsman?B.more of a sportsman?C.more of sportsman?D.more a sportsman?That trumpet player was certainly loud.But I wasnt bothered by his loudness _ by his lack of talent.?a)so much
26、as b)rather than?c)as d)than?The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck,_ to the truck.?a)the greater stress is?b)greater is the stress?c)the stress is greater?d)the greater the stress?Issues of price,place,promotion and product are _ conventional concerns in pla
27、nning marketing strategies.?a)these of the most?b)most of those?c)among the most?d)among the many of?John is _ hardworking than his sister,but he failed in the exam.?a)no less b)no more?c)not less d)no so?The children prefer camping in the mountains _ an indoor activity.?a)to b)than c)for d)with?Lan
28、guage belongs to each member of the society,to the cleaner _ to the professor.?a)as far as b)the same as?c)as much as d)as long as?The experiment requires more money than_.?A.have been put in?B.being put in?C.has been put in?D.to be put in?There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mo
29、untain climbing than _ in the public mind today.?A.exists B.exist?C.existing D.to exist?The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great more luxurious than _.?a)is necessary?b)being necessary?c)to be necessary?d)it is necessary?Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _ Eastern Nebraska.?a)in b)it receives in?c)does d)it does in
