1、托福阅读 第三篇Agriculture in the Late Ottoman Empire：奥斯曼帝国晚期农业 看标题应该是介绍当时的农业情况，说明文2 托福阅读 第三篇Agriculture in the Late Ottoman EmpireThroughout its history,agriculture was the economic mainstay of the Ottoman Empire,which dominated North Africa,the Middle East,Turkey,and southeastern Europe for over 600 year
2、s until the early twentieth century.（开门见山，奥斯曼帝国持续约600年，其中农业是其经济基础）Most cultivators possessed small landholdings,engaging in a host of tasks,with their crops and animal products mainly dedicated to self-consumption.（递进，大部分农民都拥有小土地，收割庄稼供自己食用）But enormous changes over time prevailed in the agrarian sec
3、tor.（转折，但是有巨大的转变）Beginning in the late eighteenth century,agriculture became more and more commercialized,with increasing amounts of produce going to sale to domestic and international consumers.（递进，这种转变是农业变的越来越细化，出口到国内国外）第一段点名主题，介绍奥斯曼帝国的农业，尤其是18世纪晚期开始的农业细化3 托福阅读 第三篇At least three major engines incr
4、eased this agricultural production devoted to the market,the first being rising demand,both international and domestic.（递进展开：第一点原始是需求增加）Abroad,especially after 1840,the living standards and buying power of many Europeans improved substantially,permitting them to buy a wider choice and quantity of go
5、ods.（递进，这是因为1840年后欧洲的生活水准和购买力都提高了）Rising domestic markets within the empire were also important,thanks to increased urbanization as well as mounting personal consumption.（递进，国内的消费上升也是同样重要）In the late nineteenth century,newly opened railroad districts brought a flow of domestic wheat and other cereal
6、s to major coastal cities.（递进，19世纪晚期，铁路使得谷物等粮食可以运送到海岸城市）Railroads also attracted market gardeners who now could grow and ship fruits and vegetables to the expanding and newly accessible markets of these cities.（递进，这些铁路也吸引了园艺家在这些地区经商，种植水果蔬菜）第二段，展开讲农业发展的第一个原因：需求增长，经济变好和铁路发展4 托福阅读 第三篇The second engine
7、driving agricultural output concerns cultivators increasing payment of their taxes in cash rather than in kind(that is,in agricultural or other products).（并列上一段，第二点原因是人们更愿意用先进而不是物品来付税）Some historians have asserted that the increasing commitment to market agriculture was a product both of a mounting
8、per capita tax burden and the states growing preference for tax payments in cash rather than in kind.（递进，对于市场农业的押金一方面是由于单位资产税的提高，二是国家更喜欢现金）In this view,such government decisions forced cultivators to grow crops for sale in order to pay their taxes.（递进，所以有些国家要求农民种庄稼然后买掉来付税）Thus,state policy is seen a
9、s the most important factor influencing the cultivators shift from subsistence farming to market agriculture.（总结，这样看来，国家政策是导致农民从粮食生产转变到市场农业的）第三段，介绍农业市场化的第二个原因，国家政策，更愿意接受现金5 托福阅读 第三篇However,cultivators rising involvement in the market was not simply a reactive response to the states demands for cash
10、taxes;other factors were at work.（承上启下，讲第三点）There was a third engine driving increased agricultural production,cultivators own desires for consumer goods.(递进，第三点是农民对生活消费品的需求)Among Ottoman consumers,increasingly frequent changes in taste,along with the rising availability of cheap imported goods,stim
11、ulated a rising consumption of goods.（递进，这是因为品味在不断变化，同时商品很便宜）This pattern of rising consumption began in the eighteenth century,as seen by the urban phenomenon of the Tulip Period(1718C1730)a time of urban revival and orientation toward the Westland accelerated subsequently.（递进举例，比如郁金香时期）Wanting mor
12、e consumer goods,cultivators needed more cash.（递进，因为想要更多商品，所以他们需要现金）Thus,rural families worked harder than they had previously,not merely because of cash taxes.（递进，所以农民更努力，不仅是因为交税）In such circumstances,leisure time diminished,cash incomes rose,and the flow of consumer goods into the countryside acce
13、lerated.（总结递进，这样，休闲时间少了，收入高了）第四段讲第三点要素，对生活用品的需求变高了，促进了人民对现金的追求6 托福阅读 第三篇Increases in agricultural production both promoted and accompanied a vast expansion of the area of land under cultivation.（递进前一段，农产品的提高，促进了土地的扩大）At the beginning of the eighteenth century and indeed until the end of the empire,t
14、here remained vast stretches of uncultivated,sometimes nearly empty,land on every side.（对比开始，帝国早期有很多荒废的土地）These spaces began to fill in,a process finally completed only in the 1950s in most areas of the former empire.（但随后大部分土地都被利用了）Many factors were involved.（承接，介绍原因）In many cases,families increased
15、 the amount of time at work,bringing into cultivation uncultivated land already under their control.（递进，首先是农民工作的时间变长了）They also engaged in share cropping agreeing to work anothers land and paying that person a share of the output.（其次，他们会租别人的土地）Often such acreage had been pastureland for animals but
16、now was given over to crop production.（递进，以前这些土地通常是放牧的，而不是种庄稼的）The extraordinarily fertile lands of Moldavia and Wallachia(modern Romania),for example,had been among the least populated lands of the Ottoman empire in the eighteenth century,but now saw large amounts of land brought under the plow.（举例
17、，比如M和W两地，在帝国早期是贫瘠之地，现在到处都有人开垦）Significant concentrations of commercial agriculture first formed in areas easily accessible by water,such as the Danube River basin.【A】（递进，这种农业改革首先发生在水源附近，举了一个例子）During the nineteenth century,expansion in such areas continued,and interior regions joined the list as wel
18、l.【B】（递进，后来内陆地区也开始了）There were also some increases in productivity.（递进，生产率也提升了）【C】Irrigation projects,one form of intensive agriculture,developed in some areas,and the use of modern agricultural tools increased.【D】（递进，也用上了现代化的生产方式，灌溉等）But more intensive exploitation of existing resources remained co
19、mparatively unusual,and most increases in production derived from placing additional land under cultivation.（转折，但是最大的提升还是来自有开垦新地）第五段总结农业改革的变化，土地面积的扩大，耕种工具的变化等7 托福阅读 第三篇1.According to paragraph 1,in which of the following ways did agricultural production in the Ottoman empire begin to change at end o
20、f the eighteenth century pA.Agricultural products no longer contributed as much to the Ottoman economy.pB.Agricultural workers left their farms to work in commercial industries in the cities.pC.Farmers with small landholdings began to focus on a single task rather than on many tasks.pD.Farm products
21、 were sold commercially instead of being kept for personal use.increasing amounts of produce going to sale to domestic and international consumers,这种变化主要是农产品更加商业化，选D8 托福阅读 第三篇2.The word substantially in the passage is closest in meaning toA不受打扰 B明显的 C快速的 D意外的substantially是显著的意思，选BA.without interrupt
22、ionB.significantlyC.rapidlyD.unexpectedly9 托福阅读 第三篇3.The word accessible in the passage is closest in meaning toA高利润的 B竞争的 C创造 D可达到的 accessible表示课利用的，与D意思最接近，选DA.profitableB.competitiveC.createdD.reachable10 托福阅读 第三篇4.According to paragraph 2,all of the following contributed to a rising demand for t
23、he agricultural products of the Ottoman empire during the nineteenth century EXCEPTpA.the sale of domestic wheat in place of other cereals in coastal citiespB.the development of railroad systems leading to coastal citiespC.the rise in living standards and buying power among EuropeanspD.the emergence
24、 of new domestic markets in the Ottoman Empirea flow of domestic wheat and other cereals to major coastal citie，是小麦和其他谷物一起，不是小麦取代了其他谷物，A错，选A11 托福阅读 第三篇5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meani
25、ng in important ways or leave out essential information.pA.Some historians have asserted that the increasing commitment to market agriculture allowed the government to raise taxes and have them paid in cash.pB.The government raised taxes and required they be paid in cash,so farmers had to use the ca
26、sh they obtained from selling their farm products in the market to pay their taxespC.Some historians have asserted that the increasing commitment to market agriculture was a product of the states growing preference for tax payments in cash rather than kind.pD.According to some historians,the growth
27、of market agriculture was the result of mounting taxes which the government wanted individuals to pay in cash.加黑句表示对农业的重视是税负的增加和对现金结算的偏好共同导致的，选D，C中没有讲到税负Some historians have asserted that the increasing commitment to market agriculture was a product both of a mounting per capita tax burden and the s
28、tates growing preference for tax payments in cash rather than in kind12 托福阅读 第三篇6.Which of the following best represents the explanation for the change in agricultural production mentioned in paragraph 3 pA.The state allowed cultivators to pay their taxes in crops as well as in cash.pB.Cultivators n
29、eeded crops they could sell to pay taxes in cash.pC.State policies began favoring farmers who shifted to market agriculture by lowering those farmers taxes.pD.Cultivators had more money to invest in crops because of a lower tax burden.government decisions forced cultivators to grow crops for sale in
30、 order to pay their taxes。政府要求农民买粮食来交税，选B13 托福阅读 第三篇7.The word stimulated in the passage is closest in meaning toA鼓励 B 跟随 C建议 D演示，stimulate是鼓励刺激的意思，选AA.encouragedB.followedC.suggestedD.demonstrated14 托福阅读 第三篇8.According to paragraph 4,the increasing desire of Ottoman cultivators to purchase consumer
31、 goods led to all of the following changes EXCEPT:pA.Cultivators worked harder and for longer hours.pB.Cultivators had less cash available to use for tax payments.pC.Cultivators succeeded in increasing the amount of cash income they earned.pD.More consumer goods became available in rural areas.没有提到农
32、民可以用来交税的现金变少了，选B15 托福阅读 第三篇9.The word engaged in the passage is closest in meaning toA成功 B相信 C投资 D参与engaged是参与的意思，选DA.succeededB.believedC.investedD.participated16 托福阅读 第三篇10.The word exploitation in the passage is closest in meaning toA提高 B利用 C 管理 D调查 exploitation是利用开发的意思，选BA.improvementB.useC.mana
33、gementD.investigation17 托福阅读 第三篇11.According to paragraph 5,which of the following was true of the process of bringing new land under cultivation pA.It began in interior areas and quickly spread to areas near water.pB.It was completed near the end of the eighteenth century.pC.It occurred slowly beca
34、use most uncultivated land was not very fertile.pD.It often occurred as a result of farming families working longer hours.families increased the amount of time at work，农民增加了工作时间来开垦新徒弟，选D18 托福阅读 第三篇12.What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about agricultural production during the nineteenth century pA
35、Irrigation and the use of modern tools contributed little to increased production in comparison with other factors.pB.Interior regions increased their agricultural production much more than regions near river basins did.pC.Agricultural production was aided by using less-productive land for animal pa
36、sture instead of for growing crops.pD.Agricultural production increased in some areas but decreased in others during the nineteenth century.Often such acreage had been pastureland for animals but now was given over to crop production，以前放牧的地，现在拿来种庄稼了，选C19 托福阅读 第三篇13.Look at the four squares that indi
37、cate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.插入句表示，这种增长是由于技术提高导致的，这种技术现在叫大范围农业。These告诉我们前文要讲到increase，C前面讲到了increase，选CThese increases resulted from using technology to improve yields on existing farmland,a system known as intensive agriculture.Where would the sentence best fit Cl
38、ick on a square to add the sentence to the passage.20 托福阅读 第三篇14.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choicesp A.Until the late eighteenth century,farmers were limited to selling their crops and animal products for cash in nearby towns.没提到
39、农民以前可以在附近卖东西，内容错p B.Starting in the late eighteenth century,farmers increasingly produced crops for sale in domestic and international markets.农民开始卖农产品了，为了现金，正确p C.Many farmers sold their products in order to be able to pay their taxes in cash and buy consumer goods for themselves.农民这么做的目的是为了交税和购买商品
40、，正确21 托福阅读 第三篇p D.Railroads changed the way farming was done,since they brought modern tools from towns to the agricultural areas.铁路改变了农业方式，但不是通过运输现代化工具来的，是运输农产品，内容错p E.Increased productivity resulted more from the cultivation of additional land than from the use of new tools and intensive agricultural processes.更高的生产率更多是因为开垦新土地，正确 p F.Farming was concentrated in river basins throughout the nineteenth century,while interior areas were devoted to pastureland for animals.没提到农业主要集中在盆地，内容错正确答案：BCETHANK YOU 托福阅读 第三篇
