1、DRIVERLESS CARSTHE ETHICS OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLESKYLER BRANAUM,LINDSEY YOUNG,KODY MYERSAutonomous Vehicles DefinedVehicle that get from one point to another point without human interaction.Implement a number of well placed sensors that detect different things such as other vehicles,people,traffic lig
2、hts,and movement of other vehiclesThe Technology of the CarAnti-Lock BrakesElectronic Stability controlAdaptive cruise controlLane-departure warning systemSelf parkingAutomated guided vehicle systemsLidar-Systems(with google cars)or Cruise Automated Systems(Audi)Infrared cameras.The Lidar SystemFeat
3、ures:Vertical and horizontal setup of the system possibleImage acquisition with fully integrated NIKON DSLR camera.3D mode of the VZ scanner with continuous rotation of the scanning head for highly efficient mobile data acquisition.360 degree static scanning.Mainly used by Google Inc.for detecting t
4、he surroundings of the vehicleCruise SystemsFeatures:Cameras and Radars to map out surroundings(including other vehicles)Used mainly for highway scenarios.Steering wheel motor mounted to steering column.Adaptive speed control.Collision avoidanceRP-1 sensorsWill be made in future for other vehicles.T
5、ypes of AlgorithmsThe combination of:3-D imaging with multiple 1064 nm lasers.Edge-Detection AlgorithmMotion-Detection algorithmTracking algorithmApples and OrangesLidar System:$70k systemCan be used in basically anywhere.Design is very bulky and heavyFully autonomousCruise System:$10k system(instal
6、led)Mainly for highway scenariosDesign is small and lightweightNot fully autonomous Current Adoption of the TechnologyGoogle,as mentioned previouslyCruise AutomationTesla Model D announced in 2014 Car will be able to autonomously pick owners up(on private property)Cadillac Super Cruise announced in
7、2014 for 2017 modelsHands-free driving in certain conditionsVehicle to vehicle communicationFord Traffic Jam Assist announced in 2012 gives similar featuresComponentsLane departure warningLazy or inattentive drivers can automatically be movedBlind spot monitoring Warn if cars are in blind spotsPedes
8、trian detectionAutomatic brake or warningAdaptive cruise control+forward collision warningCar stays a safe distance behind cars ahead of itWarns or takes action in case of dangerStatistical and Professional Support32,719 people were killed in car accidents in the US alone in 2013The Institute for Hi
9、ghway Safety reported the following in 20147%reduction in crashes for vehicles with forward collision warning systems.14-15%reduction for vehicles with automatic braking.In 2012 pedestrian deaths were 14%of all crash fatalitiesInsurance Institute for Highway Safety found 72%of people who try the tec
10、hnology want them in their own vehicle.Automatic braking lowers severity of unavoidable crashes according to an IIHS official.DrawbacksAlthough there are people who want the technology in their cars,it can cost:$2,000 on average for safety-related tech(not automation)$10,000 for Cruise in Audi S4s,a
11、s mentioned.Poor performance in adverse weather conditionsWho is to blame?The car manufacturer?The programmer?The driver?Public Acceptance and AdoptionVehicle to vehicle technology cannot function ideally without adoption across the board.Minority vs majorityFew legal precedentsLegal in NV,CA,FL,MI,
12、and the District of Columbia.Failed legislation in TX,OK,CO,AZ,OR,WI,and NH.Ethical Considerations“Human drivers may be forgiven for making an instinctive but nonetheless bad split-second decision,such as swerving into incoming traffic rather than the other way into a field.But programmers and desig
13、ners of automated cars dont have that luxury,since they do have the time to get it right and therefore bear more responsibility for bad outcomes.”-Patrick Lin,The AtlanticThe Trolley ProblemA trolleys brakes have failed.You are controlling the signal switch.If you do nothing,five people will be kill
14、ed.If you activate the switch,only one person will be killed.What do you choose to do?Critical distinction:Allowing death versus causing death?A classic thought-exercise in ethicsUtilitarian AnalysisWeigh the pros and cons of each potential outcome to determine the net change in overall welfare.Pick
15、 the outcome with greatest net increase(or least decrease)in welfare.Due to its objectiveness,it is theoretically possible to implement in a computer system.A quick refresherThe Trolley ProblemWhen the identities of the actors changeProblems with Utilitarian AnalysisIneffective when information is o
16、mitted.A truly accurate analysis may require valuing one human life over another.The“least bad”outcome may still result in the loss of life.Another Problem:ConsequentialismWithout complete information and the gift of hindsight,a decision that results in a net gain of welfare in the short run may tur
17、n out to be a very poor decision in the long run.While we are free to choose our actions,we are not free to choose the consequences of our actions.Stephen R.CoveyA New Class of VictimsThere will be an inherent shift in the makeup of automobile accident victims.Likely a decrease in driver deaths and
18、an increase in pedestrian and cyclist deaths.Great news for some people,bad news for others.An ethical conundrum:Can we accept an increase in the death rate of certain groups of people if it means a decrease in the overall death rate?Random Outcome Generator1.Swerve to the right,potentially killing
19、a cyclist.2.Swerve to the left,potentially killing two pedestrians.3.Continue forward into the path of an oncoming vehicle,potentially killing yourself and its occupant(s).A“fair”solutionGenerate a list of potential outcomes,then roll the die:Easing Public ApprehensionsHow many more lives per year m
20、ust be saved for the public to embrace a driverless revolution?Manufacturers will need to be upfront with the details of the decision-making systems piloting the vehicles.Will there be override capabilities?Delayed Feedback Problem:There will be a significant period of time before weve collected eno
21、ugh data to determine the effectiveness of a driverless initiative.ReferencesBRANDON,JOHN.The New Cruise Control.Inc 37.1(2015):88-94.Academic Search Complete.Web.1 Apr.2015.PULTAROVA,TEREZA.Self-Driving Self-charging Electric Cars Ready to Roll.Engineering&Technology(17509637)9.12(2015):10.Academic Search Complete.Web.1 Apr.2015.The Road To Self-Driving Cars.Consumer Reports 79.4(2014):16-20.Academic Search Complete.Web.1 Apr.2015.http:/
