1、句子翻译之句子翻译之主语、谓语的确定主语、谓语的确定汉语句子中主语可由不同类型的词语充当，主汉语句子中主语可由不同类型的词语充当，主语隐含或无主语的情况时有发生。语隐含或无主语的情况时有发生。例如：例如：校门口校门口今天停满了小汽车。今天停满了小汽车。星期星期天下大雨。天下大雨。每隔两个铺面每隔两个铺面就是一条仿宋标语。就是一条仿宋标语。在桌子上在桌子上有两本字典。有两本字典。空旷的山野上空旷的山野上荡起了她甜甜的笑声。荡起了她甜甜的笑声。起大风了。起大风了。英语句子则主语突出，易于识别，且英语句子则主语突出，易于识别，且只能由名词或名只能由名词或名词性词语或主格人称代词充当。词性词语或主格人
2、称代词充当。在英语里，除在英语里，除祈使句祈使句等外，等外，句子必须要有主语句子必须要有主语，否则，否则就不成句子。就不成句子。We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned.Despite the serious damage in flooding,China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide efforts to deal with flooding.The first and basic experience ga
3、ined in our financial work over the last years was that it is correct to secure supplies through economic growth.v汉译英时主语确定汉译英时主语确定1 1 以原文主语作为译文主语；以原文主语作为译文主语；当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，我主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以以原主语作为英译文的主语。们可以以原主语作为英译文的主语。我们的房子我们的房子是十年前建造的。-Our house was built over te
4、n years ago.如果不适当处理，锅炉及机动车排出的废气就如果不适当处理，锅炉及机动车排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。会造成城市空气污染。-Exhaust from boiler and vehicles,unless properly treated,may cause air pollution in cities.假日里，青年人成双成对漫步在公园里。假日里，青年人成双成对漫步在公园里。-The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.基于丝绸之路带来的灵感，我们的火炬接力，将途径基于丝
5、绸之路带来的灵感，我们的火炬接力，将途径希腊，埃及，美索不达米亚，波斯，印度和中国，希腊，埃及，美索不达米亚，波斯，印度和中国，这些都以共享和平，共享奥运为主题。这些都以共享和平，共享奥运为主题。With a concept inspired by the Silk Road,our Torch relay will travel through Greece,Egypt,Rome,Mesopotamia,Persia,India and China,carrying the message“Share the peace,Share the Olympics”.我们每个人都知道，大气污染不仅
6、影响了环境，而且我们每个人都知道，大气污染不仅影响了环境，而且严重损害了人的健康，大大缩短了人的寿命。严重损害了人的健康，大大缩短了人的寿命。Everyone of us knows that air pollution does more than affect our environment;it cripples and shortens the lives of human beings.2 2 重新确定主语重新确定主语由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯存在较大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对存在较大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对应地转换英语中。在许
7、多情况下，我们需应地转换英语中。在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文行文要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文行文流畅，语言自然地道。流畅，语言自然地道。鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜媚骨奴颜媚骨(sycophancy or obsequiousness)。-Lu Xuns bones were the hardest;he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness.(没有表达比喻的实际意义没有表达比喻的实际意义)-Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity
8、,free from all sycophancy and obsequiousness.中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。The strength,prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries.A strong,prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.空旷的山野上荡起了她甜甜的笑声。-In the wilderness,her sweet sounds of laughter rose and
9、 fell like waves.3.3.增补主语增补主语 汉语中主语隐含不显或无主语的情况时常汉语中主语隐含不显或无主语的情况时常可见。译者必须依照英语的语法规则将主语可见。译者必须依照英语的语法规则将主语增补起来。增补起来。?用劳动实现自己的理想，?用理想指导自己的劳动。-You realize your ideals through hard work,and you guide your work by ideals.端午节吃粽子On the Dragon Boat Festival,people eat Zongzi(pyramid-shaped dumplings made of
10、glutinous rice).1)1)表示时间、天气等自然现象的无主句，表示时间、天气等自然现象的无主句，借用英语习惯使用的借用英语习惯使用的itit来翻译，来翻译，如：如：都九点钟了，他还没有来。It is already 9 oclock,and he has not shown up.下雨了，咱们快走吧。It is raining now.lets get going.起大风了。It is blowing hard.2.2.用泛指的人称代词用泛指的人称代词we,you,one,we,you,one,anyoneanyone等充当主语。等充当主语。活到老，学到老。One is never
11、 too old to learn.知己知彼，百战不殆。Know the enemy and know yourself,and you can win a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.不承认这一定律，就不是物理学家。Anyone who does not recognize this law is not a physicist.3)3)采用采用“there+bethere+be”或或“it it+be+be+to+to”的句型。的句型。除了枪声，再也没有其他声音。There was no sound but that of the gu
12、nfire.现在很难说谁对谁错。At the moment,it is very difficult to tell who is right and who is wrong.4)使用英语的被动语态，把汉语句子里的宾语使用英语的被动语态，把汉语句子里的宾语变成英语被动句的主语。变成英语被动句的主语。必须保证产品质量。The quality of the products must be guaranteed.这里将建造一个新的博物馆。A new museum will be built here.明天上午将宣布结果。The results will be announced tomorrow
13、 morning.欢迎外教来我校执教英文。Foreign teachers are welcome to teach English in our university.希望今后我校能够与更多的学校结为友好学校。It is hoped that our university will establish friendly relations with more universities in the future.谓语动词选择谓语动词选择一一 所选择谓语应该在人称和数上与主语一所选择谓语应该在人称和数上与主语一致致1.在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉。In the west,f
14、ork and knife is used for having dinner.2.面包和牛奶是少数政府不纳税的东西。面包和牛奶是少数政府不纳税的东西。Bread and milk is one of the few things that the government do not impose taxes on.v当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.二二 所选择
15、的谓语必须保持事态与原文语义所选择的谓语必须保持事态与原文语义相结合相结合1.他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物爆炸。爆炸。His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.三 所选择的谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当。1.科技兴农在中国发展粮食生产方面存在着巨科技兴农在中国发展粮食生产方面存在着巨大的潜力。大的潜力。The application of science and technology to agriculture po
16、ints to huge potential in the development.2.这一证书课程分三年学完。这一证书课程分三年学完。This certificate course of studies will spread over 3 years.四、原文若是形容词、名词、数量词四、原文若是形容词、名词、数量词或介词短语作谓语，译文中常常或介词短语作谓语，译文中常常采用系表结构采用系表结构1.你们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效，经你们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效，经久耐用又经济实惠，适合高中学生使用。久耐用又经济实惠，适合高中学生使用。You are well aware that th
17、is type of typewriter is portable and high-efficient,economical and practical for high school students.无形式标志的被动句，形式主动，无形式标志的被动句，形式主动，意义被动意义被动1.流言蜚语使他们之间的友谊变成了怨仇。流言蜚语使他们之间的友谊变成了怨仇。Their friendship was turned into enmity through idle gossip.2.人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。This issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.3.人们目睹了两位宇航员在月球上登陆。人们目睹了两位宇航员在月球上登陆。The two astronauts were seen to land on the moon.
