1、临床血液生化检测v血液的化学成分非常复杂,在正常生理情况下,其各种化学成分的含量相当恒定,仅在有限的范围内波动。但在病理情况时,尤其在肝、肾、心、胰等器官病变时,可引起血液一些化学成分的含量变动超过正常范围,所以分析血液的化学成分可以了解物质代谢的状况,并协作诊断疾病与估计预后。实验十六 胰岛素、肾上腺素对血糖浓度的影响v 血糖是指血液中糖,由于正常人血液中糖主要是葡萄糖,所以一般认为,血糖是指血液中的葡萄糖。正常人空腹血糖浓度为4.46.7mmol/L(80120mg/100ml)。v血糖是糖在体内的运输形式。全身各组织都从血液中摄取葡萄糖以氧化供能,特别是脑、肾、红细胞、视网膜等组织合成糖
2、原能力极低,几乎没有糖原贮存,必须不断由血液供应葡萄糖。当血糖下降到一定程度时,就会严重妨碍脑等组织的能量代射,从而影响它们的功能。所以维持血糖浓度的相对恒定有着重要的临床意义。血糖浓度的调节v血糖浓度能维持相对恒定是由于机体内存在一整套高效率的调节机制,精细地控制着血糖的来源与去路,使之达到动态平衡。神经系统的调节作用 神经系统对血糖浓度的调节作用主要通过下丘脑和自主神经系统对所控制激素的分泌,后者再通过影响血糖来源与去路关键酶的活性来实现。神经系统的调节最终通过细胞水平的调节来达到目的。v下丘脑一方面通过内脏神经作用于肾上腺髓质,刺激肾上腺素的分泌;另一方面也作用于胰岛-细胞,使其分泌胰高
3、血糖素;同时还可以直接作用于肝。三方面共同作用的结果是使肝细胞的磷酸化酶活化,使糖原分解加速;糖异生关键酶的活性增加,糖异生作用增加,从而使血糖浓度升高。v下丘脑还可通过兴奋迷走神经,使胰腺-细胞分泌胰岛素,同时还可直接作用于肝,使肝细胞内糖原合成酶活化,促进肝糖原的合成;此外还抑制糖异生途径,促进糖的氧化和转化,总体上使血糖的去路增加,来源减少,最终达到使血糖浓度降低的目的。糖异生作用增强下丘脑肾上腺素胰高血糖素肾上腺髓质胰岛-细胞肝糖原分解加速血糖浓度升高胰腺-细胞肝下丘脑胰岛素糖原的合成糖异生血糖浓度降低激素v使血糖浓度降低的激素 胰岛素v使血糖浓度升高的激素 胰高血糖素、肾上腺素、肾上
4、腺皮质激素、生长素、甲状腺素v它们对血糖的调节主要是通过对糖代谢各主要途径的影响来实现的。v在激素发挥调节血糖浓度的作用中,最重要的是胰岛素和胰高血糖素。肾上腺素在应激时发挥作用,而肾上腺皮质激素、生长激素、甲状腺素等都可影响血糖水平,但在生理性调节中仅居次要地位。胰岛素v使肌肉和脂肪组织细胞膜对葡萄糖的通透性增加,利于血糖进入这些组织进行代谢。v诱导葡萄糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶的合成,加速细胞内葡萄糖的分解利用。v通过使细胞内cAMP含量减少,激活糖原合成酶和丙酮酸脱氢酶系,抑制磷酸化酶和糖异生关键酶等,使糖原合成增加,糖的氧化利用、糖转变为脂肪的反应增加,血糖去路增快;使糖原分解和
5、糖异生减少或受抑制,使血糖来源减少,最终使血糖浓度降低。胰高血糖素 主要通过提高靶细胞内cAMP含量达到调节血糖浓度的目的。细胞内的cAMP可激活依赖cAMP的蛋白激酶,后者通过酶蛋白的共价修饰改变细胞内酶的活性,即激活糖原分解和糖异生的关键酶,抑制糖原合成和糖氧化的关键酶,使血糖升高。肾上腺素 通过cAMP激活肝中糖原磷酸化酶使糖原分解,还有诱导肝中磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸激酶及果糖二磷酸酶的合成促进糖异生作用,使氨基酸转化成葡萄糖,从而使血糖上升。实验目的实验目的 1.掌握各种激素(胰岛素和肾上腺素)对血糖的调节作用。2.掌握血糖的定义、正常值及其测定的原理。基本原理基本原理v葡萄糖在有机酸溶液中
6、能与某些芳香胺类化合物如苯胺、联苯胺、邻甲苯胺等起缩合反应,生成希夫氏(Schiff)碱式有色衍生物,再通过分光光度计比色测定得到葡萄糖浓度。v本实验用的是邻甲苯胺法。v邻甲苯胺不与非糖还原性物质显色,而与已醛糖显色。葡萄糖的醛基在热醋酸溶液中与邻甲苯胺的氨基互相缩合成兰绿色的希夫氏碱,该兰绿色在一定范围内与葡萄糖浓度成正比。此法测得正常人的空腹血糖值为70-100mg/dl,兔约为130mg/dl左右。操操 作作 1动物准备及空腹采血动物准备及空腹采血 取试管4支,编号(1)、(2)、(3)、(4),分别加入肝素抗凝剂0.0lml。取空腹16小时以上的家兔两只,分别编号1和2,称体重并记录。
7、v用耳静脉采血法:先剪去兔耳静脉处的毛,再用二甲苯擦拭兔耳部静脉,使其充血,在其周围抹上凡士林(防止污染、润滑),用刀片轻轻挑破边缘耳静脉,放血入含抗凝剂的试管(1)和(2),约需2-3ml,边滴边摇,以防凝固。取血完毕,用干棉球压迫血管止血.2注射激素并再采血。注射激素并再采血。l号兔臀部皮下注射胰岛素,剂量按4单位kg计算,一小时后于心脏取血入抗凝管(3),测定血糖。将2号兔臀部皮下注射0.1%肾上腺素液,剂量为每公斤体重0.4ml,观察兔子情况。30min后,心脏取血入抗凝管(4)中。心脏采血法:将10ml注射器用肝素抗凝剂淋洗(肝素化)后,置家兔于仰卧位,固定四肢,在左侧胸壁34肋间,
8、用左手食指摸到心搏最明显处(颈静脉切迹与胸骨剑突中点旁)垂直进针(不可左右前后摆动针头),深度约3cm,当有落空感时,可感觉到针尖随心搏而动,固定针头,采血8ml左右,放入抗凝管中。3.测定注射前后的血糖测定注射前后的血糖 将收集的4管血液离心10分钟(每分钟2500转),取上层血浆,分别制成胰前(1)、胰后(3)、肾前(2)、肾后(4)4管标本。取6支干燥试管,编号并按表(P43)操作。混匀各管,置沸水浴中加热15分钟,冷却,用波长630nm进行分光测定,读取吸光度值,按下式计算葡萄糖含量。葡萄糖mg/dl 血浆=测定管吸光度标准管吸光度100 注意事项注意事项 1.离心机的使用 .离心前一
9、定要配平(位置配平和重量配平)。.使用时离心机的盖子一定要盖紧,以免发生意外。.要等离心机完全静止后才能打开盖子。2.微量移液器的使用 3.取血时的注意事项 .注射器、刀片的使用。.注射器在取血前要肝素化。.心脏取血时要注意进针的位置和深度。.注意不要将空气注入动物体内。血液放入试管中时要先将注射器的针头取下,以防溶血。4.邻甲苯胺具有毒性和腐蚀性,操作时要注意。v临床意义临床意义 1.血糖升高:病理性主要见于糖尿病,其他内分泌疾病如肾上腺皮质机能亢进,垂体前叶机能亢进等。2.血糖降低:病理性如胰岛细胞瘤、胰岛素分泌过多,过量胰岛素治疗,肾上腺皮质功能减退等。v实验二十 血清尿素氮测定(二乙酰
10、一肟显色法)实验目的实验目的 掌握尿素氮的定义和其测定意义 原原 理理v尿素是体内氨基酸分解代谢的最终产物之一。氨基酸经脱氨基作用生成氨,氨对人体具有毒性。肝细胞具有使氨生成尿素的作用,尿素的生成是肝脏的解毒作用之一。v在正常情况下,血中尿素氮主要是经肾小球滤过而随尿排出的。当肾小球滤过功能减退时,血中的尿素氮浓度升高。所以测定血中尿素氮含量可粗略估计肾小球的滤过功能。v二乙酰在强酸条件下与尿素缩合成红色的二嗪衍生物,颜色深浅与尿素含量成正比。因二乙酰不稳定,故用二乙酰一肟来代替二乙酰。v显色反应中产生的复合物对光不稳定,加入硫氨脲既能提高尿素与二乙酰反应的灵敏度又能增加其显色的稳定性。v操作
11、操作 1.标准曲线的绘制(略)2.测定 按p52表配制试剂,混匀后置沸水浴中12min,冷却5min后,用540nm进行比色,以空白管校正0点,读取测定管光密度读数。查标准曲线即得血清(浆)尿素氮浓度。正常值:5-19mg/dlv注意事项注意事项 1.试剂中加入硫氨脲和镉离子,可增进显色强度和色泽稳定性,但仍有轻度褪色现象。煮沸显色经冷却后,应及时比色。2.本法试剂具毒性和腐蚀性,操作时要注意。1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRj
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