1、现代免疫学基础及进展现代免疫学基础及进展第一章 概述 序言 简述未列入专章论述的重要概念 衔接大学本科免疫学教学 Chapter 1:An Overview1、简史简史2、免疫系统和免疫学免疫系统和免疫学3、免疫系统的识别能力:抗原识别免疫系统的识别能力:抗原识别 抗原 固有免疫及适应性免疫对抗原的识别4、免疫系统的反应能力:免疫应答免疫系统的反应能力:免疫应答 免疫细胞的各种受体 信号转导和基因的转录激活5、免疫系统的自我感知能力:免疫调节免疫系统的自我感知能力:免疫调节 感知网络和感知元件 免疫应答的反馈调控6、免疫系统的记忆能力:免疫记忆、免疫系统的记忆能力:免疫记忆 免疫记忆的特征 记
2、忆性淋巴细胞的分化与维持 免疫学在人类和烈性传染病 作斗争中发展起来1Violent infectious diseases as disasters for mankind:yellow fever,plaque,cholera,smallpox,fluSixty million died in the epidemic of smallpox in Europe in 18 century 1157年490年公元 48年 500年1000年1500年1600年1700年1800年1900年2000年明朝隆庆年间正式记载人痘接种(明朝隆庆年间正式记载人痘接种(1567年)年)埃及法老感染天花
3、 古希腊和古罗马发生天花康熙论人痘种痘康熙论人痘种痘(1681(1681年年)天花自交趾(越南)传入中国人痘接种传入欧洲(1721年)琴纳首次实施牛痘人体接种(1796年)最后一例天花患者在索马里治愈(1976年)世界卫生组织宣布全球消灭天花(1980年)罗马帝国天花大规模流行非洲、欧洲、美洲天花流行明清天花流行,人痘接种牛痘接种传入中国(1804年)埃及法老 Ramses V 木乃伊Prophylactic infection by variolation to prevent smallpox in ancient China 人痘接种(variolation)的 正式记载,最早见于明朝
4、隆庆年间(15671572)。当时的诊所已设有专门的 痘科和种痘师。两种主要的人痘接种法:-鼻苗法 旱苗法 水苗法 浆苗法 -痘衣法张琰:种痘心法,1741年 下苗时选入钵,用杵研细。加水再研,入和苗丹少许,以微有红色为度,不可太多。再研极和。干湿所得,大约苗新宜润,苗久宜干;天寒用温水,天热用凉水。随取木棉絮一丸如豆大,泡透仍挹干,先展钵底苗浆,再收杵上苗浆。然后令孩子向明,左手拈起苗丸,塞入鼻孔,男左女右。国初,人多畏种痘、至朕得种痘方,诸子女皆以种痘得无恙。今四十九旗 俱命种痘,凡所种者皆得善愈。尝记,初 种豆时,年老人尚以为怪。朕坚意为之,遂全此千万人之生者,岂偶然耶?康熙:庭训格言(
5、康熙:庭训格言(1689年)年)皇祖母皇祖母(博尔济吉特)顺治顺治(福临)康熙康熙(玄烨)1637-1661 1653-1722人痘接种(viriolation)1688年(康熙康熙27年)俄国派人来华学种痘;年)俄国派人来华学种痘;1718年英驻土尔其公使夫人英驻土尔其公使夫人Montagu将人痘接将人痘接 种带往英国;种带往英国;1722年Boston医生马瑟在北美推广种痘;医生马瑟在北美推广种痘;1752年医宗金鉴医宗金鉴传入日本,带去种痘法;传入日本,带去种痘法;1777年华盛顿命令美国全军将士种痘。华盛顿命令美国全军将士种痘。法国思想家伏尔泰(Voltare,1694-1778)在他
6、著名的著作哲学通讯中说:“我听说我听说100年来中国人一直有此习惯年来中国人一直有此习惯 (指(指人痘接种),这是被认为世界上最聪人痘接种),这是被认为世界上最聪 明、最讲礼貌的一个民族作出的伟大先例明、最讲礼貌的一个民族作出的伟大先例 和榜样。和榜样。倘若我们在法国曾实施种痘,倘若我们在法国曾实施种痘,也许会挽救千千万万人的生命。也许会挽救千千万万人的生命。”Edward Jenner(1749-1823)牛痘接种牛痘接种(vaccination with cowpox)James Philips was the first case vaccinated with cowpoxby Dr.
7、Edward Jenner on May 14,1796The vaccinationwith cowpoxin Europein nineteencentury France army:23 400 (no smallpox vaccination)Prussian army:278 (with smallpox vaccination)An example for evaluation of cowpox vaccinationVictims of smallpox during the Prussian-France War in 1870 1000年公元1500年1600年1700年1
8、800年1900年2000年年明朝隆庆年间正式记载人痘接种(1567年)埃及法老感染天花(天花感染的最早记录)汉朝时天花(虏疮)自交趾(越南)传入中国人痘接种传入欧洲(1721年)Jenner 首次实施牛痘人体接种(1796年)牛痘接种传入中国(牛痘接种传入中国(1804年年)最后一例天花患者在索马里治愈(最后一例天花患者在索马里治愈(1976年年)世界卫生组织宣布全球消灭天花(世界卫生组织宣布全球消灭天花(1980年年)AliMaowMaalin Louice Pasteur watching Joseph Meister receive the rabies vaccine*(狂犬病 疫苗
9、)*wood engraving,LIllustration,29:836,1885Robert Koch discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis,by which Calmette-Guerin vaccine(卡介苗)was developed for prevention of Tuberculosis application of antitoxins against diphtheria (白喉抗毒素)Emil Adolph von Behring(1854-1917)Should Dr.H.Mahler,Director-General ofWH
10、O in 1980,thankEmperor Kang-Xi?In eradication of smallpox,either variolation or vaccinationwith cowpox depends on“combat poison with poison”,anexcellent idea originally came from ancient China.This is anexample that the idea with creativity would be a motive forceto push science forward.A The explor
11、ation of the mechanisms underlying the vaccina-tion in control of infectious diseases opened an era for immu-nology developing.免疫系统与免疫学2 免疫系统 免疫器官:中枢和外周 免疫细胞:固有免疫和适应性免疫 免疫分子:以结构区分和以功能区分 Immune system Organs and tissues central:bone marrow,thymus peripheral:lymph node,spleen,mucosal-associated lympho
12、id tissue Immunocytes in innate immunity:M,NK,DC,granulocyte,etc in adapted immunity:lymphocyte Immunological molecules Classified based on structure cytokines/chemokines and their receptors complements and their regulatory molecules differentiation antigens(CD antigen)adhesion molecules products of
13、 TCR,BCR,MHC genes Classified based on function molecules in immunocyte differentiation molecules in inflammation;molecules in antigen-recognition and costimulation molecules in signal transduction for immunocyte activation molecules in apoptosis and cell death Immune systemImmune:free of infectious
14、 disease1Immunity:the state of protection against foreign organisms or substances(antigens)Immunology:A discipline for:-study on structures and functions of the immune system;-study on mechanisms by which organisms are free from infection with no undesirable consequences of immune responses;-discrim
15、ination of self and non-self.-免疫学:分辨自身和非己的学科 Immunology,A discipline for discrimination of self and non-self WHAT IS the SELF?The materials encoded by genes in germ-line;The materials encountered by the immune system at early stages of its development The materials encountered by the immune system a
16、t the early stage of its development could be regarded as SELF.Dizygotic cattle twins fused at the placentae图1-6 新生动物皮肤移植实验通过脾细胞注射,在新生期获得对棕色品系小鼠免疫耐受的白色品系小鼠,成年后可接受该棕色鼠的皮肤移植物,但排斥另一黄色小鼠的皮肤移植物。右侧照片所示为实际实验的结果,可见带有棕色毛的皮肤移植物生长良好。(照片自文献xx)新生动物皮肤移植实验新生动物皮肤移植实验通过脾细胞注射,在新生期获得对棕色品系小鼠免疫耐受的白色品系小鼠,通过脾细胞注射,在新生期获得对棕
17、色品系小鼠免疫耐受的白色品系小鼠,成年后可接受该棕色鼠的皮肤移植物,但排斥另一黄色小鼠的皮肤移植物。成年后可接受该棕色鼠的皮肤移植物,但排斥另一黄色小鼠的皮肤移植物。右侧照片所示为实际实验的结果,可见带有棕色毛的皮肤移植物生长良好。右侧照片所示为实际实验的结果,可见带有棕色毛的皮肤移植物生长良好。The imbalance of self-nonself discriminationcauses diseasesselfnonselfTreatment of nonself as selfNomal(well discrimination of self-nonself)Treatment o
18、f self as nonselfTUMOR,INFECTIONAUTOIMMUNE DISEASEunable to clean nonselfkill innocentTHREE FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM immune defense -anti-infection homeostasis -immune regulation,autoimmunity immune surveillance -anti-tumors免疫防御、内环境稳定、免疫监视 Immune system organs and tissues immunocytes Immunological
19、 molecules Immune response innate immunity adapted immunity Immunopathology,immune responses in diseases hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis anti-infection immunology autoimmune diseases immunodeficiency disease tumor immunology transplantation immunology Immunology course第27章第812章第1318章 免疫系统的识别能力3 抗原、
20、免疫原和抗原表位 抗原和免疫原 决定免疫原性的因素 抗原表位:T 表位和 B 表位 固有免疫和适应性免疫对抗原的 识别Immunogen Materials ableto induce specifichumoral and/or cellular immune responses Antigen(Ag)Materials able to specifically combinethe products of theimmune responsesImmunogenicity1 An attribution ofinducing specific humoral and/or cellular
21、 immune responses Antigenicity An attributionof combining theproducts of the immune responses Ab,BCR,TCR 新问题 诱导固有免疫应答的分子(PAMP/DAMP)一般 不产生抗体,不激活淋巴细胞(不出现BCR/TCR),因而具有免疫原性而不显示一般意义上的抗原性。低分子量的半抗原(hepton)单独不能诱发抗 体应答,但可以与抗体结合。因而半抗原不具有 免疫原性而显示抗原性。能诱导固有免疫和适应性免疫应答的物质为免疫原。能诱导固有免疫和适应性免疫应答的物质为免疫原。Factors that in
22、fluence immunogenicityThose determined by properties of antigen 1)Foreignness and phylogenetic distance 2)Molecular size:MW 100 kD 3)Chemical composition and heterogeneity 4)Susceptibility to antigen processing and presentationThose contributed by biological system 1)Genetic background of the host 2
23、)Antigen dosage and route of administration 3)Adjuvants Materials unable to change the immunogenicity of an antigen but are able to enhance hosts response to it.poly-lysine glutamic acid immunogenicity +poly-alanine tyrosineFactors that influence immunogenicityThose determined by properties of antig
24、en 1)Foreignness and phylogenetic distance 2)Molecular size:MW 100 kD 3)Chemical composition and heterogeneity 4)Susceptibility to antigen processing and presentationThose contributed by biological system 1)Genetic background of the host 2)Antigen dosage and route of administration 3)Adjuvants Mater
25、ials unable to change the immunogenicity of an antigen but are able to enhance hosts response to it.蛋白质抗原激活蛋白质抗原激活 T 细胞的能力取决于能否被细胞的能力取决于能否被 MHC 分子结合并递呈分子结合并递呈来自同一抗原的来自同一抗原的14条人工合成肽结合条人工合成肽结合MHC分子的能力分子的能力(A)和经和经MHC分子递呈后激活分子递呈后激活Th细胞的细胞的能力能力(B)之间高度相关。图中部上方为之间高度相关。图中部上方为APC表面表面MHC分子接纳抗原肽形成分子接纳抗原肽形成pMHC
26、示意图;下方示意图;下方为为TCR识别识别pMHC,并在共刺激信号作用下使并在共刺激信号作用下使Th细胞激活。激活以细胞组织强度表示。细胞激活。激活以细胞组织强度表示。C:两两端锚着于端锚着于MHC分子中的抗原九肽分子中部凸起处为分子中的抗原九肽分子中部凸起处为TCR识别的识别的T表位。表位。Factors that influence immunogenicityThose determined by properties of antigen 1)Foreignness and phylogenetic distance 2)Molecular size:MW 100 kD 3)Chemi
27、cal composition and heterogeneity 4)Susceptibility to antigen processing and presentationThose contributed by biological system 1)Genetic background of the host 2)Antigen dosage and route of administration 3)Adjuvants Materials unable to change the immunogenicity of an antigen but are able to enhanc
28、e hosts response to it.强直型脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)10年10年10年100 80 60 40 20 0 20 (RR)354 376 90 98 55 109 213 270HLA-B27 positive()relative riskOrientalCaucasoidBlackArabianIndianSingaporeAScontrolThe subject with HLA-B27 allele is highly susceptibleto ankylosing spondylitis(AS)抗原剂量和进入途径抗原剂量和进入
29、途径 Antigen dosages and induction of tolerance (immunological unresponsiveness)Repeated administration stimulates a more strong immune response(booster)Administration route:intravenous:antigen spleen subcutaneous:antigen local lymph nodes佐剂佐剂(adjuvant)一类可与抗原混合共同进行免疫的物质。佐剂通常不改变抗原的免疫原性,但可以提高机体的应答能力,增强对
30、抗原的免疫应答强度。Prolong antigen persistence Enhance co-stimulatory signals Induce granuloma formation Stimulate lymphocyte proliferation nonspecifically Antigen epitopes(表位表位)and their recognition by T cells and B cells Epitope(determinants)is a special part of antigen molecule responsible for recognition
31、 and binding by BCR(antibody)or TCR.The recognition specificity of BCR(antibody)and TCR is directed to the epitope(s)instead of the whole antigen molecule.T cell and B cell usually recognize different epitopes on same antigen molecule.There are T cell epitope(s)and B cell epitope(s)for an antigen mo
32、lecule.抗原分子以其抗原分子以其 B 细胞表位与抗体分子的抗原结合部位发生互补性结合细胞表位与抗体分子的抗原结合部位发生互补性结合A.抗原-抗体复合物的立体构象。B.采用电脑技术将抗原和抗体分子分开,可见抗原和抗体分子的相互作用仅发生在抗原分子的B细胞表位和抗体分子的抗原结合部位之间,两者呈现结构互补。抗原的连续表位(continuous epitope)和构象表位(conformational epitope)antigenantibodyconformationalepitopecontinuous epitope antibody 适应性免疫主要通过淋巴细胞表面抗原受体 识别蛋白质
33、抗原 抗原TCR及BCR 固有免疫主要通过非淋巴细胞的模式识别受 体识别病原体相关非蛋白质抗原 PAMPPRR PAMP(pathogen-associated molecular pattern):病原体相关分子模式 PRR(pattern recognition receptor):模式识别受体 免疫系统的反应能力4 免疫细胞的各种受体 受体分子启动的信号转导 固有免疫应答和适应性免疫应答 适应性免疫中的重要概念 免疫细胞的各种受体 抗原识别受体 TCR/BCR PRR 共信号分子受体 免疫球蛋白 Fc 受体 其它B细胞和细胞和T细胞抗原识别受体及相关分子的比较细胞抗原识别受体及相关分子的
34、比较 CD81(TAPA-1)CD19 Y AgC3dCD21(CR2)Ig/IgBCR TCRMHC CD4 Blk ZAP-70LckFynLyn Syk抗原肽抗原肽APCT细胞细胞 B细胞细胞 CD45CD45属于属于PRR的的Toll样受体样受体(TLR):基本结构与分类基本结构与分类 Co-signal molecules and their receptors in T cell activation and the related immune responses ligand receptor ITAM/ITIM Ig-SF B7-1 CD28 ITAM B7-2 CTLA-4
35、 ITIM B7-H1 PD-1 ITIM B7-DC?B7-H2 ICOS B7-H3?HVEM BTLA ITIM1 Adh mol CD2 LFA-3 LFA-1 ICAM-1 TNF CD40L CD40 OX40L OX40 4-1BBL 4-1BB TTAPCAPC共信号分子共信号分子 及其受体及其受体BCR(mIgM)抗BCR抗体(Ab2)Fc RII-B ITIMB 细胞激活信号转导受阻细胞激活信号转导受阻 FcRII-B对抗体产生的反馈性调节对抗体产生的反馈性调节免疫球蛋白免疫球蛋白Fc受体受体(FcR)蛋白质蛋白质 O ATP OH ADP+O P O|O 蛋白激酶 O O
36、 H2O OPO OH HOPO|O O蛋白质蛋白质蛋白磷酸酶蛋白质的磷酸化和脱磷酸化蛋白质的磷酸化和脱磷酸化受体分子启动的信号转导免疫细胞信号转导途径模式图免疫细胞信号转导途径模式图 受体识别抗原之后,通过分子间聚合(此处未画)或本身及相关分子胞内段,使蛋白酪氨酸激酶(受体识别抗原之后,通过分子间聚合(此处未画)或本身及相关分子胞内段,使蛋白酪氨酸激酶(PTK)激活,后者藉助多种衔接蛋白(激活,后者藉助多种衔接蛋白(adopter)激活蛋白丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶,活化胞质中的转录因子,使之转激活蛋白丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶,活化胞质中的转录因子,使之转位到细胞核与相应顺式作用元件结合。当各种转录因子到位,
37、基因开始转录。位到细胞核与相应顺式作用元件结合。当各种转录因子到位,基因开始转录。Innate immunity(固有免疫固有免疫/天然免疫天然免疫)The early phases of the host response to infection,which is also developed in early stages of phylogeny Rapid response to various microbes essentially in same way;No antigen specificity Presence in all individuals at all time
38、s and exits prior to exposure to antigen固有免疫应答和适应性免疫应答免疫系统对入侵病原体发生应答类型的时相区分免疫系统对入侵病原体发生应答类型的时相区分现存效应物的作用和早期诱导性应答属于固有免疫;抗原进入体内96小时以后由淋巴细胞参与的免疫应答,属适应性免疫。抗原再次入侵产生快速的保护性应答以及长期的记忆性应答。模式识别受体(PRR)中的Toll样受体(TLR)结构:I 型跨膜糖蛋白。胞外段 包含多个富含亮氨酸重复体,结合 PAMP;胞内段为 TIR 结 构域,参与信号转导。分布:主要表达于 M 和 DC。识别配体:PAMP 和 DAMP。功能:结合配
39、体后实施胞内信号转导。在不同层次感知非己在不同层次感知非己PAMP成份的成份的TLR、NLR及及RLRToll样受体(样受体(TLR)、NOD样受体(样受体(NLR)与与RIG-I 样受体(样受体(RLR)分别在细胞膜外、内体分别在细胞膜外、内体 腔中及胞质溶胶内以相似的亮氨酸重复序列结构域(腔中及胞质溶胶内以相似的亮氨酸重复序列结构域(LRR)感知感知PAMP和和DAMP的不同成份。的不同成份。LRRTIRLRRLRRTIRCARDTLRTLRPAMP胞壁胞壁酰二肽酰二肽NLR,RLRdsRNA,ssRNACpG脂多糖脂多糖,肽聚糖肽聚糖,酵母多糖酵母多糖 病原体相关分子模式病原体相关分子模
40、式 (pathogen-associated molecular pattern,PAMP)病原微生物及其细胞壁等特有的结构,真核细胞不具有。病原微生物及其细胞壁等特有的结构,真核细胞不具有。如脂多糖如脂多糖 (LPS)、类脂、肽聚糖类脂、肽聚糖 (PGN)、脂磷壁酸脂磷壁酸(LTA)、脂阿拉伯甘露聚糖脂阿拉伯甘露聚糖(LAM)、脂蛋白、寡核苷酸、脂蛋白、寡核苷酸 CpG。PAMP组成成分相对单一,可纳入为数不多的结构范畴;PAMP有其共性,可以为多种病原体所共有;PAMP结构属病原体赖以生存因而变化较少的组份,对此病原体很难以 突变改变其组成与结构。有利于固有免疫对其发挥作用。糖Activa
41、tionDamaged or dying cellsSecreted from stressed cellsDegradation of tissue matrixproteasePWNDAMPPRRImmunocytesSignal transduction 损伤相关分子模式 damage-associated molecular pattern(DAMP)Innate immunity免疫系统对入侵病原体发生应答类型的时相区分免疫系统对入侵病原体发生应答类型的时相区分现存效应物的作用和早期诱导性应答属于固有免疫;抗原进入体内96小时以后由淋巴细胞参与的免疫应答,属适应性免疫。抗原再次入侵产
42、生快速的保护性应答以及长期的记忆性应答。Adaptive/acquired immunity(适应性免疫适应性免疫/获得性免疫)获得性免疫)Defense functions acquired after birth by exposure to infectious agents1 Main features:1 -Specificity:Exact discrimination of distinct antigen1-Diversity:Recognition structures of lympho-cytes are highly heterogeneous1 -Memory:Enh
43、anced response to re-exposure to the same antigenImportant concepts in adaptive immunity Humoral and cellular(cell-mediated)immune response Host defense mediated by antibodies or lymphocytes Primary and secondary immune response Active and passive immunization Immunity induced by exposure to pathoge
44、n(vaccine)or acquired by receiving antibodies and/or activated lymphocytes Three phases in immune responses Input phase:recognition of antigen Central phase:activation of lymphocytes Output phase:elimination of antigen by effectors Important concepts in adaptive immunity Humoral and cellular(cell-me
45、diated)immune response Host defense mediated by antibodies or lymphocytes Primary and secondary immune response Active and passive immunization Immunity induced by exposure to pathogen(vaccine)or acquired by receiving antibodies and/or activated lymphocytes Three phases in immune responses Recogniti
46、on phase:recognition of antigen Activation phase:activation and differentiation of lymphocytes Effector phase:elimination of antigen by effectors 体液免疫和细胞免疫体液免疫和细胞免疫中的二次应答中的二次应答A.抗体产生的二次增强应答。B.同种异型皮肤二次移植诱导的加速排斥。两类二次对初次致敏的抗原,表明体液和细胞免疫二次应答皆显示抗原特异性。Important concepts in adaptive immunity Humoral and cel
47、lular(cell-mediated)immune response Host defense mediated by antibodies or lymphocytes Primary and secondary immune response Active and passive immunization Immunity induced by exposure to pathogen(vaccine)or acquired by receiving antibodies and/or activated lymphocytes Three phases in immune respon
48、ses Recognition phase:recognition of antigen Activation phase:activation and differentiation of lymphocytes Effector phase:elimination of antigen by effectors Important concepts in adaptive immunity Humoral and cellular(cell-mediated)immune response Host defense mediated by antibodies or lymphocytes
49、 Primary and secondary immune response Active and passive immunization Immunity induced by exposure to pathogen(vaccine)or acquired by receiving antibodies and/or activated lymphocytes Three phases in immune responses Recognition phase:recognition of antigen Activation phase:activation and different
50、iation of lymphocytes Effector phase:elimination of antigen by effectors 固有免疫固有免疫 适应性免疫适应性免疫应答特点 先天获得,出现早,速度快 出生后产生,速度较慢抗原激发 不需抗原激发 需抗原激发应答的抗原类型 PAMP,DAMP 非己蛋白质抗原应答的免疫细胞 M,NK,粒细胞,等 T、B淋巴细胞应答的免疫分子 炎症因子,补体,细胞因子 抗体抗原受体库发育 无 有,显示高度异质性二次应答 无 有受体基因来源 胚系基因 基因重排和体细胞突变系统发生中位置 早期阶段 后期阶段,进化高级形式重组酶基因 无 有固有免疫和适应