1、1AB级级语法知识点语法知识点2虚拟语气虚拟语气，用来表达说话人的愿望、请求、虚拟语气，用来表达说话人的愿望、请求、意图建议、惊奇、设想等。而不表示客观存意图建议、惊奇、设想等。而不表示客观存在的事实。在的事实。I wish I were a bird.Look at those doves flying across the sky in the strong sunlight.I wish I were a white cloud giving them cool shade.If I were you,I shouldnt do it.3虚拟语气在简单句中的用法虚拟语气用于简单句时，一般
2、表示祝愿，命令等。谓语动词要用动词原形动词原形。1.表示祝愿：eg.Long live the Peoples Republic of China!May you be happy all your life!2.表示命令：eg.Everybody leave the room!Let one of you go and tell her to come.4虚拟语气在主从复合句中的用法在从句中的用法：表示与相反的情况条件从句的动词形式条件从句的动词形式主句的动词形式主句的动词形式If I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+行为动词的行为动词的过去式（过去式（be的过去式的过去式一般
3、用一般用were。在。在he,she,或或it等后，也可用等后，也可用was。）。）I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+should/would/might/could+动词原形动词原形5If I had more time,I should study German.If she were(was)not so busy,she would attend the meeting this afternoon.If they didnt take the physical exercises every day,they wouldnt be so healthy.If you
4、went to bed earlier,you would not be so sleepy in the morning.6B.表示与相反的情况条件从句的动词形式条件从句的动词形式主句的动词形式主句的动词形式If I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+had+过去过去分词分词I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+should/would/might/could+have+过去过去分词分词7If you had taken the old experienced workers advice,you wouldnt have failed in the experime
5、nt.I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterdays examination.He would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.8C 表示与相反的情况条件从句的动词形式条件从句的动词形式主句的动词形式主句的动词形式1.If I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+行为动词过去式行为动词过去式(be的的过去式一般用过去式一般用were)通常要与通常要与一个表示将来的
6、时间状语连用。一个表示将来的时间状语连用。2.If I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+should+动词原形。动词原形。3.If I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+were to+动词原形。动词原形。I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+should/could/might/would+动词原形动词原形9If it rained tomorrow,our picnic would be put off.If I saw him tomorrow,I would pass your note to him.If it should rain tomor
7、row,our picnic would be put off.If it were to rain tomorrow,our picnic would be put off.She might come back and start off again the day after tomorrow if she were to miss the train tomorrow.10注意注意：用虚拟语气表示条件从句，可以放在主用虚拟语气表示条件从句，可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但所表达的意句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但所表达的意义侧重点不同。如主句在前，强调义侧重点不同。如主句在前，强
8、调“结果结果”；如如从句在前，强调从句在前，强调“条件条件”。按汉语习惯，通常。按汉语习惯，通常条条件从句在前，主句在后。不论英文主从句的前件从句在前，主句在后。不论英文主从句的前后，汉语翻译不变。后，汉语翻译不变。112.在中的用法：通常由形式主语it引出的主语从句来表达虚拟语气。在主语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形，表示什么是必要，重要，奇怪等具体内容。It is necessary(important,natural,strange,essential,urgent,surprising)that we should clean the room every day.It is
9、 a pity(a shame,no wonder)that you should be so careless.should 意为应该，竟然，可以省去，但不可换成would。123.在某些欲望动词arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,suggest,advice,prefer,agree,expert,intend,recommend,ask,decide,object,persist,determine等后面的用(should)+动词原型.We suggested that we should have a m
10、eeting.We insisted that they go with us.The doctor ordered that she stay in bed for a few days.He demanded that we should start right away.134.在It is(high,about)time that+中，从句的谓语动词用过去式，表示该做某事了 的意思，这也是一种虚拟语气。It is time we got up.(should get up)It is high time our athletes showed (should show)their be
11、st.It is time(that)we started.14情态动词情态动词have+p.p.1.should/ought to+have done/have been doing 表示本来应该做某事却没有做表示本来应该做某事却没有做You should/ought to have asked my permission first.You shouldnt have been resting at that time of day.2.must+have+have done/have been doing 表示对过去事态的一种猜测（可对可错）表示对过去事态的一种猜测（可对可错）只用于肯只
12、用于肯定句。否定句和疑问句需用定句。否定句和疑问句需用cant和和can.Her eyes are red.She must have been crying.You must have left your handbag in the theatre.153.may/might/can/could+have done/have been doing 表示过去的表示过去的”可能可能”She could have missed the train.might/could+have done/have been doing有时可以表示本来可能发生但没有发生，或者有时可以表示本来可能发生但没有发生，
13、或者本来可能完成却没有完成的动作。本来可能完成却没有完成的动作。You might have killed yourself.I could have passed the examination,but I failed.16Ex:1.The representative of the company demanded that part of the agreement _ revised.A.will be B.is C.to be D.be2.It is required that anyone applying for a drivers license _ a set of tes
14、ts.A.take B.takes C.took D.will take3.Tom _the party as no one saw him there yesterday evening.A.cant attend B.mustnt attend C.Wont have attended D.couldnt have attendedDAD174.It is most desirable that he _ for the information by himself with a few clicks online.A.search B.searched C.has searched D.
15、will search5.This ATM has been out of service for a few days.It should _ last week.A.fix B.be fixed C.have fixed D have been fixedAD186.The boy passed the final exams.But if he had spent more time on them,the results(be)_much better.7.If he had taken his lawyers advice,he(save)_himself a great deal
16、of trouble.8.He might have been killed in that car accident yesterday if he(take)_ part in that activity with the team.would have beenwould have savedhad taken198.He might not have been killed in the traffic accident yesterday if he(fasten)_ the seat belt.9.It is important that he(be)_ called back i
17、mmediately.10.It is required that every employee(come)_in their uniform before 8:30a.m.11.Jack must(go)_ away we cant find him anywhere in the factory.had fastenedbecomehave gone2012.I think its high time we _measures to protect the environment.A.took B.will take C.take D.have taken13.Youd better ta
18、ke an umbrella in case it _.A.will rain B.shall rain C.should rain D.would rain14.The suggestion that we _ a meeting next Friday is very good.A.will have B.would have C.have D.shall haveACC21分词（短语）做状语 分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。例如：Seeing the teacher entering the room,
19、the students stood up.(=when the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.)表示时间。22现在分词与过去分词的区别1.语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词 的过去分词表示被动概念。an exciting speech 振奋人心的演讲 the excited boy 感到兴奋的男孩2.时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般 是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的 动作，往往是已经完成的动作。the changing world 正在发生改变的世界 the changed world
20、已经起了变化的世界23作原因状语 作原因状语时,相当于as,since,because引导的从句.(这类状语通常放在句子的前半部分.)Deeply shocked,I decided never to speak to her again.Annoyed by the way she spoke to me,I left the office.Not knowing how to deal with the trouble of the computer,Martin had to ask his brother for help.Frightened by the sudden voice,
21、her face turned pale.24作条件状语 作条件状语时,相当于if,unless引导的从句.(这类状语通常放在句子的前半部分.)Given another chance,he will do it much better.(if he was given another chance,)Turning to the right,you will find the bank.(If you turn to the right,)United we stand,divided we fall.25作时间状语 作时间状语时作时间状语时,相当于相当于when引导的从句引导的从句.(这类
22、这类状语通常放在句子的状语通常放在句子的前半部分前半部分.)Hearing the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.(When they heard the news,)Seen from the hilltop,the view is fantastic.When leaving the airport,they waved again and again to us.Hearing a strange sound,they stopped talking.Seeing a car coming,they stepped aside.26
23、 如果分词表示的动作紧接着谓语动作之后发生，则分词应放在句尾 He opened the door,greeting his guests.She sat down,listening to their talk.27作结果状语作结果状语时,相当于so that引导的从句.(这类状语通常放在句子的后半部分.常译为“于是，所以，因而”）He turned off the lamp,seeing nothing.the Chinese filled every inch of space with products and sales people,leaving little or no roo
24、m for potential customers.The old scientist died all of a sudden,leaving the project unfinished.28作让步状语 作让步状语时,相当于though,even if引导的从句.(这类状语通常放在句子的前半部分.)Granting his honesty,we still cant employ him.Wounded,the brave soldier continued to fight.Admitting what she has said,I still think that she hasnt
25、tried her best.Left alone,the boy will get into trouble.Working hard as he did,he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car.29作方式伴随状况状语 此时不能用状语从句替换，但可改写成并列句 He turned away disappeared.The old man walked down the hill,singing softly to himself.He hurried to the hall,followed by two guards.He
26、 stood by the door,looking out.They boy ran home,crying.He was sitting at the window,reading a newspaper.I stood at the bus stop,waiting for her.301._to find the proper job,he decided to give up job-hunting in this city.A.Failed B.Being failed C.To fail D.Having failed2.The proposal _,well have to m
27、ake another decision about when to start the project.A.accepted B.accepting C.to accept D.be acceptedDA313._that Bob had got promoted,his friends came to congratulate him.A.Heard B.Having heard C.Hear D.To hear4._ how to deal with the trouble of the computer,Martin had to ask his brother for help.A.
28、Not know B.Not known C.Not to know D.Not knowingBD325.(take)_ the financial difficulties into consideration,wed better put off the plan till next year.6.(Judge)_from last years experience,the coach knows he should not expect too much of his team.7.(watch)_by a crowd of people,Charles felt embarrasse
29、d and couldnt say a word.8.(impress)_by the young mans good qualifications,they offered him a job in their film.TakingJudgingWatchedImpressed33分词（短语）做定语分词（短语）做定语分词（短语）做定语放在名词或代词后面起修饰作分词（短语）做定语放在名词或代词后面起修饰作用，用，-ed分词表示被动，分词表示被动，-ing分词表示主动分词表示主动1.The tall building(complete)_ last month is our new class
30、room building.2.The children(play)_ the violin over there will go on the stage next week.3.The professor,(know)_ as a splendid speaker,was warmly received by the pletedplayingknown344.Thousands of products _ from crude oil are now in daily use.A.to make B.be make C.making D.made5.Its said the agreem
31、ent _between the two companies last month will become effective from May 1st.A.to sign B.signed C.to be signed D.signingDB35独立主格结构 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致，否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，该一致，否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立主格结构没有主构成分词的独立结构。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。一般位语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。一般位于句首，有时也居句尾，表示伴随情况
32、时，于句首，有时也居句尾，表示伴随情况时，常位于句尾。常位于句尾。独立结构：逻辑主语（名词，代词）独立结构：逻辑主语（名词，代词）+分词，分词，可以表示时间，原因，条件，方式或伴随情可以表示时间，原因，条件，方式或伴随情况等。况等。36 Mary coming back,they discussed it together.All being well,the project will be finished in five months.Weather permitting,we shall go there on foot.Advice failing,we have to use for
33、ce.She read the letter,tears rolling down her cheeks.She walked along the path,her daughter following close behind.37 This done,they went home.The table set,they began to dine.Good luck given,I will earn more money than all of you.Health and persistence given,one can do great things.He was lying on
34、the grass,his hand crossed under his head.He returned three days later,his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.381._,we went swimming in the river.A.The day being very hot B.It was a very hot day C.The day was very hot D.Being a very hot day2._,we shall go to the park.A.Time permi
35、tted B.Time is permitting C.Time permitting D.Permit time3.She watered the flowers,her husband _ the birds.A.is feeding B.feeding C.was feeding D.feedACB39倒装倒装英语句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语英语句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。把谓语动词放在主语之前，动词在后。把谓语动词放在主语之前，就叫做倒装结构。就叫做倒装结构。401.当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，引起倒装。引起倒装。O
36、n no account should you tell lies.Rarely does he go to the movies.Not often do they meet.Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense.Not only was Churchill a statesman,but also a poet.Churchill.411.Not for a moment _the truth of your explanation about the event.A.we have doubted B.did we doubt C
37、.we had doubted D.doubted we2.Not until yesterday _anything about the project that will be completed soon.A.did I learn B.have I learnt C.I learnt D.that I learnt3.He is used to flying by air and on no occasion _ frightened.A.he has ever felt B.he ever feels C.ever does he feel D.has he ever felt BA
38、D42常见的词组：常见的词组：never rarely scarcely not not often not until on no account hardly when on no consideration in no circumstances under no circumstances in no way at no time by no means not infrequently not only but alsoseldom little hardly nowhere not a bit still less not on any account no sooner than
39、 neither (nor)not on ones life in no case in vain not once or twice432.句首状语若由句首状语若由“only副词副词”、“only介词词组介词词组”、“only状语分句状语分句”构成，引起倒装。构成，引起倒装。Only by being with you can I feel the meaning of life.Only because of a minor mistake has he been fired.Only in this way can we learn English well.Only after the
40、 accident did he become cautious.Only when one falls ill does one know the value of health.Only once have I seen him.Only by working hard can one succeed.441.Only when class began _ that he had left his book at home.A.will he realize B.he did realize C.did he realize D.should he realize2.Only when y
41、ou have acquired a good knowledge of grammar _ write correctly.A.you will B.you can C.can you D.cant youCC45 3.在在sothat和和suchthat的句型中，的句型中，so和和such在句首时句中需要进行倒装在句首时句中需要进行倒装 So fast did he walk that none of us was his equal.Such was the force of explosion that all the window were broken.So dark was it
42、 that he couldnt see the faces of his companions.461.So loudly _ that people could hear it out in the street.A.did the students play the music B.the students playing the music C.the students played the music D.have the students played the music 2.So _ after she learned the good news that she could h
43、ardly fall asleep that night.A.excited the mother was B.was the mother excited C.the mother was excited D.excited was the motherAD47 强调句强调句The man killed the president yesterday.It was the man who killed the president yesterday.It was the president who was killed by the man yesterday.It was yesterda
44、y that the man killed the president.It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary _ I went downtown yesterday.A.but B.and C.why D.thatD48形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级表示一方随着另一方的变化而变化时，用表示一方随着另一方的变化而变化时，用the+比较级（主语比较级（主语+谓语），谓语），the+比较级（主语比较级（主语+谓谓语）结构。语）结构。The harder he works,the happier he feels.The more old
45、 he is,the more wise he becomes.491.The harder I tried,_it seemed to solve that math problems.A.the impossible B.most impossible C.the most impossible D.the more impossible2.The more challenging the journey is,the _(happy)the young people will feel.Dhappier50比较级和最高级的构成：比较级和最高级的构成：1.大多数单音节形容词和副词，以词尾加
46、大多数单音节形容词和副词，以词尾加 -er,-est构成比较级和最高级；构成比较级和最高级；2.以以e结尾的单音节形容词和副词直接加。结尾的单音节形容词和副词直接加。3.以一个辅音结尾的单音节形容词，其前的元以一个辅音结尾的单音节形容词，其前的元 音字母发短元音，该辅音字母要双写，然后音字母发短元音，该辅音字母要双写，然后 在加：在加：hot-hotter-hottest big-bigger-biggest514.以辅音加以辅音加y结尾的形容词和副词要将结尾的形容词和副词要将y改改成成i在加在加-er,-est:easy-easier-easiest happy-happier-happiest 注意注意：靠加后缀构成的形容词和副词：靠加后缀构成的形容词和副词的比较级必须加的比较级必须加more和和most构成比较构成比较级和最高级：级和最高级：slowly,quickly5.一般双音节，多音节形容词和副词在原一般双音节，多音节形容词和副词在原级前加级前加more和和most.6.少数单音节词也加少数单音节词也加more和和most构成比构成比 较级和最高级：较级和最高级：tired,pleased
